Types of surfactant for the emulsion foermation

1. By: Hossein Esmaeili
In the name of God
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2. Outline
Introduction to emulsion formation
Types of surfactants
Effective parameters on
demulsification
References
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3. Introduction
1. Emulsion formation
Emulsions are mixtures of two or more immiscible liquids
where one liquid is present in the other in the form of droplets.
 If these two phases are mixed with surfactant (emulsifier)
using an agitator, an emulsion mixture is prepared
Emulsion structure
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4. 2.Types of emulsions
Types of emulsions; a) water in oil, b) oil in water and c) water in oil in water
1-Water in oil 3-Water in oil in water
2-Oil in water 4- Oil in water in oil
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5. 1. Non-ionic
2. Ionic (Anionic
& Cationic)
3. Amphoteric
Types of
surfactants
for the
emulsion
formation
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3.Types of surfactant

6. Nonionic surfactants
Examples of nonionic surfactants
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7. Ionic surfactants
Examples of ionic surfactants
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8. Amphoteric surfactants
Examples of amphoteric surfactants
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9. Effective factors on
emulsion stability
Viscosity
Density
difference
Concentration
of hydrocarbon
Age of emulsion
Salinity
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10. Types of
demulsification
process
Chemical methods
Thermal methods
Electrical methods
Mechanical
methods
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11. Characterization
of demulsifiers
Water soluble
Oil soluble
Chemical method
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12. Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
 Davis (1957) presented the following
formula for calculation of HLB
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13. Effective parameters
on demulsification
Temperature
pH
Concentration
Salinity
Pressure
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14. Types of used demulsifiers in previous works
Year Demulsifiers
1920-1930 Soap, naphtenic acid salts and alkylaryl sulphonate, sulphated caster oil
1930-1940
Petroleum sulphonates, derivatives of sulpho-acid oxidized caster oil and
sulphosucinic acid ester
1940-1950 Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, alkyl phenols
1950-1960
Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer, alkoxylated cyclic alkyl
phenol formaldehyde resins
1960-1970 Amine alkoxylate
1970-1980 Alkoxlated cyclic p-alkyl phenol formaldehyde resins
1980-1990 Polyester amine and blends
1998 Sodium silicat, sodium hydroxide, phenol
2006 Acrylic acid anhydrous, methacrylic acid, buthyl acrylate
2011
EO/PO block copolymer, methyl(trioctyl) azanium chloride, alkoxylated
alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin
2014 Nano titania modified chemical demulsifier
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15. 15
Demulsification of real oily wastewater

16. Bottle test method for demulsification
 The emulsions formed were transferred to graduated glass
bottles (50 mL).
 The specified amount of demulsifier was added to the 30 mL
emulsion immediately after emulsion preparation using the
micro sampler.
 The bottles were stopped and shaken for 1 min to thoroughly
mix the demulsifier and emulsion.
 The bottles were then placed in the oven at a constant
temperature of 60 0C for 2 h.
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17. Schematics of droplets size distributions in emulsions
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18. Growth of droplets with addition of demulsifier
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19. Effect of surfactant on the formation of emulsions
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20. Effect of demulsifier on demulsification
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21. References
[1] Jiao J, Burgess D. “Rheology and stability of water-in-oil-in-
water multiple emulsions containing Span 83 and Tween 80”.
AAPS J. 2003; 5(1):62–73.
[2] Berrin T., and Orhan S. “Coalescence and size distribution
characteristics of oil droplets attached on flocs after
coagulation” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 169(2006): 293–
302
[3] Dickinson, E. “An introduction to food colloids”, Oxford,
UK: University Press chapter, 1992.
[4] Griffin, W. C. “Classification of Surface Active Agents by
HLB”. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1949, 1, 311-326.
[5] Griffin, W. C.”Calculation of HLB values of Nonionic
Surfactants” J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1954, 5, 249-256
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22. References
[6] Porter, M.R. “Use of Surfactant Theory” Handbook of
Surfactants. Blackie Academic & Professional. United
Kingdom, 26-93 (1994).
[7] Binks, B.P. “Surfactant Monolayers at the oil-water
interface”. Chemistry and Industry, 14: 537-541 (1993).
[8] Schramm, L.L. (Ed.), 1992. Emulsions: Fundamentals and
Applications in the Petroleum Industry. Advances in Chemistry
Series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
[9] Eow, J.S. and Ghadiri, M. (2002). "Electrostatic enhancement
of coalescence of water droplets in oil." A Review of the
technology, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 85, PP. 357-
368.
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23. References
[10] German Urbina-Villalba, Ma´ximo Garcı´a-Sucre, Influence of surfactant
distribution on the stability of oil/water emulsions towards flocculation and
coalescence, Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects 190 (2001) 111–116.
[11] Jones, T.J., Neustadter, E.L. and Whittingham, K.P.. Water-in Crude Oil
Emulsion Stability and Emulsion Destabilization by Chemical Demulsifiers.
J. Canadian Pet. Tech. 17 (1978) 100-108.
[12] Bhattacharyya, B.R. (1992). Water Soluble Polymer as Water-in-Oil
Demulsifiers. (US Patent 5,100,582).117
[13] Salathiel, W.M. (1985). Method of Breaking an Emulsion and an
Emulsion-Emulsion Breaker Composition. (US Patent 4,517,102).
[14] Taylor, N.G. (1997). Demulsifier for Water-In-Oil Emulsions and Method
of Use. (US Patent 5,609,794).
[15] Wasan, D.T. Destabilization of Water-in-oil Emulsions. In: Sjoblom, J.
(ed.): Emulsions-A Fundamental and Practical Approach. Netherland:
Kluwer Academic Publishers (1992) 283-295.
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24. References
[16] M. Chiesa, J. A Melheim ”Behaviour of water droplets falling in oil under the
influence of an electric field” 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference The
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 13-17 December 2004.
[17] B. Tansel and O. Sevimoglu “Coalescence and size distribution characteristics of
oil droplets attached on flocs after coagulation” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution (2006)
169: 293–302
[18] E. Kufås, “Mathematical Modeling of Coalescence of Oil Droplets in Water Flow”
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Master of Science in Energy and
Environment (2008).
[19] Sandy Schuster, Richard Bernewitz, Gisela Guthausen, Jascha Zapp, Alexandra
Greiner, Karsten Kohler, Heike Schuchmann, “Analysis of W1/O/W2 double
emulsions with CLSM: Statistical image processing for droplet size distribution”
Chemical Engineering Science 81(2012) 84–90.
[20] B. A. Grimes” Population Balance Model for Batch Gravity Separation of Crude
Oil and Water Emulsions. Part I: Model Formulation” Journal of Dispersion Science
and Technology, 33:578–590, 2012.
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25. Thank you for your
kind attention
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