The document discusses different types of mineral and energy resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances found within the earth's crust that have distinct chemical compositions and physical properties. Mineral resources like iron, copper, and bauxite are discussed alongside their uses and major producing countries. The document also categorizes different conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas as well as non-conventional sources including solar, wind, nuclear, and geothermal energy. It emphasizes the importance of conserving mineral and energy resources.

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2. G: LESSON 3
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3. WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?
•A mineral is a naturally occurring
substance found in the crust of the
earth.
• with specific chemical
compositions
•& physical properties such as
color, hardness,
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Geologists define mineral as
Homogenous naturally occuring
substance with a definable
internal
Structure.
Rocks are combinations of
homogenous substances called
minerals.

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• Un evenly distributed
• Obtained from different layers of rocks
• Many are scarce
What are the uses of iron?
Hematite
Magnetite

16. MAJOR PRODUCERS OF MINERALS
• •IRON: Ukrain, USA, China, Brazil, India.
• In India: Odisha, Jhrkhand, Chatisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh
•COPPER: uses? Producers: Chilke,
USA, Canada, Russia.
•India: less reserves. Jharkhand,
Rajasthan.
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18. • BAUXITE: Ore of Aluminium.
• Producers: Australia, Jamaica, Brazil.
• Minerals are limited.
• Population increases. Demand also .
• Europe, USA & japan use 70% of
minerals.
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19. USES OF MINERALS
• • Minerals are used in many industries.
• Minerals which are used for gems are
usually hard.
• Copper is used in everything from coins to
pipes.
• Silicon, used in the computer industry is
obtained from quartz.
• Aluminum obtained from its ore bauxite is
used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling
industry, buildings and even in kitchen
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20. CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
• • Minerals are a non-renewable resource.
• It takes thousands of years for the formation and
concentration of minerals.
• The rate of formation is much smaller than the rate
at which the humans consume these minerals.
• It is necessary to reduce wastage.
• Recycling of metals is another way.
• Find substitutes.
• Reduce use
• Reduce wastage.
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21. ENERGY RESOURCES
• What is energy?
• What are the 3 ways to obtain energy?
• Direct heating, stored energy [battery]
• [sun, fire]
• electricity
•
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22. USES
• Highly used in industrial regions.
• USA: 5 % of population- 25% of energy.
• Per capita consumption is 25 times more than Indians.
• Largest amount is from Thermal plants.
• Use fossil fuels. What are fossils?
• What are reservoir rocks?
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23. SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY?
• Thermal
• Hydel
• Nuclear,
• Geothermal
• Solar
• Wind
• Tidal…… divided into Conventional & Non
conventional sources. Categorise it.
• Network of line is: GRID.
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24. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
• • Conventional sources of energy are those which
have been in common use for a long time.
Firewood and fossil fuels are the two main
conventional energy sources.
• Distribution of fossil fuels:
• COAL: „Buried sunshine‟- most common
fossil fuel- quality & quantity depends on
depth & pressure/ heat.
• Producers: China, USA, Germany, Russia, S.
Africa.
• India: W. Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar
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25. COAL
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Coal
Anthracite : 90% Carbon content
Bituminous: 70- 90%
Peat: 60- 70%
Lignite: less than 50%

26. PETROLEUM
• From the layers of sedimentary rocks, oil fields,
costal regions. Called as: “black gold”.
• Crude oil is refined.
• which are the various products?
• Uses?
• Producers; Iran, Iraq, S. Arabia, USA, Russia.
• India: Assam, Mumbai High.
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27. NATURAL GAS
• Found with Petroleum deposits
• Industrial & domestic fuel.
• Major Producers: Russia, Norway, UK.
• HYDEL POWER:
• Water- turbans moving blades.
Turns generators.
• 25% of energy in world.
• Producers: China, Paraguay, Norway, Brazil..
• India: Bhakra Nangal, Nagarjuna Sagar, Gandhi Sagar,
Damodar Valley..
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28. NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
• Why?
• Advantages?
• 1. SOLAR: cells & solar panels. - energy stored.
• Used for many purposes.
• Ideal for tropical nations
• India- high potentiality.
• 2.WIND: inexhaustible resource- Mills- rotating leaves- to
generator-
• Ideal in coastal, mountain valleys.
• Limitation?
• Producers: Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, UK, USA
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30. NUCLEAR ENERGY
• From the nuclei of atoms
• Nuclear fission-
• Uranium, thorium
• Producers: USA, Europe
• India: N. plants: Kalpakkam, Tarapur, Kota, Narora,
Kaiga
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31. GEO THERMAL
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• Heat energy obtained from the earth
• Hot springs near surface
• Largest plant in USA
• New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines, C.America
• India: Manikaran[ HP]
• Puga Valley [ Ladakh]

32. TIDAL ENERGY
• Dams, at narrow openings, coastal regions.
• High tide time, water enters , rotate turbans.
• producers: Russia, France.
• India: Gulf of Kachch.
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33. BIOGAS
• Organic waste- plants / animals, kitchen waste,
cow dung..
• Decomposition- by bacteria-
• Biogas, a mixture of Methane & carbon di oxide.
• Used fro cooking, lighting.
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34. SAVE ENERGY
• Save energy
• “Energy saved is energy generated”.
• Questions.
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