Microscope basics
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The document provides instructions for using a basic microscope, including: 1) Identifying the main microscope parts such as the body tube, objectives, stage, and ocular lens. 2) Explaining how to calculate magnification by multiplying the objective and ocular lens powers. 3) Noting that higher magnifications provide better detail but a smaller field of view. 4) Guiding the reader on how to properly use the coarse and fine adjustments, view slides under different objectives, and set up a wet mount slide.
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The document summarizes the main parts of a compound microscope and their functions. It describes the base, light source, stage, stage clips, arm, coarse and fine adjustments, eyepiece, body tube, nosepiece, high power objective, low power objective, scanning lens, and disk diaphragm. Each part has a specific role in allowing magnification and viewing of specimens.
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The document describes the main parts of a microscope and their functions. The eyepiece is used to view the slide and usually has a magnification of 10x. The fine and course adjustments control focus, with the fine adjustment used for small changes and the course adjustment for larger movements. The stage holds the slide and the stage clips secure it in place. The objective lenses provide different magnifications and the nosepiece allows rotation between them. The mirror, body tube, arm, base, and diaphragm also have specific microscope functions.
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The document describes the main parts of a compound microscope and how they work together. The key parts are the eyepiece, objective lenses, body tube, stage, and illuminator. The illuminator provides light that passes through the objective lenses, which magnify the specimen slide placed on the stage. The magnified image then travels up the body tube to the eyepiece, which provides further magnification for the viewer to see.
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The document discusses the history and development of the microscope from its earliest forms to modern compound microscopes. It describes key figures like Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to observe and describe microorganisms, and Robert Hooke, who first observed and named plant and animal cells after viewing cork tissue under a microscope. The document also outlines the basic parts and functions of simple microscopes, which use a single lens, and compound microscopes, which use multiple lenses to provide higher magnification. Compound microscopes are described as having illuminating, magnifying, and mechanical parts that work together to provide clear, enlarged views of microscopic specimens.
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The key parts of a microscope include the body tube, nose piece, objective lenses, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, ocular lens, arm, stage, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, and base. The body tube holds the objective lenses and ocular lens. The nose piece holds the objective lenses and can be turned to change magnification. The objective lenses provide magnification from 10x to 40x.
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The document provides basic rules for using a microscope: always carry it with two hands, start on the lowest power lens and leave it there when finished, use the coarse adjustment first to focus and then fine tune with the fine adjustment, especially for high power lenses, and always replace the dust cover when not in use.
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The document describes the main parts of a microscope and their functions. The eyepiece is used to view the slide and usually has a magnification of 10x. The fine and course adjustments control focus, with the fine adjustment used for small changes and the course adjustment for larger movements. The stage holds the slide and the stage clips secure it in place. The objective lenses provide different magnifications and the nosepiece allows rotation between them. The mirror, body tube, arm, base, and diaphragm also have specific microscope functions.
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The compound light microscope uses two convex lenses arranged in a specific configuration to magnify specimens that are too small to see with the naked eye. Light from the specimen passes through the objective lens, which bends the light rays to form an enlarged virtual image. This image then passes through an ocular or eyepiece lens, which provides further magnification so the viewer can see an enlarged image of the specimen. The focus can be adjusted by moving the objective lenses closer to or further from the specimen. Compound microscopes allow magnification of up to 1000x and are useful tools for examining small biological and other samples.
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This document provides information on the historical development of the microscope from the 1600s to modern day. It describes key figures like Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Robert Hooke, and Anton van Leeuwenhoek who helped advance microscope technology. The text also outlines the basic parts of a compound light microscope like the eyepiece, revolving nosepiece, objectives, stage, diaphragm, light source, arm, coarse and fine adjustment knobs, and base. Proper use and storage procedures for microscopes are also outlined.
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The document discusses the history and components of light microscopes and electron microscopes. It describes how the first light microscopes were developed in the late 1500s and how Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed microbes in the late 1600s using early microscopes. It then explains the basic parts and functioning of light microscopes, including how magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and ocular lens powers. Finally, it introduces electron microscopes and compares their abilities to light microscopes.
BIOLOGY USING MICROSCOPE LAB
This document provides instructions for using a compound light microscope. It begins by explaining the key parts of the microscope - the objective lenses, ocular lens, stage, etc. and their functions. The objectives are to learn how to use the microscope properly, calculate magnification, make wet mount slides, and view different specimens. The procedure walks through preparing wet mounts, focusing on specimens using low and high power objectives, and making observations of letters, hairs, and other small objects. It emphasizes best practices for handling the microscope carefully and using the correct adjustments at each magnification.
MICROSCOPE (3).ppt
This document describes the main parts of a microscope and their functions. It begins by explaining that a microscope is used to view very small objects and living things. It then identifies and describes each major part of a typical student light microscope, including the arm, base, stage, stage clips, eyepiece, body tube, objective lenses, nosepiece, diaphragm, light source, and course and fine focus knobs. The document concludes by outlining 10 steps for properly using a microscope.
Lab 0-B Microscope Training
The document provides a brief history of the microscope, describing its evolution from early simple microscopes used by Greeks and Romans over 1000 years ago to more advanced compound microscopes developed in the 16th century by Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen that used two lenses. It then discusses key microscope developers and innovations, such as Robert Hooke using one in 1655 to observe cell structures he called "cells", and Anthony van Leeuwenhoek observing single-celled organisms in 1673. The document also outlines the basic parts and functions of the compound light microscope and how to properly use, care for, and calculate magnification of a microscope.
Laboratory lecture on microscope use.ppt
This document provides instructions on the parts and use of a light microscope. It describes the major external components of the microscope including the eyepiece, body tube, revolving nosepiece, objectives, arm, stage, stage clips, diaphragm, coarse and fine adjustments, light source, base, and condenser. It then provides steps for focusing the microscope and making wet mount slides, including placing the specimen, cover slip, and using a probe to remove bubbles. Finally, it lists microscope exercises and specimens to view, including pond water, insect wings, and prepared slides.
P (2) Care and how to use P (1).pdf
1. The document provides instructions for properly using, caring for, storing, and troubleshooting microscopes.
2. Key steps include installing the microscope in a stable, well-lit area away from vibrations; preparing slides and checking microscope functions before use; and using coarse and fine focus knobs to view slides at different magnifications.
3. After use, microscopes should be cleaned, lenses wiped, slides removed, and stored in a dry cabinet with covers on and anti-humidity packets inside.
Microscope
The microscope has several key components: the eyepiece lens, tube, arm, base, illuminator, stage, revolving nosepiece, objective lenses, rack stop, condenser lens, diaphragm, and focus adjustment. The objective lenses provide different levels of magnification when used with the eyepiece lens, and the condenser lens focuses light onto the specimen. Proper focusing involves starting with the lowest power objective lens and adjusting the focus upward without touching the slide.
1.0 - The Light Miscroscope.ppt microscopy
Here are the key points about types of light microscopes:
- Compound light microscopes are the most common type found in classrooms and labs. They use a system of multiple lenses (objective and eyepiece lenses) to magnify specimens. The magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and eyepiece powers.
- Stereo microscopes are used to view three-dimensional specimens. They have two separate optical paths to provide binocular vision. This allows depth perception which is useful for tasks like dissection.
- Inverted or upside-down microscopes have their objectives below the stage to allow viewing live cell cultures or other transparent samples from below. This is important for studies of living cells and organisms without disturbing the
1.0 - The Light Miscroscope (2).pptx0ppt
Here are the key points about types of light microscopes:
- Compound light microscopes are the most common type found in classrooms and labs. They use a system of multiple lenses (objective and eyepiece lenses) to magnify specimens. The magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and eyepiece powers.
- Stereo microscopes are useful for viewing three-dimensional specimens. They use two eyepieces and two separate light paths to provide a stereoscopic view. This allows depth perception. They are well-suited to tasks like examining insects or small parts.
- Inverted or upside-down microscopes have their objectives below the stage to allow viewing live cell cultures or other transparent specimens from below
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Frog review
This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
Chpt.2.3
This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
Chpt. 17.3- Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted the first scientific studies of heredity by breeding pea plants. He found that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel established the laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. These laws describe the basic principles of genetic inheritance and provided the foundation for the modern science of genetics.
Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
Chapter 12.1 molecular genetics
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation and allows for sexual reproduction where gametes from two individuals combine to form a diploid zygote.
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Microscope basics
- 2. Body Tube Nosepiece Objectives Stage Clips Light Ocular lens (Eyepiece) Arm Stage Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base . Base Diaphragm
- 4. What’s my power? To calculate the power of magnification: multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective. What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives you have on your microscope?
- 5. Comparing Powers of Magnification We can see better details with higher the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification?
- 6. Air Bubbles