The document summarizes India's mineral and energy resources. It discusses various types of minerals like metals, non-metals and rocks found in India. It describes the major deposits and locations of important ferrous minerals like iron ore and manganese. It also discusses non-ferrous minerals such as copper, bauxite, and mica. The document then summarizes India's major energy resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear power. It provides brief descriptions of other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass energy. In the end, it emphasizes the need for conservation of minerals and energy resources.

1. MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES
By- Mahip Singh
Class !0 B

2. Minerals
• Minerals are naturally occurring substances that have a
definite internal structure.
• They are defined by Geologists as “homogenous,
naturally occurring substances with a definable internal
structure”.
• They are found in various forms and are used for a
variety of purposes.
E.g., Diamond, limestone, fluoride, aluminium etc.

4. Rocks
• They are a combination of minerals along with
impurities. A rock can contain either a single
mineral or a number of minerals.
• Although over 2000 minerals have been
discovered, only a few are abundantly found in
most of the rocks.

5. Sedimentary Rock Beds
• Sedimentary rocks often consist of flat, thin, parallel bands, called
beds.
• They are formed when sediments, laid down in flat, thin beds, are
buried, compressed, and cemented together.
• Individual beds are easily identified because they exhibit slight
differences from adjacent beds in grain size, resistance to
weathering, or coloration.

6. Ores
• An accumulation of any mineral mixed with
elements.
• They are the source of minerals. Minerals are
extracted from their ores by various
processes.
• The mineral content of the ore must be in
sufficient concentration to make its extraction
commercially viable.

7. Occurrence of Minerals
• In igneous and metamorphic rocks: Cracks,
crevices, faults or joints called veins or lodes. E.g.,
Zinc, copper and lead.
• In sedimentary rocks: Beds and layers as a result
of deposition and accumulation. E.g., Coal, iron,
gypsum and sodium.
• Decomposition of surface rocks: In the form of
residual mass containing ores. E.g., Bauxite. In
sands of valleys: As alluvial deposits called placer
deposits. E.g., Gold, silver, tin and platinum.
• In oceans: In diffused form. E.g., Salt, magnesium,
bromine etc.

9. Distribution of Minerals in
India
• Petroleum deposits: Gujarat and Assam
• Non-ferrous minerals: Rajasthan
• Coal, metallic minerals and non-metallic
minerals: Peninsular plateau

10. Mine
• It is a large area having an abundant
quantity of mineral deposits that can be
easily and economically extracted.

11. Ferrous minerals
• Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total
value of the production of metallic minerals
• Provide strong base for the development of metallurgical
industries
• India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals after
meeting her internal demands.
• E.g. of ferrous minerals – iron, manganese etc.

12. Ferrous Minerals- Iron Ore
• India is rich in iron ore deposits.
• Ores: Magnetite - 70% iron content, Hematite - 50 to
60% iron content.
• Iron ore belts:

13. Ferrous Minerals-
Manganese
• Used in manufacturing
1. Steel
2.Bleaching powder
3. Insecticides
4 Paints
• Largest producer: Orissa

14. MINERALS AREAS
IRON ORE
Basic mineral &
backbone of industrial
development.
India is endowed with
fairly abundant & good
quality resources of
iron ore.
Magnetite – 70% iron
content finest iron ore,
excellent magnetic
quality, and valuable in
the electrical industry.
Hematite – 50 -60%
iron content most
important industrial
iron ore in terms of the
quantity used.
Major iron ore belt in India
Orissa-Jharkhand belt:
Orissa – high grade hematite ore is found in Badampur mines in the Mayurbhanj
and Kendhurjhar districts
Jharkhand- hematite iron ore is mined from the Singbhum district in Gua and
Noamundi
Durg- bastar-Chandrapur belt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra:
Chattisgarh- very high grade hematite found in the Baildila range of hills in the
Bastar district of Chattisgarh. { Baildila range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of
super high grade hematite iron ore that has the best physical properties needed
for steel making}
Iron ore exported from these mines is exported to Japan and south Korea via
Vishakapatnam port.
Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka
Kudremukh mines in the Western Ghats are a 100% export unit. Kudremukh
deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near mangalore
Maharashtra – Goa belt:
Iron ore mined from the states of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Ores are not the ones of very high quality ,yet they are efficiently exploited and
exported through Marmagao port.

15. Non ferrous minerals
• India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous
minerals is not very satisfactory.
• These minerals include – copper, bauxite, lead, zinc,
gold etc
• They play a vital role in a number of metallurgical,
engineering and electrical industries.

16. Non-Ferrous Minerals- Copper
• India is deficient in copper.
• Malleable, ductile and a good conductor of
electricity.
• Used in- Electrical cables Electronics Chemical
industries
• Largest producer: Balaghat mines in Madhya
Pradesh produce 52% of India’s copper.
• Singhbhum in Jharkhand and Khetri in
Rajasthan are also important copper producing
areas.

18. Non-Ferrous Minerals-
Bauxite
• An ore of aluminium.
• Found in Amarkntak plateau, Maikal hills and
Katni.
• Largest producer: Orissa (45% of total bauxite
production)
• Koraput in Orissa has the largest reserve of
bauxite in the country.

20. Non-Metallic Minerals
• Mica
• Made of a series of plates.
• It splits into thin sheets.
• It can be black, green, red, yellow or brown in
colour.
• It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss,
good insulation and resistance to high voltage.
• Used in electric and electronics industry.
• Found in Koderma, Gaya and Hazaribagh
(Jharkhand), Ajmer (Rajasthan), Nellore (Andhra
Pradesh)

22. Rock Minerals
• Limestone
• Found in calcium carbonate sedimentary
rocks.
• Used in Cement industry, Iron smelting
• Largest producers are Andhra Pradesh, M.P.
and Rajasthan.

24. Metallic Non-metallic Energy
Ferrous Non-ferrous Limestone Coal
Iron Gold Nitrate Petroleum
Manganese Silver Potash Natural Gas
Chromite Copper Dolomite
Pyrite Lead Mica
Tungsten Bauxite Gypsum
Nickel Tin Coal
Cobalt Magnesium Petroleum
Types of minerals

25. Hazards of Mining
• Pulmonary diseases caused by dust and noxious
fumes from mines.
• Inundation and fires in mines and collapsing of the
mine’s roof pose a serious threat to miners’ lives.
• Mining contaminates nearby water sources owing
to dumping of waste and slurry.
• Land degradation is caused as land is dug deep
for mining. This makes it unsuitable for any further
use after the mining site is abandoned.

26. Conservation of Minerals
Conservation of minerals is necessary because
Mineral formation is an extremely slow
process. Hence, rate of consumption should
not overshoot the rate of replenishment.
Only one percent of the total mineral deposits
are accessible.
Minerals are a limited resource and will get
exhausted if not used judicially.

27. Energy Resources

29. Energy resources are classified into
70% of energy requirement in rural India is met by firewood and
cattle dung cakes
Continuation of the two is becoming difficult as forest area is
decreasing & dung cakes are being discouraged as it consumes most
valuable manure required for agriculture.
Conventional sources Non-conventional sources
•Firewood
•Cattle dung cake
•Coal
•Petroleum
•Natural gas
•Hydel & thermal energy
•Solar energy
•Wind energy
•Tidal energy
•Geo thermal energy
•Biogas
•Atomic energy

30. Coal
Most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
Types of Coal
Ø Lignite: Low grade brown coal. It is soft with high moisture
content. Found in Nevyeli in Tamil Nadu.
Ø Bituminous: Most popularly used coal. Used in smelting iron
in blast furnaces.
Ø Anthracite: Highest quality coal.
Found in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand).
Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal fields.
Coal is also found in Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
etc.

32. Petroleum
Found in the rocks of tertiary age.
63% petroleum comes from Mumbai High.
18% from Gujarat’s Ankleshwar oil field.
16% from Assam’s Digboi, Naharkatiya and
Moram–Hugrijan oil fields.
Digboi (Assam) is the oldest oil field of India.

33. Natural Gas
Environment friendly owing to low carbon dioxide emissions.
Used as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) in vehicles.
Found in
Krishna–
Godavari basin
Gulf of Cambay
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mumbai High
Transported through pipelines.
Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur is the longest (1700 km) pipeline
that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to
Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh.

34. Electricity
• Hydroelectricity: By the force of water.
Bhakra Nangal and Damodar valley projects
generate hydroelectricity.
Thermal Electricity: By coal, petroleum or natural
gas.

35. Nuclear Energy
Obtained from the nuclear fission of radioactive elements such as
uranium and thorium.
Uranium and thorium are found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and
Kerala.
India has six nuclear power stations. These are
Ø Rawatbhata (Rajasthan)
Ø Naraura (Uttar Pradesh)
Ø Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
Ø Tarapore (Maharashtra)
Ø Kaiga (Karnataka)
Ø Kakrapar (Gujarat)

36. Solar Energy
India is a tropical country and has enormous
potential for solar power.
Solar energy can be converted into electrical
energy by using photovoltaic technology.
Largest solar plant in India: Madhapur
(Gujarat)
Maximum potential: Rajasthan and Gujarat

37. Wind Power
India is a wind super power.
Largest wind farm cluster: Tamil Nadu
Nagacoil and Jaisalmer have large wind
farms.
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Kerala etc. have huge potential for tapping
wind energy.

38. Biogas
Produced from farm waste, animal and human
waste.
Much effective than firewood, dung cakes and
kerosene.
Used mainly for domestic consumption in rural
areas.
Gobar gas plants are set up in rural areas
which decompose organic waste and produce
gas as well as provide manure for agricultural
fields.

39. Tidal Energy
Energy of the oceanic tides is used for
producing electricity.
Gulf of Kuchchh (Gujarat) has a great
potential for tidal energy.

40. Geo-Thermal Energy
It is the energy produced by using internal
heat of the Earth.
The hot springs in India are ideal sources for
the generation of geothermal energy.
Manikaran (H.P.) and Puga valley (Ladakh)
have geo-thermal power projects.

41. Conservation of Energy Resources
•Energy is a basic requirement for economic
development every sector of the national economy –
agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and
domestic needs inputs of energy.
•Consumption of energy in all forms has been
already rising all over the country.
•There is urgent need develop a sustainable path of
energy development. Promotion of energy
conservation and increased use of renewable
energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable
energy.

42. •India is presently one of the least energy
efficient countries in the world.
•We have to adopt a cautious approach for
the judicious use of our limited energy
resources.
•E.g. As concerned citizens we can do our
bit by using public transport systems instead
of individual vehicles, switch off electricity
when not in use, use power saving devices
& non conventional sources of energy

44. Thank You