This document discusses surfactants and micelle formation. It defines surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension between liquids and between liquids and solids. Surfactants are amphiphilic, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Micelles are spherical aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in aqueous solutions above a critical concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The document classifies surfactants as ionic, nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic and discusses their structures. It also outlines common uses of surfactants and types of micelles that can form.

1. OMPRAKASH PATEL
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY(III-SEM.)
Dr. ASHISH KUMAR BHUI

2.  INTRODUCTION
 SURFACTANT
 CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANT
 USES OF SURFACTANT
 FORMATION OF MICELLE
 TYPES OF MICELLE
 CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION:-
 Micelles are lipid molecule that arrange
themselves in a spherical form in aqueous
solution.
 Amphiphilic molecules form micelles.
 Micelles are formed when temperature of medium
is ideal and a certain concentration of electrolytes
(called critical micelle concentration) in the
medium.
 A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecule
dispersed in liquid collide.

4.  Surfactant are compounds that lower the surface
tension (interfacial tension) between two liquids and a
liquid and a solid.
 Surfactants are amphiphilic compound with two
opposing portions, one part is hydrophilic (head) and
other is hydrophobic (tail).
 A surfactant interact with both polar and non-polar
molecules.
 The ‘tails’ of most surfactants are fairly similar,
consisting of a hydrocarbon chain, which can be
branched, linear or aromatic.
e.g.- fluorosurfactant have fluorocarbon chain.

5. CLASSIFICATION
SURFACTANT
IONIC
ANIONIC
CATIONIC
ZWITTERIONIC
(AMPHOTERIC)
NONIONIC
Surfactant are classified according to polar head group.

6.  ANIONIC SURFACTANT:-
• Contain anionic(negative) functional group
at their head.
• Based on permanent anions or pH
dependent anions.
• E.g.-Sulphate–alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether
sulphates
Sulphonates - Alkyl benzene
sulphonates
Phosphate – alkyl & aryl ether
phosphate
Carboxylates – Alkyl carboxylates,

7.  CATIONIC SURFACTANT:-
• Contain cationic(positive) functional group
at their head.
• Based on pH dependent primary, secondary
& tertiary amines.
• Primary amines become positively charged
at pH <10.
• Secondary amine charged at pH <4.
• E.g.- Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC),
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC),
Benzethonium chloride (BZC).

8.  ZWITTERIONIC SURFACTANT:-
• It is also known as amphoteric surfactant.
• Carry a positive charge on a cationic site and
negative charge on a anionic site.
• E.g.- Amino acids,
Imino acids,
Betaines.

9. NONIONIC SURFACTANT:-
• No charged group in its head.
• E.g.- fatty alcohol, glucosides, polyoxyethylene
glycol.
Fig:- surfactant classification according to the composition of
their head; nonionic, cationic, anionic and zwitterionic.

10. •Detergents
•Fabric softeners
•Emulsifying agents in
emulsion
•Paints
•Inks
•Antifogs
•Pipeline
•Wetting agents
•Dispersants

11. • The process of forming micelle is known as
micellization.
• Typical micelle is Spherical in structure which
contain 50-100 monomers.
• Number of monomers to form micelle is called
as aggregation number.

13. Amphiphilic molecules can form micelles
not only in water but also in non polar
organic solvents. In such cases micelle
aggregates are called inverse micelle.

14. •The lowest concentration at which
micelles first appear is called the critical
micelle concentration(CMC) for micelle
formation.
•The CMC is the point at which surfactant
molecules aggregate together in the
liquid to form micelle.
• The CMC is the concentration above
surfactant when micelles will form
spontaneously.

16.  INTERNET WEB ADDRESS-
1) https://www.kruss-scientific.com/services/education-
theory/glossary/critical-micelle-concentration-cmc-and-
surfactant-concentration/
 BOOK REFERRED-
ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
BY DR. J.N. GURTU & DR. A. GURTU,
TWELFTH EDITION 2010.