Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, Cosurfactant and drug.
Upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, the systems can form fine oil in water (O/W) Microemulsions which usually have a droplet size less than 100 nm.
Microemulsion have been successfully used to improve the solubility, chemical stability, and oral bioavailability of many poorly water soluble drugs.
They have characteristic properties such as a low interfacial tension, large interfacial area and capacity to solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, Cosurfactant and drug.
Upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, the systems can form fine oil in water (O/W) Microemulsions which usually have a droplet size less than 100 nm.
Microemulsion have been successfully used to improve the solubility, chemical stability, and oral bioavailability of many poorly water soluble drugs.
They have characteristic properties such as a low interfacial tension, large interfacial area and capacity to solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds.
liposomes are novel drug delivery dosage systems, where the drug is entrapped in phospholipid bilayered vesicles. the release of drug from the vesicles can be controlled or sustained.
the follwing presentation contain structure, classification and preparation methods, characterization and applications of liposomes.
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems Pawan Kumar Pandey
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems and lipidic systems. Difference between emulsions based on the size of the globule. Preparation methods for emulsions used in industry.
In this pdf, we will discuss important MCQs of #physical_pharmacy, #colloidal_dispersion
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This will help in find out the difference between micro and nano emulsions. Contain good explanations of their thermdynamic and kinetic stability also ternary phase diagram.
liposomes are novel drug delivery dosage systems, where the drug is entrapped in phospholipid bilayered vesicles. the release of drug from the vesicles can be controlled or sustained.
the follwing presentation contain structure, classification and preparation methods, characterization and applications of liposomes.
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems Pawan Kumar Pandey
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems and lipidic systems. Difference between emulsions based on the size of the globule. Preparation methods for emulsions used in industry.
In this pdf, we will discuss important MCQs of #physical_pharmacy, #colloidal_dispersion
this video on youtube - https://youtu.be/YuM0cMQ7q7k
if you have any query dm me on
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/pharmacyformulae/
Telegram - https://t.me/pharmacyformulae
youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCI6HAq-shADbF15z2NnVSCg
This will help in find out the difference between micro and nano emulsions. Contain good explanations of their thermdynamic and kinetic stability also ternary phase diagram.
Bio-fuel are the fuel of biological origin these constitute renewable from of energy.Energy crisis
Based on the current consumption of about 11.6 million tons of crude oil per day, it is expected that the entire resources can only suffice for a rather short time period.
Global warming and global climate changes
The use of oil can cause the risks of the rise of greenhouse effect, which can result in all kinds of disasters to our planet Earth and its inhabitants
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. ... Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
Oleochemical Technology. Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting from vegetable & animal oil and fats Hydrolysis is the basic production step, the fats and oils are split into crude glycerine and a mixture of crude fatty acids, under the combined action of water, temperature and pressure. The temperature exceeds 200°C and the products are kept under pressure for more than 20 minutes.. Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty acids + water
3. • A process for the esterification of a triglyceride. • The process comprises forming a single phase solution of said triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1. • The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to effect formation the single phase and a base catalyst for the esterification reaction. • After a period of time, ester is recovered from the solution. • Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to completion. • The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel
4. Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol) is an alcohol which is used as a moisturizer in soaps and lotions. Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can be used as a food preservative and a non-sugar sweetener.
5. Glycerine Lubricants (jet engine, refrigeration) Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Explosives Polyurethane Foam
6. Examples of Derivative
7. Process involves 1. A fatty acid or fatty acid mixture is esterified in a column reactor. 4. As the liquid flows down the trays it encounters progressively drier lower alkanol. 5. The ester product recovered from the bottom of the reactor has an ester content of at least 99 mole % (calculated on a lower alkanol free basis). 2. Relatively dry lower alkanol vapour (water content not more than 5 mole %) is injected into the bottom of the column reactor. 3. Water of esterification is removed from the top of the column reactor in the vapour stream, whilst ester product is recovered from the sump of the reactor.
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Formulation of oxygenated water-in-diesel fuel emulsion and investigation of ...Ashish Gadhave
The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emulsion that gives minimum hazardous exhaust emission. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are found to be very viable oxygenate amongst other four oxygenated components. The oxygenated W/D emulsion is formulated using 20% FAME, 10% water, and 5% blend of Span 80/Tween 80 and diesel. The properties of this oxygenated fuel emulsion are investigated. Though the viscosity of fuel is found to be increased, it is within the standard limit value. There is an improvement in oxygenated fuel emulsion in burning test, evaporation rate test, and calorific value.
Analysing stability in water-in-diesel fuel emulsionAshish Gadhave
The diesel engine exhaust gas consists of many hazardous components which need to be reduced. Incorporation of water in fuel restricts the emission of such toxic gases and helps to reduce pollution. The aim of this research work is to develop water-in-diesel fuel emulsion having maximum stability. Initially, the most suitable surfactant/blend of surfactants has been investigated which gives maximum stability to W/D emulsion. It is found that blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80 gives effective result. The W/D emulsion was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and adding a small amount of water into diesel containing blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. The results show that 10% W/D emulsion having 5% surfactant concentration gives most desirable emulsion stability. Beyond 10% water concentration, the properties of W/D emulsion get lowered.
A review on microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidative stability Ashish Gadhave
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
Microencapsulation of lemon oil by spray Drying and Application in Flavour TeaAshish Gadhave
The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating lemon oil (as a
flavour) without compromising encapsulating efficiency. The three coating materials, namely gum arabic (GA),
maltodextrin (MD) and modified starch (MS) and their binary and ternary blends were used to encapsulate lemon
oil using spray drying technique. Their properties such as viscosity, emulsion stability, surface oil, total oil,
encapsulation efficiency, entrapment efficiency, bulk density and particle size have been investigated. The blend of
GA: MS in ratio of 50:50 gave highest encapsulation efficiency. As the percentage of maltodextrin in coating
material was increased, the properties of encapsulated material were affected. The encapsulated lemon oil showed
better results in instant ice tea premix for beverage with a stability of 6 months.
Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by carbon nanotubesAshish Gadhave
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and
organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw
and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of
CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface
total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption
mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Conventional Oil Extraction
• Water Distillation, Steam Distillation, Solvent
Extraction, Physical Pressing etc.
• In solvent extraction method, organic solvents
(mostly hexane) is preferred.
• Solvent is then recovered after separating the
oil by evaporation
4. Disadvantage of Conventional
Methods
• High temperature destroys protein, vitamin E etc.
• Lowering temperature (cold pressing) decreases yield
and increases cost.
• According to US EPA, Organic compounds are major
emission from vegetable oil industries.
• 0.8Kg of hexane per ton of seed is emitted.
• Complete removal of hexane is not possible.
• Health Problem: Atrophy, nerve damage, muscle
wasting.
• Alternate methods need to be developed.
5. Microemulsion
• A system consisting of oil, water and
amphiphile (surfactant+co-surfactant), in
liquid state, having thermodynamic stability
and isotropic property.
• The key differences between microemulsion
and macroemulsion is given in Next Slide.
8. Main Components of
Microemulsion
• Oil:
swells the tail of surfactant.
Short chain oils have higher ability to swell the
surfactant than long chain oils.
Swelling the tail group lessens the HLB value.
• Surfactant:
Lowers the interfacial tension.
Produces suitable curvature at interfacial area.
HLB< 10 W/O emulsion.
HLB>10 O/W emulsion.
9. Continue…
• Co-surfactant:
Polar head group with short alkyl chain.
Lowers interfacial tension below CMC.
Acts as a spacer between surfactant molecules.
e.g. Pentanol, Hexanol etc.
11. Microemulsion Classification
Winsor I
O/W microemulsion
Surfactant solubilized in water phase
Winsor II
W/O microemulsion
Surfactant preferably solubilized in
oil phase
Winsor III
Surfactant rich middle phase
combines with both water and oil
14. Principle of microemulsion in
oil extraction
• Microemulsion acts as a small vessel for
conducting reaction.
• Capacity to solubilize oil and water soluble
compounds.
• The extraction of oil from oilseeds by
microemulsion (water/surfactant/co-surfactant)
system involves solubilization and incorporation
of oil into the micelles and builds oil-in-water
microemulsion.
15. Continue…
• Water is the continuum phase.
• Oil becomes trapped in the hydrophobic core of
the micelles.
• Extent of extraction can be determined by phase
diagram.
• When ambient conditions are not favorable for
microemulsion formation by using only extended
surfactants, linkers could be incorporated in the
system along with them to give better results.
16. Importance of Linkers
• Linkers help to reduce interfacial tension
drastically.
• Facilitate microemulsion formation and hence oil
extraction.
• Lipophilic linkers (unlike co-surfactants)
segregate near the surfactant tail.
• Hydrophilic linker (short hydrophobe and strong
hydrophile) absorb partially to surfactant and
expand interfacial area.
17. Continue…
• Both linkers self-assembled at the interface.
• Surfactant like properties.
• Can replace expensive surfactant.
• Increases the extent of extraction of oil.
19. Oil Extracted Microemulsion
based on
Linkers/Extended
Surfactant
Conclusion
Hexadecane (as a
model oil) from
cotton fabric
Surfactant+Linkers Hexyl
polyglucoside,
Sorbitan monoleate
Linkers based
microemulsion are
potential substitute
for VOCs
Corn Oil Extended Surfactant
Sodium linear-alkyl
polypropoxylated
polyethoxylated
sulfates
>80% extraction
with only 0.4%
surfactant
Peanut oil Extended Surfactant
Rhamnolipid,
Sophorolipid,
Sodium bis(2-ethyl)
dihexyl
sulfosuccinate
(SBDHS)
Single step
extraction for
10mins with 95%
efficiency.
Palm kernel oil Extended surfactant
Comperlan KD,
Alfaoterra 145-5PO 92% oil extraction
20. Advantages of Microemulsion
• Process avoids use of any hazardous organic solvents for oil
extraction; hence it is a ‘Clean Approach.’
• Efficient at room temperatures.
• Low surfactant concentrations needed to achieve high
efficiencies.
• Less process (extraction) time.
• Simultaneous recovery of oil and protein is possible with low
initial costs.
• Evaporation is replaced by centrifugation for oil-solvent
separation, therefore decreasing the operating cost to a large
extent. Good quality oil without any burnt flavor which is
present in solvent extracted product as a result of heating.
21. Some Important References
• Control Of Volatile Organic Emissions From Manufacture Of
Vegetable Oils, EPA-450/2-78-035, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1978.
• Aboofazeli R, Lawrence CB, Wicks SR, Lawrence MJ (1994)
Investigations into the formation and characterization of
phospholipid microemulsions III. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams
of systems containing water-lecithin-isopropyl myristate and
either an alkanoic acid, amine, alkanediol, poly ethylene glycol
alkyl ether or alcohol as co-surfactant. Int J Pharma 111: 63-72.
• Witthayapanyanon A, Do L, Acosta EJ, Harwell JH, Sabatini DA
(2005) Advanced microemulsion for solvent replacement. 229th
ACS National Meeting. San Diego. CA. United States. IEC-072.