Class : 10 Geography : Mineral and Energy Resources

2. Diamond Copper Gold Granite Rock
MINERALS
ENERGY

3. Story of Haban a village boy

4. Minerals in our life
• An indispensable part of our lives.
• From tiny pin to a high buildings
• Transportation
• Food
• Clothes etc.

5. What are Minerals?

6. Geologist Definition
``Homogenous, naturally occuring substance
with a definable internal structure``
Homogenous: uniform composition and properties througout.
Naturally occuring: formed by natural process
Definable internal structure: definable physically and chemical
composition

7. Study of Minerals by Geographers and
Geologist
 Geographers: they are interested in the
distribution of minerals rather than their
formation or composition.
Geologist: Interested in fomation of minerals,
their age and physical and chemical
composition.

8. Mode of occurrence of minerals
• Found in “ores” (minerals mixed with other
elememts)
• Veins and lodes in igneous and metamorphic
rocks. eg: tin, copper, zinc and lead
• Beds or layers in sedimentary rocks. eg: coal,
potash and sudium salt
• Alluvial or placer deposits on valley floors. eg:
bauxite
• Residual mass after weathering of surrounding
rock. eg: gold, silver, tin. Minerals not corroded
by water.

9. Classification of Minerals

10. 1. Metallic
2. Non-Metallic
3. Energy

11. METALLIC

12. Ferrous
Iron Ore Manganese Nickle
Non-Ferrous
Copper Lead Tin Bauxite

13. Precious
Gold Silver
Platinum Diamond

14. FERROUS
• These are metallic minerals containing iron.
• Provide a strong base for the development of
metallurgical industries.
• India: exports ferrous mineral after meeting
internal demands.

15. Iron Ore
• Basic mineral and backbone of industrial
development
• India is endowed with fairly abundant
resources of iron ore
Two iron ore:
 Magnetite: The finest iron ore with high content of
iron up to 70%. Excellent magnetic qualities.
 Hematite: The most important industrial iron ore.
Contains 50 to 60% iron.

16. The Major Iron Ore Belt in India

17. 1. Orissa-Jharkhand belt:
• Hematite ore found in
 Badampahar(Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar distt of
Orissa)
 Gua and Noamundi(Singum distt of Jharkhand)

18. 2. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt:
• Lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
• Hematite Ore found in
 Bailadila range of hills Bastar district
 Hills comprise 14 deposits of hematite ore
 Best physical properties for steel making
 Vishakapatnam Port: export iron ore to Japan and
South Korea

19. 3. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur
belt in Karnataka:
• Kudermukh mines
 Location-Western Ghats of Karnataka, 100% export
unit
 One of the largest iron ore deposits in the world
 Port near Mangalore: transport through pipeline

20. 4. Maharashtra-Goa belt:
• It includes state of Goa and Ratnagiri district
of Maharashtra
• Ore not high quality
• Marmagao port: Iron ore export

21. Manganese
• Uses:
 manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy
 Manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and
insecticides
• 10kg required for one ton of steel
• Orissa: The largest producer of manganese
• 2000-2001: Orissa accounted one third of the
country’s production

22. Non-Ferrous
• Not sufficient minerals in India
• Copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold play vital
role in a metallurgical, engineering and
electrical industries.

23. Copper
• India: critically deficiency in copper
production
• High demand of copper: due to malleable,
ductile and good conductor
• Leading producers of copper:
 Balaghat mine in M.P.
 Khetri mines in Rajasthan
 Singhbhum district of Jharkhand

24. Bauxite
• Bauxite-alumina-aluminium
• Aluminium an important metal because:
 Strength of metal eg iron with extreme lightness,
good conductivity and great meability.
• Bauxite deposits found in:
 Amarkanta Plateau, Maikal hills and Bilaspur-Katni
 Orissa: the largest bauxite producing state
 2009-2010: producing 34.97% of the country’s total
production.
 The most important bauxite deposits in the state:
Panchpatmali (Koraput district)

25. NON-METALLIC

26. Non-Metallic Minerals and
Rock Minerals
Mica
Salt Potash Sulphur
Granite Limestone Marble

27. Mica
• Made up of a series of plates or leaves
• Characteristics
 Split easily into thin sheets
 Can be clear, black, green, red, yellow and brown
 Used in electronic industries due to di-electric
strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties
and resistance to high voltage.
 Used in electric and electronic industries

28. • Mica deposits found:
Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau
Kodarma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jhakhand
Ajmer in Rajasthan
Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh

29. Limestone
• Rock composed of calcium carbonate or
calcium and magnesium carbonate.
• Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace and raw material for cement industry
• Limestone deposits found in :
 Andhra Pradesh.
 Madhya Pradesh
 Rajasthan
 Uttrakhand etc.

30. Hazards of Mining

31. Impact on Miners
• Health issues
• Dust and noxious
fumes inhaled
• Vulnerable to
pulmonary diseases
• Risk of collapsing mine
roofs
• Inundation and fires in
coalmines
Impacts on Environment
• Water sources get
contaminated
• Dumping of waste and
slurry cause degradation of
land, soil and river pollution

32. Conservation of Minerals
• Important to Understand:
our dependence on minerals (unlimited)
Its availability to us (1%)

33. • Minerals are finite and non-renewable.
• Replenishment and mineral formation is very
slow but consumption level is high.
• Continue extraction Increase in cost Depletion of
minerals
• Steps for conservation:
 Used in a planned and sustainable manner
 Improve technology
 Recycling of metals
 Using other substitutes in place of minerals

34. Energy Mineral

35. Energy: Its Source and Uses
Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Electricity
• Its Sources
Solar Energy Wind Energy Tidal Energy

36. • Uses
to cook, to provide heat and light

37. Classification of Energy Resources
Conventional Source
• Firewood
• Cattle dung cake
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural gas
• Electricity (hydel and
thermal both)
Non-Conventional Source
• Solar
• Wind
• Tidal geothermal
• Biogas
• Atomic energy

38. Conventional Source of Energy
• Its traditional way
• Use since long time ago
• Also called non-renewable source of energy
• Cause environmental degradation

39. Coal
• In India:
 coal is the most available abundant fossil fuel
 Dependent on meeting commercial energy
requirement
• Uses:
 Power generation
 Supply energy to industry and raw
 For domestic needs

40. Features
• Bulky in nature therefore industries are
located near to coal field
• Loss weight on use as turn into ashes

41. Formation of Coal
• Degree of Compression, depth and time of
burial

42. Classification of Coal
On the basis of quality
1. Peat
2. Lignite
3. Bituminous
4. Anthracite
On the basis of age
1. Gondwana
2. Tertiary

43. ON THE BASIS OF QUALITY

44. 1. Peat:
Low carbon
High moisture
Low heating capacity

45. 2. Lignite:
Low grade brown coal
Soft with high moisture
 lignite reserves in Neyveli Tamil Nadu is used
for generating electricity

46. 3. Bituminous:
 deep inside the Earth - increase in temperature -
high degree of compression
 therefore very little moisture and high heating
capacity
 Metallurgical coal - high grade bituminous
 Use for commercial purpose i.e. use in power plants
for creating electricity and producing steel

47. 4. Anthracite:
Highest quality
 maximum carbon content
High heating capacity

48. ON THE BASIS OF AGE

49. Gondwana Coal
• A little over 200 million coal
• Metallurgical coal
• Coal Field:
Damodar Valley
Jharia
Raniganj
Bakora

50. Tertiary Coal
• About 55 million years coal
• Occur in:
North Eastern State of Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland

51. Petroleum
• Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry”
for :
 Synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical
industries
• Uses:
 Fuel foe heat and lighting
 Lubricants for machinery
 Raw materials for manufacturing industries

52. Petroleum Occurences
• Anticline and fault troops in rocks formed
during tertiary age

53. Petroleum Production in India
• Mumbai high: 63%
• Gujarat: 18% (Ankeleshwar the most
important field)
• Assam: 16% (Oldest oil producing state)

54. Natural Gas
• Found in association with or wthout
petroleum
• Uses:
 source of energy (domestic and industrial use)
 raw material in the petrochemical industry
 fuel in thermal power plants for generating
electricity
 Compressed Liquid Gas(CNG): use for vehicles to
replace liquid fuel

55. Advantages of Natural Gas
• Environmental friendly fuel with low carbon
dioxide
• Easily stored and transferred through pipeline
• More abundant than other fossil fuels
• Used in oven cooking, as it does not require
pre-heating

56. Nutural Gas Found in India
• Krishna-Godavari basin
• Mumbai high
• Gulf of Cambay
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• HVJ Pipeline: Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur also
known to Indian Gas Production
Power and Fertilizer Industries are key users of
natural gas

57. Electricity
• Its importance
Wide range of applications in today’s world
Per capita consumption considered as index of
development

58. Generation of Electricity in Two Ways
Hydro Electricity
• Generated by fast flowing
water
• Use renewable resources
• Multi-Purpose projects in
India: Bhakra Nangal,
Damodar Valley
Corporation, Kopili Hydel
Project
Thermal Electricity
• Generated by coal,
petroleum and natural gas
• Use non-renewable
resources(fossil fuels)
• Over 310 thermal power
plants in India

59. Hydro Electricity Energy Power

60. Thermal Electricity Power

61. Nuclear or Atomic Energy
• Obtained by altering the structure of atoms
• Uranium and thorium are used
• Available in:
Jharkhand,
The Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan
Kerala (monazite sand rich in Thorium)

62. Non-Conventional Source of Energy
Why????

63. Because:
• Increasing depend on fossil fuels( coal,
petroleum and gas )
• leads to increase in its price
• Cause environmental problems
• Need to use renewable energy sources like:
sun, wind, tide and biomass
India : blessed with an abundance of non-
conventional resources.

64. Solar Energy
• Get from the sun rays
• Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight
directly into electricity
• The largest solar plant in India is located at
Madhapur, near Bhuj ( sterlise milk cans )

65. Advantages of solar energy:
• Minimise the use of firewood and dung cakes..
• Increase in supply of manure
• Environmental conservation

66. Wind Energy
• India: rank as a “wind super power” in the
word
• Tamil Nadu (Nagarcoil to Madurai) – the
largest wind farm cluster
• Other wind farms are A.P, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Kerala, Maharashtra
• Lakshadweep: important wind farm
• Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer: well known for
effective use of wind energy

67. Biogas
Decomposition of organic matter yield gas
higher efficiency as compared to kerosene, dung cake
and charcoal
Biogas for domestic
consumption
Shrubs
Farm waste
Animal Waste
Human Waste

68. • Gobar gas plants:
plants using cattle dungs, found in rural areas
• Twin benefits to the farmer:
1. Used as form of energy
2. Improved quality of manure
(Also prevent the loss of trees and manures)

69. Tidal Energy
• Oceanic tide use to generate electricity
• Floodgate dams are built across intellect
• The sea via pipe that carries it through a
power generating turbine
• In India, Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal
condition for utilising tidal energy
• National Hydropower Corporation: set up a
900 MW tidal power plant

70. Geo Thermal Energy
• Electricity produced by the heat from the
interior of the earth

71. • Several hundred hot springs in India
Two Experimental Projects set up in India:
1. Parvarti Valley near Manikarn in H.P
2. Puga Valley in Ladakh

72. Energy Resources
• Need of energy for economic development
that is in agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic.
For the fulfillment of needs
Consumption of energy also increase

73. WHAT TO DO???????
Conservation of energy
resources
The twin planks of sustainable energy:
1. Promotion of energy conservation
2. Increased use of renewable energy

74. Conservation of Energy Resorces
• Use sustainable energy
Use public transportation
Switching off electricity when not in use
Using power saving device
Using non-conventional source of energy
“ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY PRODUCED”