Manufacturing transforms raw materials into finished goods through processing. It is an important sector that contributes to economic development by providing jobs, income, and value-added products. The document outlines key industries like textiles, sugar, iron and steel, chemicals, cement, automobiles and information technology. It also discusses factors influencing industry location, classification of industries, issues like pollution, and measures to control pollution. Manufacturing is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary economic sectors and plays a vital role in modernizing agriculture and reducing poverty.

1. MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
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2. WHAT IS MANUFACTURING?
Manufacturing is a
production of goods in
large quantities by
processing raw materials
into more valuable
products.
Like wood into paper,
sugarcane into sugar, iron
ore into iron and steel and
bauxite into aluminium.
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4. THREE SECTORS OF THE
ECONOMY
• Primary : Agriculture,
Animal Rearing, Mining.
• Secondary :
Manufacturing ( steel
industry, textiles).
• Tertiary : Transport and
other services.
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5. IMPORTANCE OF
MANUFACTURING
• Modernises agriculture.
• Provides jobs.
• Eradicates poverty.
• Expands trade and commerce.
• Contributes to national income.
• Adds value to raw materials.
• Promotes economic development.
• Helps in the development of transports and
communication and
• Reduces regional disparity.
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6. GLOBALISATION AND INDUSTRY
• It needs to be more
efficient and
competitive.
• Needs international
quality and standard
to compete in the
internationalmarket.
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7. Factors influencing
location of industries.
• Availability of land & raw materials
• Capital
• Labour
• Power *marketing * communication
• Transportation * markets
• Services: bank, insurance, consultation
• Policy of the govt.
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8. LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
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9. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
BASIs TYPES OF INDUSTRIES EXAMPLES
Source of raw material 1. Agro based industries.
2. Mineral based
industries.
Cotton textiles, rubber,
sugar etc.
Iron and steel, chemical
etc.
Ownership 1. Public sector
2. Private sector
3. Joint sector
4. Cooperative sector
BHEL, SAIL
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd
Oil India Ltd
Sugar industry
Main role 1. Basic or key industries
2. Consumer Industries
Iron and steel, copper
smelting, Sugar, tooth
paste.
Size of Industry or Basis of
Capital Investment
1. Large scale industry
2. Small scale industry
TISCO, oil refineries,
Electrical industries
Weight of Raw Material
and Finished Products
1. Heavy industries
2. Light industries
Iron and steel, electrical
industries
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10. TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
1. CHARACTERISTICS:
• Contributs14% to industrial
production.
• Employs35 millionpersons
directly.
• Secondlargestafteragriculture.
• Earns24.6%foreingexchange.
• Contributs4% to GDP.
• Selfreliant.
2. VALUEADDITION:
• Fibreproduction– Rawfibre.
• Spinning– Yarn
• Weaving,Knitting – Fabrics
• DyingFinishingandTailoring –
Garments
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11. COTTON TEXTILES
• In ancient India cotton textiles were produced
by hand spinning and handloom weaving.
• After powerloom’s invention, suffered set back.
• 1600 cotton textile mills.
• Mills in public and private sector.
• Small looms.
• Initial concentration in Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
• Creat demands for other industries like
chemical and dyes, mill stores etc.
• Provides living to farmers, boll pickers and
workers in ginning, spinning etc.
• Khadi provids large scle employment to
weavers.
• Cannot use much of the high quality yarns.
• Second in the number of spindle after China in
the world.
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12. PROBLEMS OF COTTON TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
• Weaving , knitting and processing cannot use all the
quality yarns.
• Yarn is exported.
• Fabric is imported for garment/ apparel
manufacturers.
• Erratic power spully.
• Upgradation of machine needed.
• Low output of labour force.
• Stiff competition.
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13. JUTE TEXTILES
• Largest producer of jute
and jute goods.
• Second largest exporter.
• 70 jute mills.
• Located on Hugli.
• Supported 2.61 lakh
workers and 40 lakh
farmers.
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14. Factors for Localisation of Jute
industry
• Nearness to jute produsing areas.
• Cheap water and other transport facility.
• Abundant water supply.
• Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar,
Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and other facilities of
Kolkata.
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15. SUGAR
INDUSTRY
• Second largest producer.
• First in Gur and Khand sari.
• Raw material bulky.
• Sugar content reduced
during transport.
• More than 460 factories.
• Seasonal industry.
• Ideally suited for
cooperatives.
• Major produces :
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andra Pradesh and Gujarat.
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16. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
• Basic industry.
• Steel is needed for making
machine, tools and other items
of use.
• Its production and
consumption as index of
development.
• Production of 32.8 million tons
of steel per year.
• Largest producer of sponge
iron.
• Per capita consumption is low,
32 Kg.
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17. Major industrial regions
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19. ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
• Second most important
metallurgical industry.
• It is light, resistant to corrosion,
good conducter, malleable.
• Strong when mixed with other
metals.
• Uses – Aircrafts,utensils.
• Substitute of steel, copper etc.
• Production of 6 lakh tones into
2004.
• Bauxite is the raw material.
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20. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• Fast growing and diversifying.
• Contributes 3% to GDP.
• Third largest in Asia.
• 12th in the world.
• Large and small manufacturing units.
• Two types of inorganic (Sulphuric acid
used in fertilizer, plastics.) and organic
(petrochemicals used in synthetic fibres,
rubber etc.)
• Inorganic chemical industry is widely
distributed.
• Organic located near oil refineries.
• Uses its own products.
• Processing of basic chemicals produces
new chemicals.
• Products used in industry, agriculture
and consumer markets.
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21. CEMENT INDUSTRY
• Essential for construction.
• Requires bulky and heavy raw
materials limestone, silica etc.
• Requires coal and electricity.
• Efficient transport.
• First cement factory in 1904 at
Chennai.
• Decontrol in 1989 helped it to
develop rapidly in capacity,
technology and production.
• Varity of cement.
• 128 large and 332 mini plants.
• Export of good quality cement- East
Asia, Middle East Africa and South
Asia.
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22. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
• Provides vehicle for quick
transport.
• Truck, buses, cars, two and three
wheeler vehicles are made at
various centres.
• After liberalisation their demand
increased.
• It stimulated industry’s growth.
• Quantum jump in last 15 years.
Foreign direct investment
brought new technology.
• 15 manufacture of cars,9 of
commercial vehicles, 14 of two
and three wheelers.
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23. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
1. CHARACTERSTICSOF
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY :
• Wide range of products from transister
sets to television, mobiles, computeretc.
• Bangalore as electronics capital.
2. CHARACTERSTICSOF
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRY :
• 18 software technology parks.
• Employment generation.
• Employed 1 million persons.
• Number will increase eightfold in next
three and four years.
• 30% employees women.
• Foreign exchange earner.
• Continuing growth of software and
hardware.
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26. Industrial pollution
• AIR Pollution:
• Caused by higher
proportion of undesirable
gases as Carbon
monoxide, sulphur
dioxide etc.
• Affects: health, life,
plants…
• Water Pollution:
• Caused by industrial
effluents.
• coal, dyes, soap,
pesticides, fertilisers,
plastic, rubber etc are
polluting.
• Principal industries like:
Paper, textiles, chemicals,
petrol, Refineries etc.Noise pollution &
Land pollution
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27. Measures to control pollution
• Land:
• Minimise
environmental
degradation.
• Careful planning
• siting of industries
• Better designs
• Better equipment's
• Better operation
• AIR:
• Fuel selection
• Careful utilisation
• Prevention of smoke
• Reduced use of coal
• Use aerosol emission
equipment's like: filters,
precipitators, scrubbers,
inertial separators etc.
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28. Measures to control pollution
• WATER:
• 3 phases of water
treatment before
discharging:
• Primary treatment by
mechanical process
• Secondary by biological
process
• Tertiary by biological,
chemical & physical
• 1st phase: includes
screening, grinding,
sedimentation
• 2nd: use of biological
methods
• 3rd: includes use of
recycling of water.
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29. Control of soil and land pollution
• Involves 3 activities:
• 1. Collection of waste
• 2. dumping and disposing by land
filling
• 3. recycling for further use.
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