Microscopes
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The document discusses microscopes. It describes how the first microscope was invented in the 1590s, allowing humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains how light microscopes work, using lenses to magnify specimens, and how micrometers are used to measure very small objects. The document also covers the parts of a microscope, how to use one, and how to estimate sizes of objects viewed through the microscope using measurements of the field of view.
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Microscopes
This presentation details the history of microscopes, beginning with magnifying glasses used by Romans in the 1st century AD. The first compound microscope was invented in the late 16th century by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. Anton van Leeuwenhoek made early improvements including more powerful single-lens microscopes. Robert Hooke popularized the microscope with his 1665 book Micrographia. Modern light microscopes were developed building on the early work of Janssen, Hooke, and van Leeuwenhoek using lenses and light, while electron microscopes use electron beams and produce higher magnifications under vacuum.
Unit 3, Lesson 3.1 - Microscopes
Unit 3, Lesson 3.1 - Microscopes
Lesson Outline:
1. History of Microscope Timeline
2. Common Types of Microscopes
Rheinberg.
Light microscopists have developed new techniques to enhance specimen contrast since the invention of the compound microscope in 1595. In 1828, the first polarizing light microscope was invented, serving as the basis for most modern research microscopes and associated contrast-enhancing accessories. Rheinberg illumination enhances contrast by reflecting, refracting, or diffracting light rays back through the specimen rather than directly transmitting light, producing colored "stains" on particles depending on the wavelength retardation caused by the chosen color filters. The greater the nm difference between filters, the higher the contrast.
Microscope and Its Complete history
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope to know more visit our website www.jaincoexport.com
Light and Sight
To be a scientist, one must observe, record, explain phenomena, and think about and learn from mistakes. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of lenses, both convex and concave, how they refract light, their focal points, and how these factors determine the nature of images formed. Examples of lenses include the human eye, cameras, and large telescopes like the Gran Telescopio Canarias used to observe deep space objects such as the Whirlpool Galaxy.
Microscope Basics Powerpoint
The document provides instructions for using a basic microscope, including identifying the main parts of the microscope and how to calculate magnification power. It describes how to view slides under different objective lenses and make a wet mount slide by placing a coverslip over a drop of water on a slide. The final sentences remind the reader to be careful when using the highest power objective and to turn off the microscope after use.
Telescopes power point
A telescope is an instrument that gathers light from distant objects to make them appear closer. It uses lenses or mirrors to focus light and magnify views of planets, stars, comets, and other objects in space as well as wildlife on Earth. The main types are refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Newer space and ground-based telescopes will provide clearer views deeper into the universe than ever before.
Telescope
This document provides an overview of different types of telescopes, including refracting and reflecting telescopes, and discusses issues like aberration and how they are addressed. It also covers how telescopes are used to view fainter objects, the limits of angular resolution, and advanced optical telescope designs like the Cassegrain, catadioptric, and Schmidt telescopes. In particular, it notes that refracting telescopes can experience chromatic aberration which can be addressed using an achromatic lens, while reflecting telescopes are prone to spherical aberration addressed using a parabolic mirror.
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Microscopes
This presentation details the history of microscopes, beginning with magnifying glasses used by Romans in the 1st century AD. The first compound microscope was invented in the late 16th century by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. Anton van Leeuwenhoek made early improvements including more powerful single-lens microscopes. Robert Hooke popularized the microscope with his 1665 book Micrographia. Modern light microscopes were developed building on the early work of Janssen, Hooke, and van Leeuwenhoek using lenses and light, while electron microscopes use electron beams and produce higher magnifications under vacuum.
Unit 3, Lesson 3.1 - Microscopes
Unit 3, Lesson 3.1 - Microscopes
Lesson Outline:
1. History of Microscope Timeline
2. Common Types of Microscopes
Rheinberg.
Light microscopists have developed new techniques to enhance specimen contrast since the invention of the compound microscope in 1595. In 1828, the first polarizing light microscope was invented, serving as the basis for most modern research microscopes and associated contrast-enhancing accessories. Rheinberg illumination enhances contrast by reflecting, refracting, or diffracting light rays back through the specimen rather than directly transmitting light, producing colored "stains" on particles depending on the wavelength retardation caused by the chosen color filters. The greater the nm difference between filters, the higher the contrast.
Microscope and Its Complete history
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope to know more visit our website www.jaincoexport.com
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To be a scientist, one must observe, record, explain phenomena, and think about and learn from mistakes. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of lenses, both convex and concave, how they refract light, their focal points, and how these factors determine the nature of images formed. Examples of lenses include the human eye, cameras, and large telescopes like the Gran Telescopio Canarias used to observe deep space objects such as the Whirlpool Galaxy.
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The document provides instructions for using a basic microscope, including identifying the main parts of the microscope and how to calculate magnification power. It describes how to view slides under different objective lenses and make a wet mount slide by placing a coverslip over a drop of water on a slide. The final sentences remind the reader to be careful when using the highest power objective and to turn off the microscope after use.
Telescopes power point
A telescope is an instrument that gathers light from distant objects to make them appear closer. It uses lenses or mirrors to focus light and magnify views of planets, stars, comets, and other objects in space as well as wildlife on Earth. The main types are refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Newer space and ground-based telescopes will provide clearer views deeper into the universe than ever before.
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This document provides an overview of different types of telescopes, including refracting and reflecting telescopes, and discusses issues like aberration and how they are addressed. It also covers how telescopes are used to view fainter objects, the limits of angular resolution, and advanced optical telescope designs like the Cassegrain, catadioptric, and Schmidt telescopes. In particular, it notes that refracting telescopes can experience chromatic aberration which can be addressed using an achromatic lens, while reflecting telescopes are prone to spherical aberration addressed using a parabolic mirror.
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The document discusses different types of telescopes used in astronomy. It describes refracting telescopes which use lenses and reflecting telescopes which use mirrors. Most large telescopes found in observatories are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that can collect more light. The document also discusses other types of telescopes like infrared telescopes that can observe invisible light beyond the visible spectrum.
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The document provides instructions for using a basic microscope, including:
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2) Explaining how to calculate magnification by multiplying the objective and ocular lens powers.
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The document provides instructions for using a microscope and discusses microscope parts. It includes:
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM
CARE
PARTS AND FUNCTION
FOCUSING
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
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The document provides instructions for using a basic microscope, including:
1) Identifying the main microscope parts such as the body tube, objectives, stage, and ocular lens.
2) Explaining how to calculate magnification by multiplying the objective and ocular lens powers.
3) Noting that higher magnifications provide better detail but a smaller field of view.
4) Guiding the reader on how to properly use the coarse and fine adjustments, view slides under different objectives, and set up a wet mount slide.
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The document discusses astronomy and different types of telescopes. It provides information on refracting and reflecting telescopes, and how telescopes using invisible light like infrared can reveal information not visible to the naked eye. Observatories tend to use large reflecting telescopes to gather more light. The document also covers topics like the rotation and revolution of Earth and how this affects seasons and time zones.
Pinhole
Light travels at about 186,000 miles per second, much faster than sound, which travels at about 1,100 feet per second. The first recorded discovery of the pinhole camera phenomenon occurred around 500 BC in China. Mo-Ti described light passing through a small hole and projecting an inverted image on an opposite wall. By the 17th century, this principle had evolved into the camera obscura. Key characteristics of pinhole cameras include softer, less sharp images with nearly infinite depth of field compared to lens-based cameras.
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The document provides instructions for using a microscope and discusses microscope parts. It includes:
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Microscope
Introduction
History
Compound microscope
Variants of microscopes
Dark field microscope
Phase contrast microscope
Fluorescent microscope
Polarising microscope
Electron microscope
A Microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked/ unaided eyes.
In Greek micron= small
skopien=to look at
The science of investigating small object using such an instrument is called microscopy
The term microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope
From ancient times, man wanted to see things for smaller than could be perceived with the naked eye.
This led to the construction in the 16th century, of a magnifier composed of a single convex lens, and this in turn led to the eventual development of the microscope.
The most famous early pioneers in the history of microscope are Digges of England and Hans & Zcharias Janssen of Holland
It was Antony Van Leeuwenhoek who became the man to make and use a real microscope.
Leeuwenhoek microscope was called as single lens microscope because it had convex lens attached to metal holder and was focused using screws
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The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
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- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
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Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
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Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
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Transport of substances
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
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(
�
−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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Microscopes
- 1. Microscopes
- 2. The First Microscope • The first microscope was created by Zacharias Janssen • For millennia, the smallest thing humans could see was about as wide as a human hair. When the microscope was invented around 1590, suddenly we saw a new world of living things in our water, in our food and under our nose.
- 3. The Compound Light Microscope • Light passes through the specimen • Lenses enlarge or magnify the image • Micrometers (μm) are used to measure very tiny objects (1mm = 1000 μm)
- 4. Parts of the Microscope Lowest magnification to highest
- 5. How to use a Microscope
- 6. Estimating Measurements • Being able to estimate the size of an object viewed under a microscope is an important skill. It’s important to understand Field ofView • Field ofView: Field of view is the diameter of the circular region of the slide visible under the microscope
- 7. Estimating Measurements • What will happen to the Field ofView as we increase the magnification? Why? • As you increase the magnification the FOV gets smaller (decreases).
- 8. Estimating Measurements • If you knew the Field ofView (400 μm) of a microscope, how could you estimate the size of an object? • You can divide the FOV by the number of objects that would fit. • Estimated size = FOV/#fit • = 400μm/4 • =100μm • 1mm = 1000μm • So 100μm = 0.1 mm