The document discusses using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to remove heavy metals from wastewater. It notes that extensive industrialization has increased heavy metals in wastewater, which are toxic. While other adsorbents have been used for removal, CNTs have higher adsorption capacity due to their large surface area and interaction with pollutants. The document examines the structure and types of CNTs, as well as their characterization and ability to adsorb heavy metals through functional groups on their surface. Key factors affecting adsorption include surface acidity, pH, and temperature. The document concludes that CNTs are effective and future work could further enhance their adsorption properties and cost-effectiveness.
Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment using NanotechnologyAshish Kavaiya
If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, It will have to contribute to the solution of global problems such as water quality. Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
Given the importance of clean water to people in developed and developing countries, numerous organizations are considering the potential application of nanoscience to solve technical challenges associated with the removal of water contaminants. Technology developers and others claim that these technologies offer more effective, efficient, durable, and affordable approaches to removing specific types of pollutants from water. A range of water treatment
devices that incorporate nanotechnology are already on the market and others are in advanced stages of development. These nanotechnology applications include:
• Nanofiltration membranes, including desalination technologies;
• Attapulgite clay, zeolite, and polymer filters;
• Nanocatalysts;
• Magnetic nanoparticles; and
• Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment using NanotechnologyAshish Kavaiya
If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, It will have to contribute to the solution of global problems such as water quality. Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
Given the importance of clean water to people in developed and developing countries, numerous organizations are considering the potential application of nanoscience to solve technical challenges associated with the removal of water contaminants. Technology developers and others claim that these technologies offer more effective, efficient, durable, and affordable approaches to removing specific types of pollutants from water. A range of water treatment
devices that incorporate nanotechnology are already on the market and others are in advanced stages of development. These nanotechnology applications include:
• Nanofiltration membranes, including desalination technologies;
• Attapulgite clay, zeolite, and polymer filters;
• Nanocatalysts;
• Magnetic nanoparticles; and
• Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Nanotechnology is the emerging technology in almost all fields of science ..It is preferred and studied due to its high efficiency in all fields of its application... Also being used in overcoming or eliminating environmental pollution to a greater level, this presentation is all about how Nanotechnology is useful in treating polluted water
Nanotechnology is the purposeful manipulation of matter on an atomic scale. Materials created in this manner often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, which have useful applications in various industries. A growing use for some types of engineered nanomaterials is in the area of environmental remediation, termed nanoremediation. While this technique appears to be effective for cleanup, there are still many unanswered questions regarding its long-term impact to environmental quality and human health. No long-term studies exist regarding the potential environmental impact of nanoremediation. While animal studies have shown the potential for adverse health effects, limited data regarding human health are available. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently adapting existing regulations to cover the use of nanomaterials in remediation, but this approach is limited. Many questions still remain regarding fate and transport, verification of clean-up, and potential occupational and community exposures.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Nanotechnology is the emerging technology in almost all fields of science ..It is preferred and studied due to its high efficiency in all fields of its application... Also being used in overcoming or eliminating environmental pollution to a greater level, this presentation is all about how Nanotechnology is useful in treating polluted water
Nanotechnology is the purposeful manipulation of matter on an atomic scale. Materials created in this manner often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, which have useful applications in various industries. A growing use for some types of engineered nanomaterials is in the area of environmental remediation, termed nanoremediation. While this technique appears to be effective for cleanup, there are still many unanswered questions regarding its long-term impact to environmental quality and human health. No long-term studies exist regarding the potential environmental impact of nanoremediation. While animal studies have shown the potential for adverse health effects, limited data regarding human health are available. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently adapting existing regulations to cover the use of nanomaterials in remediation, but this approach is limited. Many questions still remain regarding fate and transport, verification of clean-up, and potential occupational and community exposures.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
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Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by carbon nanotubesAshish Gadhave
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and
organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw
and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of
CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface
total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption
mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Because of strong Vander Waal force, carbon nanotubes tend to aggregate into bundle that
limits its applications in various fields. Homogenous dispersion of carbon nanotubes is an important issue. This
paper reports the effect of chemical functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by
introducing polar groups such as carboxyl groups in order to get better dispersibility in aqueous medium.
Functionalization of MWCNTs was done by acid (HCl, HNO3, Aquaregia)and non-acid (NH4OH/H2O2)
treatment.All treatments followed with variation of ultra-sonication time.The dispersion of MWCNTs was
monitored by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Functionalization removes the impurities present in pristine
MWCNTs and adds different functional group on the surface of MWCNTs which helps further dispersion. The
chemical change after functionalization of MWCNTwas investigated by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Among
four chemical reagents, HNO3acid treated MWCNTs show higher dispersion than other three. The dispersion
increases with increasing the sonication time.
Formulation of oxygenated water-in-diesel fuel emulsion and investigation of ...Ashish Gadhave
The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emulsion that gives minimum hazardous exhaust emission. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are found to be very viable oxygenate amongst other four oxygenated components. The oxygenated W/D emulsion is formulated using 20% FAME, 10% water, and 5% blend of Span 80/Tween 80 and diesel. The properties of this oxygenated fuel emulsion are investigated. Though the viscosity of fuel is found to be increased, it is within the standard limit value. There is an improvement in oxygenated fuel emulsion in burning test, evaporation rate test, and calorific value.
Analysing stability in water-in-diesel fuel emulsionAshish Gadhave
The diesel engine exhaust gas consists of many hazardous components which need to be reduced. Incorporation of water in fuel restricts the emission of such toxic gases and helps to reduce pollution. The aim of this research work is to develop water-in-diesel fuel emulsion having maximum stability. Initially, the most suitable surfactant/blend of surfactants has been investigated which gives maximum stability to W/D emulsion. It is found that blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80 gives effective result. The W/D emulsion was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and adding a small amount of water into diesel containing blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. The results show that 10% W/D emulsion having 5% surfactant concentration gives most desirable emulsion stability. Beyond 10% water concentration, the properties of W/D emulsion get lowered.
A review on microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidative stability Ashish Gadhave
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
Microencapsulation of lemon oil by spray Drying and Application in Flavour TeaAshish Gadhave
The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating lemon oil (as a
flavour) without compromising encapsulating efficiency. The three coating materials, namely gum arabic (GA),
maltodextrin (MD) and modified starch (MS) and their binary and ternary blends were used to encapsulate lemon
oil using spray drying technique. Their properties such as viscosity, emulsion stability, surface oil, total oil,
encapsulation efficiency, entrapment efficiency, bulk density and particle size have been investigated. The blend of
GA: MS in ratio of 50:50 gave highest encapsulation efficiency. As the percentage of maltodextrin in coating
material was increased, the properties of encapsulated material were affected. The encapsulated lemon oil showed
better results in instant ice tea premix for beverage with a stability of 6 months.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. Heavy Metals in Wastewater
• Extensive industrialization and improper disposal
are prime factors responsible for release of heavy
metals into environment.
• In India, only 60% of wastewater is being treated
(CPCB, 2011)
• Almost all heavy metals are toxic to living beings
e.g. Cd- nausea, cancer
Pb- gastrointestinal disorder, abdominal pain
Ni- cancer of
lungs, bones, weakness, headache
4. Other Adsorbents
• Many adsorbents have been studied for removal of heavy
metals
Activated Carbon
Husk
Olive Stone waste
Mordenite
Crab shell
• BUT low adsorption capacity
• Researchers are putting efforts to investigate new
adsorbent
5. Carbon Nanotubes
• With emergence of nanotechnology, research
has been initiated to exploit the unusual and
unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
• It is first invented by Dr. Ijima in 1991.
• Made by rolling up of graffin sheet to form
CNT.
• Two types
A. SWCNTs
B. MWCNTs
6. Adsorption
Properties of CNTs
• Highly porous and hollow
• Large specific surface area, light mass density
and strong interaction between CNTs and
pollutant
• Adsorption properties mainly depend on
adsorption sites
8. Continues…
• Adsorption reaches equilibrium much faster on
external sites than on internal sites under same
conditions of temperature and pressure.
• Fraction of opened and unblocked nanotubes can
considerably influence the overall adsorption
capacity.
• The opened CNTs provide more adsorption sites
than closed ones
9. Functionalization
• Functionalization plays very important role in
adsorption properties of CNTs
• Functionalization adds –OH, -C=O, -COOH
groups.
• Functionalization aims for easy processing.
12. CNTs Characterization
• There is no direct correlation between metal ion
adsorption capacity of CNTs and BET surface
area, pore volume
• Surface total acidity influences the adsorption
capacity of CNTs [Report table no 1].
• Adsorption of heavy metals onto the CNTs are
mainly controlled by the strong interactions
between the metal ions and hydrophilic surface
functional groups
13. Metal
Ion
Adsorbent SA PV MPD STA STB qmax
Pb (II)
CNT/HNO3/
Xylene Fe
47 0.18 3.4 1.63 14.8
CNT/HNO3/
Benzene Fe
62 0.26 3.2 1.65 11.2
Ni (II)
SWCNTs 577 1.15 7.98 0.54 0.23 9.22
SWCNT/NaOCl 397 0.46 4.62 4.42 0.35 47.85
Cd (II)
CNT/HNO3 154 0.58 3.6 4.04 5.1
Ag-MWCNT 101 0.27 10.98 4.69 0.1 16.95
Zn (II)
SWCNTs 590 1.12 7.6 11.23
SWCNT/NaOCl 423 0.43 4.12 43.66
SA = BET surface area (m2/g), PV = pore volume (cm3/g),
MPD= mean pore diameter (nm), STA= surface total acidity (mmol/g),
STB = surface total basicity (mmol/g), qmax = maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g).
15. Adsorption Isotherm
• The metal ion adsorption equilibrium are
commonly correlated with the Langmuir or the
Freundlich equations.
• Several researchers depicted that metal ion
adsorption on CNTs can be well fitted in
Langmuir equation.
• whereas some researchers reported that sorption
of heavy metals on CNTs can be correlated with
both Langmuir and Freundlich equations
16. Metal
Ion
Adsorbent parameters Initial conc. of
metal ion
Qmax (mg/g)
Pb (II) CNTs/MnO2 pH= 7, t= 2hr 30 ppm 78.74
CNTs/ HNO3 pH= 5, T= 298K 80 ppm 35.6
Cu (II) Dispersed MWCNT pH= 5.6 10 ppm 67.8
Undispersed MWCNTs pH= 5.6 10 ppm 51.3
Cd (II) Amino modified
MWCNTs
pH= 6, T= 318K 5 ppm 31.45
Activated alumina-
CNT
pH= 7.5 250 ppm 229.9
Ni (II) SWCNT/NaClO T= 298K 60 ppm 47.86
Qmax= adsorption capacity, t= contact time, T= Temperature
18. Possible Adsorption Reactions
• Step I
Protonation and deprotonation of CNTs:
CNT-OH + H+ ↔ CNT-OH2
+
CNT-OH ↔ CNT-O- + H+
• Step II
Adsorption of divalent metal ions on CNTs
CNT-OH2
+ + M2+ ↔ [CNT-OHM2+]2+ + H+
CNT-O- + M(OH)n
2-n ↔ [CNT-O-M(OH)n
2-n]1-n
19. Effect of pH
• pH plays very important role in adsorption of metal ions.
• When the solution pH is higher than pHPZC (a pH value,
called ‘point of zero charge’, at which the net surface charge
is zero), the negative surface charge provides electrostatic
interactions that are favourable for adsorbing metal ions.
• The decrease of pH leads to neutralization of surface
charge, thus, the adsorption of metal ions should decrease.
• pH also affects metal ion species and competing
complexation reactions, and influences adsorption capacity
20. Future Work
• Much progress has been made over the last few years in
adsorption applications of CNTs.
• In spite of high costs, using CNTs as adsorbents maybe
advantageous in future because the high adsorption
capacities of CNTs compared to other media may offset
their high cost.
• There are still a lot of works to do to enhance CNT
adsorption properties in future.
21. • The surface modification to enhance the dispersion
property of CNTs in solution can greatly increase the
interaction of CNTs with metal ions.
• The practical use of CNTs as sorbents in water and
wastewater treatment depend upon the continuation of
research into the development of a cost-effective way of
CNT production and the toxicity of CNTs and CNT
related materials
22. Conclusion
• CNTs can be used as effective adsorbent for removal of
heavy metal ions.
• The adsorption capacities of metal ions to different
CNTs follow roughly the order: Pb2+ >Ni2+ >Cu2+ >Cd2+
• The adsorption mechanism appears mainly attributable
to chemical interaction between the metal ions and the
surface functional groups.
• Process parameters such as surface total acidity, pH and
temperature play a key role in determining sorption rate
of metal ion onto CNTs.