This document discusses the history and science of drug testing in sports. It provides background on the types of performance enhancing drugs used by athletes and their effects. It then describes the anti-doping agencies and rules established to regulate drug use in sports. The document outlines the banned substances and methods according to their classifications. It details the sample collection and testing process, including the analytical methods used to detect drugs in urine and blood samples. Finally, it mentions some notable doping cases that have occurred in sports over time.

1. Ketan Patil
Ph.D. Student
National Forensic Sciences
University,
Gandhinagar.

2.  History
 What Is Drug Doping?
 Effects Of Doping
 Anti-doping Agencies
 Drugs Which Are Banned
 Anti-doping Rules Violations By WADA
 Sample Collection
 Sample Testing Using Analytical Methods
 Doping Cases In Sports

3.  The ancient Greek athletes drank wine portions, used
hallucinogens, ate animal hearts or testicles in search
of potency
 Chariot racers feed their horses substances such as
hydromel to make them run faster.
 Modern application- the source of cocaine and
related alkaloids
 Vin Mariani- mixture of coca leaf extract and wine,
'the wine for athletes’.
 In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, Thomas Hicks,
was using a mixture of brandy and strychnine
 Berserkers drink a mixture "butotens", prepared from
the Amanita muscaria mushroom, to increase their
physical power

4.  The use of banned performance-enhancing
drugs in sports is commonly referred to as
doping.
 'Doping' is the word used in sport when
athletes use prohibited substances or methods
to unfairly improve their sporting performance.
 ‘Doping’ is the consumption of prohibited
substances or their derivatives for enhancing
performance.

5.  Side effects in men:
Acne, impaired liver function, impotency,
breast formation (gynecomastia), increase in
estrogen, erectile dysfunction, increased sex
drive, male pattern baldness.
 Side effects in women:
Hair loss, male pattern baldness, hypertrophy
of the clitoris, increased sex drive,
irregularities of the menstrual cycle,
development of masculine facial traits,
increased coarseness of the skin, premature
closure of the epiphysis.

8.  WADA (1999) as an international independent
agency. Its activities include scientific research,
education, development of anti-doping capacities,
and monitoring of the World Anti Doping Code
(Code)
 National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) is
responsible for testing national athletes,
adjudicating anti-doping rules violations; and anti-
doping education.
 IOC- The International Olympic
Committee (IOC)

9.  Prohibited substances in sports:
S0—Nonapproved substances,
S1—Anabolic agents,
S2—Peptide hormones, growth factors and related
substances
S3—Beta-2 agonists (except salbutamol,
salmeterol and formatorol)
S4—Hormone and metabolic modulators
S5—Diuretics and other masking agents
S6—Stimulants
S7—Narcotics
S8—Cannabinoids
S9—Glucocorticosteroids

10.  Prohibited methods in sports:
M1—Manipulation of blood and blood components
M2—Chemical and physical manipulation
M3—Gene doping
administration of any quantity of blood or RBC
products (M1)
The tampering of integrity and validity of samples (M2)
collected during doping control is prohibited.
The transfer of normal or genetically modified genes
(M3) to enhance performance is also prohibited.
 Substances prohibited in specific sports:
P1—Alcohol
P2—Beta-blockers

13. 1. The presence of prohibited substance or its metabolites
in an athlete’s bodily specimen
2. Use of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method
3. Refusing or evading sample collection
4. Violation of athlete availability for out-of-competition
testing including failure to provide required whereabouts
information which are declared based on reasonable
rules
5. Tampering or attempting to tamper, with any part of
doping control
6. Possession of prohibited substances and prohibited
methods
7. Trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited
method
8. Administration or attempted administration to a
prohibited substance or prohibited method to any
athlete

14.  Drug can detected in samples of urine and blood.
 The testing of drugs in the body fluids takes place in
two The different situations: For diagnosis purpose
in medical field and for penalty purpose in forensic
/doping field. (impose some penalty to the individual)
 The athlete is entitled to have a representative (coach
or team doctor) present to verify that the testing
occurred in accordance to guidelines.
 A sample is provided and split into two bottles and
sealed by the athlete. A code number will be attached
and recorded on the relevant paperwork to ensure the
correct result is given to the athlete.
 the athlete must complete a medical declaration which
states all medicines, drugs and substances taken over
the last week.

15.  75ml sample is collected, split into 2 portions as "A" and "B"
bottles then sent for analysis to a laboratory accredited by
the IOC.
 Volume, pH, and specific gravity and temperature of the
sample are tested immediately.
 pH- to detect attempts at changing the nature of the
sample.
 The specific gravity- for attempts to dilute the
concentration of drugs, as is the case by deliberate diuretic
use.
 In most cases, only the athlete handles the urine and
collection containers until sealed.
 The independent official observing the sample procedure
records all of the information on a document., This initiates
a chain-of-custody record.

16.  A total of 12ml of blood will be withdrawn from the
athletes non-dominant arm into the two vials not
earlier than 30 minutes following an event or
strenuous exercise.
 The athlete will select a kit of vials and a sample
kit labelled 'A' and 'B'.
 Paperwork is completed.

17.  Various techniques are used such as GC-MS, flow-
cytometry, UV and IR spectroscopy, microcrystalline test,
ELISAs.
 GC-MS:

18.  Uses the principles of
light scattering , light
excitation, and emission
of fluorochrome molecules
to generate specific
multi-parameter data
from particles and cells.
 In the size range of
0.5um to 40um diameter.

19. Instrumentation for testing of drug from
sample.
To find out absorption and emission power
of component of drug.

20. Instrumentation for testing drug’s functional
group. Uses IR spectroscopy.

21.  It is a biochemical assay mainly used in
Immumology.
 Plate base assay designed for detecting and
quantifying substances such as peptides, protein,
Ab, hormones.
 It uses an enzyme linked to antigen or Ab as a
marker for the detection of specific protein,
especially an antigen or Ab.

23.  the scientist adds a drop of the suspected
substance to a chemical on a slide.
 The mixture will begin to form crystals.
 Each type of drug has an individual crystal pattern
when seen under a polarized light microscope.

25.  July 13, 1967 - Cyclist on
Amphetamines Is First
Tour de France Doping
Death
 British cyclist Tommy
Simpson, dies during the
13th stage of the Tour de
France on July 13, 1967.
 consumes excess amounts
of amphetamines and
brandy to combat the
effects of an illness and he
continues to ride until his
body shuts down.

26.  Sep. 27, 1988 - Ben
Johnson Stripped of Gold
Medal after Positive Drug
Test for stanozolol, an
anabolic steroid. Johnson
claims that his herbal drink
was spiked, but officials
decline his explanation and
suspend him from competition
for two years. Johnson is later
banned for life after a second
positive test in 1993.

27.  Police seize 26 kg of heroin worth a whopping
Rs 130 crore from NRI's house in Zirakpur; NRI
arrested claims links with Olympian Vijender
Singh.
 Vijender singh refuses to give blood and urine
sample. but After testing with hair sample it
reveals that he has taken no heroin or any other
prohibited substances.
 Though NADA is not confirming with result
gives false reports. This happened because
they don’t have equipment to test Hair sample.

30.  http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130308/news
-crime/article/police-seize-26-kg-heroin-mohali-
nri-arrested-claims-links-olympian
 http://sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.timeline.ph
p?timelineID=000017
 http://www.drugfreesport.org.nz/What+We+Do/FA
Q.html

31. Thank you!!!