Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
Define forensic ballistics and firearms
Understand different types of firearms and ammunition
Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds in firearms
Enlist Medico-legal aspects
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
Define forensic ballistics and firearms
Understand different types of firearms and ammunition
Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds in firearms
Enlist Medico-legal aspects
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. DEFINITION
Terminal ballistics is the study of bullet
behaviour once it impacts the target.
OR
Terminal ballistics is that branch of science
which concern itself with the effect of
moving projectiles on the target. If the target
is living body, the study is known by the
subject is wound ballistics.
3. FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE DEGREE
OF INJURY
O Velocity of the bullet
O Mass of bullet
O Size of the bullet
O Drag and retardation
O Composition and shape of the bullet
O Extent of the cavitation
O Extent of deviation (yaw) of the bullet
4.
5. SHOCK WAVE AND STRESS
WAVE
O While passing through the body tissue
high velocity projectiles compress the
medium and the region of compression
moves away as a shock wave in all
direction in spherical form.
O Precedes the cavitation phenomenon. It
transmitted through fluid filled structure.
6.
7. RIFLED AND SHOTGUN FIREARM AND
ITS RANGE
O Rifled firearm –
The distance between the muzzle end of the
firearm and the target is called range. This
may be:
O Contact range- if the muzzle end is in the
contact with the body.
8. O Close shot- if the range is within the distance travelled
by the flame.
up to 8cm- effect of flame
up to 15cm- effect of smoke
Abrasion collar, grease collar and tattooing present.
Wound track- pink colour
9. O Near shot- tattooing is present
Abrasion and grease collar is present
Up to 50cm
O Distant shot(>50cm)- abrasion and grease collar
is present
10. IN SHOT GUNS
O The mass of shot leaves the weapon
initially as a solid mass, which
progressively diverges from the weapon.
Contact shot-
pink red staining of the skin, gun powder
blackening of the wound edges, circular
bruise , redness from CO gases.
11. O Intermediate range- within 20cm to 1m.
burning will be present
the rim of the wound is irregular forming what is
called rat hole.
O Long range- beyond 2m
tissue displacement
rarely fatal
12. O Near shot- up to 2m
tattooing is present
sometimes wad produces mild abrasion if
fired within a range of 30cm.
13. ENTRANCE AND EXIT WOUND OF
PROJECTILE
In case of shot gun-
O Entry wound- heat combustion effect,
blackening, tattooing, cherry red
coloration etc.
O Exit wound- rarely produce exit wound
because they traverse the body, but if
happened it may cause a huge ragged
aperture wound.
14. In case of rifled firearm
O Entry wound- show increased amount of
tissue destruction due to the high velocity.
O Exit wound is usually everted with split
flaps, they are usually larger than the
corresponding wound of entry.
15.
16.
17. NATUREOF INJURY
O Abrasion collar- during the bullet’s
attempt at perforating the skin while
entering due to the spine the edge of the
entrance wound may be abraded in the
form of collar called abrasion collar or
areola.
18.
19. contusion
In some cases there is a contusion instead
of abrasion , in which case it is more
appropriately called contusion collar.
Grease or dirt collar
the bullet as it propelled through the barrel
would naturally carry this grease used as a
lubricant on it, which subsequently get
deposited on the skin around the entrance
wound.
20.
21. Tattooing and blackening effect
O Tattooing is small, discrete, black specks
which can’t be wiped off.
O Blackening is carbonaceous deposition on
the skin which can be easily wiped off.
22.
23.
24. WOUND CAUSED BY
MACHINE GUN
O The projectiles used are jacketed bullets and
multiple wounds are caused by machine gun.
25. WOUND CAUSED BY AIR GUN
O The projectile used is slug of diameter
0.177 and cause dangerous wound even
at range of 50 yards.