2. Where do we find minerals?
Museums
Jewelry
Building Materials
(glass and steel are made
from minerals!)
Graphite (in your pencil)
Food (iron and sodium are
important minerals in our
diet!)
Caves
Rocks!
3. How do we get minerals?
We have to extract minerals from within the
Earth’s crust by mining.
“minare” – means to mine.
4. What is the definition of a Mineral?
To be considered a mineral
something must be…..
1. Naturally Occurring
2. Inorganic- it does not form from
the remains of living things.
3. Solid
4. Crystal Structure-
Atoms in a mineral line up in a
repeating pattern forming a
crystal. Crystals have flat sides
called faces and geometric
angles.
5. Definite Chemical Composition-
Minerals can be made of
elements or compounds.
5. More on Definite Chemical
Composition….
•Minerals can be pure elements or
compounds.
•Example: Sulfur (S) is a pure element
(made only of 1 type of atom) in the
crust. It is also a mineral.
•Example: Pyrite (FeS2) is a
combination of elements, so it is a
compound, but it is also a mineral.
•Pyrite is Fools Gold!
7. There are over 3000
minerals!
In fact, 90% of
Earth’s crust is
made of minerals.
8. Silicate Minerals
Most of the minerals in the crust are called
Silicate minerals. (minerals containing Silicon, Si
and Oxygen, O)
Mica (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2), Talc (H2Mg3(SiO3)4),
Quartz (SiO2)
9. Let’s learn to identify some
minerals…
Now that you know something about
physical properties and mineral
formation, let’s identify some minerals.
10. How to Identify Minerals
There are eight
things you can look
for to identify
minerals.
11. How to Identify Minerals
1. Color
Sometimes you can identify a mineral
by its color.
Sometimes you cannot because it may
come in a variety of colors and there
are many minerals that have the same
color.
12. Example:
The mineral quartz
is often thought of
as clear but it can
also be the
following colors:
amethyst (purple),
citrine (yellow-
brown), agate
(multicolored),
aventurine (green),
smokey quartz
(gray), rose quartz
(pink)
13. How to Identify Minerals
2. Streak
The streak is the color of
the mineral’s powder.
It may be different from
the color of the mineral.
You test the streak of a
mineral every day. What
mineral is this?
Graphite!
14. How to Identify Minerals
3. Luster- how much light is reflected from the
surface. How “shiny” a mineral is.
Quartz has a glassy luster
Galena has a metallic Luster
15. How to Identify Minerals
4. Crystal Form
Sometimes crystals
are obvious, other
times they can only
be seen through a
microscope.
16. The crystals of each mineral ‘grow’ atom by atom to
form that mineral’s particular crystal structure.
Geologists classify these structures into groups
based on the number and angle of the crystal faces.
17. 5. Hardness
Moh’s Hardness Scale rates a
mineral’s hardness. “1” being
the softest and “10” being the
hardest.
Some minerals are ‘harder’ than
others or can ‘scratch’ other
minerals.
A Diamond is the hardest known
substance on the planet so it
can scratch any other mineral!
18. 6. Cleavage or Fracture
This describes how a mineral breaks.
If a mineral has cleavage, it usually has
smooth sides that resemble the original
shape of the mineral.
Example: Mica
If it fractures, it is irregular and jagged or
rough.
Example: Quartz
19. 7. Density
Density is a measurable
property of a mineral.
It will also make a mineral
feel heavy or light.
To calculate density:
D=m
v
20. 8. Special Properties
There are numerous special
properties which help
identify minerals.
This mineral (Fluorite) glows
under a black light!
Magnetite is naturally
magnetic.
Magnetite or “Lodestone”
was used by Vikings more
than 1,000 years ago as
compasses
Sulfur smells like rotten
eggs.
Calcite fizzes when acid is
22. Lets Review… What Is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring,
inorganic solid that has a crystal structure
and a definite chemical composition.
23. Crystallization
All minerals must form through crystallization.
Crystallization is when atoms are arranged to
form a material with a crystal structure.
24. Minerals Crystallize in 2 Ways…
1. Cooling of certain materials :
a. When Magma/ Lava Cools
- magma is beneath the earth’s surface and lava is
above.
b. When a hot water solution containing dissolved
elements and compounds cools, the atoms begin to
arrange into crystals.
2. Evaporation of a Solution –
When a solution contains minerals that are dissolved, if
the water evaporates the minerals will crystallize and
‘come out of solution’.
25. Minerals Crystallize in 2
1. On the earth’s surfacePlaces…
a. through evaporation or cooling of
solutions containing dissolved minerals,
elements, or compounds (seawater).
b. when lava cools and hardens.
26.
27. Examples:
Table Salt (NaCl) formed as
ancient shallow salty seas
slowly evaporated.
Gypsum is another mineral
that forms from evaporation of
seawater.
It is used in drywall.
28. Petrified Wood
Petrified Wood is wood that has been fossilized by
being turned into minerals.
This occurs when the wood soaks in water containing
dissolved minerals over a long period of time. As the
water evaporates, the minerals will crystallize in every
space of the wood, or the water dissolves the original
wood and mineral crystallization completely replaces it.
Eventually, the mineral forms a perfect copy of the
wood, including cell structure and fibers! The
replacement mineral is usually a variety of quartz.
Petrified wood may be colored by chemical impurities
such as iron and copper.
There are entire forests that petrified! When trees
become uprooted, deposited in water, and covered by
mineral-rich mud or volcanic ash, petrified forests can
form. The age of petrified wood varies from place to
place, but generally speaking most samples are
hundreds of millions of years old!
29.
30. Minerals Crystallize in 2
Places…
2. Beneath the Earth’s Surface/Underground
a. hot groundwater with dissolved minerals cools
b. when magma cools and hardens
31. Examples:
Minerals can be extracted
from the veins in the rock.
A vein forms when hot
ground water (heated by
magma) containing
dissolved minerals travels
through rocks, cools, and
the minerals crystallize.
Gold and Silver can be
extracted from veins in
rocks.
32. Examples…
A geode is a rounded
hollow rock lined with
mineral crystals
inside.
A geode forms when
hot water containing
dissolved minerals
seeps into a crack or
hollow rock and cools.
33. Deep Underground=Slow Cooling =
Large Crystals
Minerals that have large crystals
Minerals that have large crystals
do so because magma or a hot
water solution is cooling SLOWLY
deep below the earth’s surface.
When temperatures are high,
cooling occurs slowly and the
crystals are large and it is easy to
see the flat, smooth sides and
geometric angles.
Extreme Example: Selenite
(Gypsum) crystals that formed
from a hot water solution cooling
slowly in a deep cave in Mexico
below earth’s surface for 500,000
years!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgUFb_l4DLE
34. At or near Earth’s Surface=Fast
Cooling=Small Crystals
Minerals that have small
or microscopic crystals
do so because hot water
solutions, magma, or
lava cool at or near the
earth’s surface
When temperatures are
low, cooling occurs fast,
and crystals are fine,
sometimes too small to
see at all.
Remember, Fast is Fine!
35. Size and Available Space
Minerals that have
large, perfect crystals
have had a long time
to ‘grow’ through slow
cooling, but they also
have had a lot of
room (such as in a
cave) to ‘grow’ large
and perfect.
36. Section 3: Using Mineral
Uses of Minerals: Resources
Gemstones and jewelry
Metals-examples: Aluminum,
Copper, Iron, Silver
Quartz is used in glass making
Talc is ground up to make baby
powder and is a main ingredient in
eye shadow and powdered makeup.
Diamonds, the hardest known
mineral, are used in drill bits and
saws.
Fun fact: Small pieces of mica used
to be used as glitter! (now it is made
of pieces of plastic and foil.)
37.
38. Producing Metals from Minerals
To produce metal from a mineral, a rock
containing the mineral must be located
through prospecting and mined, or removed
from the ground. Then the rock must be
processed to extract the metal.
A mineral that contains a metal that can be
mined and sold at a profit is called an ore.
Iron ores: Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Hematite
(Fe2O3)
39. Producing Metals from Minerals
A prospector is anyone
who searches for an ore
deposit.
Geologists prospect for
ores by observing rocks
on the land surface and by
studying maps of rocks
beneath the surface.
41. Mining
2. Open Pit Mining-giant pit
dug to remove ore. Open Pit Copper Mine, Utah
3. Shaft Mines-network of
tunnels dug deep in the
ground to extract ore
from veins.
Shaft Mine
42. Smelting is a process which Ore Processing-Smelting
removes the useful metal Example: Iron Ore
from an ore.
In iron ore smelting, a blast
furnace is filled with iron ore,
coke (baked coal) and
limestone (CaCO3).
Huge quantities of hot air
blast in at the bottom of the
furnace, causing the coke to
burn, forming CO2 gas and
liquid iron.
The liquid iron collects at the
bottom of the blast furnace.
Any impurities left in the ore
combine with the limestone to
make the waste product slag, Iron ores: Magnetite (Fe3O4) and
which settles above the iron. Hematite (Fe2O3)
43. Have you heard of the “Hot-
Metal” Bridge?
Once the iron was in a hot metal car, the Hot Metal Bridge in
Pittsburgh moved the iron by rail from the Eliza furnaces along
the Mon River to Pittsburgh's South Side to produce finished
steel.
44. Carrie Furnaces, which were part of Homestead
Steel Works, are near the Waterfront in Pittsburgh.
They were also the site of smelting to produce iron
which was used to make steel.
45. Alloys
After smelting, sometimes other
materials are added to the metal to
make an alloy.
An alloy is a mixture of 2 or more
elements and has the properties of a
metal.
Steel is an alloy made of smelted iron
(further purified by the Bessemer
process) and some carbon. The
addition of carbon makes steel harder
and stronger than iron.
Adding the metal Manganese to steel
produces even stronger steel.
Adding Chromium and Nickel to steel
produces stainless steel.
46.
47. Edgar Thomson Steel Works is a steel mill in North
Braddock, Pennsylvania originally built by Andrew
Carnegie. You can see it from Kennywood!
It has 2 blast furnaces still in operation used to smelt
iron ore and then produce finished steel.
Editor's Notes
Ask students: Which birthstone do you think is not a mineral? Tell them they will find out once they learn the definition of a mineral. Not on student note page
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Not in student notepacket Most jewelry is fashioned out of precious metals and jewels that are found buried in the Earth, but pearls are found inside a living creature, an oyster. Pearls are the result of a biological process -- the oyster's way of protecting itself from foreign substances. As the oyster grows in size, its shell must also grow. The mantle is an organ that produces the oyster's shell, using minerals from the oyster's food. The material created by the mantle is called nacre . Nacre lines the inside of the shell. The formation of a natural pearl begins when a foreign substance slips into the oyster between the mantle and the shell, which irritates the mantle. It's kind of like the oyster getting a splinter. The oyster's natural reaction is to cover up that irritant to protect itself. The mantle covers the irritant with layers of the same nacre substance (calcium carbonate) that is used to create the shell. This eventually forms a pearl. Not on student note page
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Formulas not in student notes. Not on student note page
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Diamonds are cut with other diamonds! Not on student note page
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A black light , also referred to as a UV light (Ultra Violet Light), is a lamp that emits ultraviolet radiation almost exclusively in the soft near ultraviolet range. Only a very small fraction of visible radiation passes through the filtering material, with wavelengths no longer than 400-410 nm, and as a result, the human eye detects its color as deep blue and violet. Not on student note page
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Not on student note page This slide is review; not on student note page.
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Salt deposits are sites of ancient shallow seas or lakes which have evaporated. Not on student note page
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When the cave was first discovered it was just an accident. Miners working in the Naica silver mine broke through the celing of the cavern and were astounded to discover these enormous crystals - the biggest anywhere on Earth. The Crystal Cave of the Giants might never have been found if not for the Naica mine above. They are formed from groundwater saturated in calcium sulphate which, warmed by an intrusion of magma about a mile below, began filtering through the cave system millions of years ago. When, about 600,000 years ago, the magma began to cool, the minerals started to precipitate out of the water, and over the centuries the tiny crystals they formed grew and grew until it was drained by the mining company with mine pumps (in order to prevent the mine from flooding) Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1081072/Pictured-The-Cave-Crystals-discovered-1-000ft-Mexican-desert.html#ixzz1cMMDMc7F Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1081072/Pictured-The-Cave-Crystals-discovered-1-000ft-Mexican-desert.html#ixzz1cMM682ev Not on student note page
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Diamonds, the hardest known mineral, is used for grinding and polishing. This helps explain why 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about 135,000,000 carats (27,000 kg) ann ually), unsuitable for use as gemstones, are destined for industrial use. Common industrial adaptations of this ability include diamond-tipped drill bits and saws Not on student note page
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Panning for Gold is a form of prospecting. (gold is usually found in places with a history of volcanoes because magma is needed to heat the groundwater. If gold flakes are found through panning, it means a gold vein is somewhere nearby and is being weathered and eroded into the stream or river. Not on student note page
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Ask: Looking at the formula for the iron ores, what element needs to be removed? (Oxygen) The limestone and coke are needed to remove the oxygen (create CO2 or SO2) Ask: Why does the molten iron settle at the bottom? (More Dense) Not on student note page
Not in Student Notepacket Once in a hot metal car, the Hot Metal Bridge in Pittsburgh carried iron by rail from the Eliza furnaces to Pittsburgh's south side to produce finished steel. Hot Metal Bridge, Pittsburgh. Hot metal cars were carried on the upper left side of bridge. This picture was taken before pedestrian/bicycle bridge was added. Not on student note page
Not in Student Notepacket The smoke stacks still remain where the Waterfront shopping mall is. The smoke stacks were built to vent hot gases and pollutants from smelting (mainly carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide) Not on student note page
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. (England) Bessemer process is industrial process for the manufacture of steel from molten pig iron. The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron. Carnegie introduced the Bessemer steel making process to America and, in 1875, opened his largest steel plant, the Edgar Thompson Works, in Braddock, Pennsylvania. Ask to students: What does "stainless" steel mean? Not on student note page
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This is where the Bessemer process first began. Not on student note page