Microemulsions are clear, stable and isotropic liquids. It is the mixture of oil, water and surfactant with the use of co surfactants. It acts as a potential drug carrier for parenteral, topical and oral administration. The microemulsion is one of the most used novel drug delivery systems for pharmaceutical applications. They show favorable characteristics such as long shelf life, improved drug solubilization and ease of preparation. Most of the novel vehicles are used for sustained and controlled release systems. They are versatile systems that show a wide range of compounds mainly hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. They aimed at controlling the bioavailability of the various drug molecules. The review puts forward the recent development of a micro emulsion based system. Manisha Sukre | Sayali Dhepe | Dr. Vijaya Barge "Overview of Microemulsion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50106.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50106/overview-of-microemulsion/manisha-sukre
This document provides an overview of microemulsions including their use as drug delivery systems. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of oil, water and surfactants that allow for improved drug solubilization and bioavailability compared to emulsions. The key components of microemulsions are oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and water, and their formation depends on factors like HLB value and interfacial tension. Microemulsions have a variety of applications in drug delivery and can solubilize different categories of drugs.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
This will help in find out the difference between micro and nano emulsions. Contain good explanations of their thermdynamic and kinetic stability also ternary phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on liposomes. It begins with an introduction defining liposomes as vesicles with an aqueous volume enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer. It then discusses the composition of liposomes, including the structure of phospholipids. Various methods for preparing liposomes are described, such as mechanical dispersion, freeze drying, sonication, and microemulsification. Liposomes can be classified based on their structure, preparation method, or composition. The document concludes by discussing techniques for characterizing liposomes, including evaluating their physical properties like size, surface charge, and drug encapsulation efficiency.
The document discusses microspheres as carriers for controlled drug delivery. It defines microspheres as small, insoluble, spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. Various methods for preparing microspheres are described, including single and double emulsion techniques. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis and release studies are also summarized. Potential applications of microspheres include vaccine delivery, targeted drug delivery to specific sites like the eyes, and controlled release formulations.
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent (or translucent) dispersions of oil, water, and surfactant, with droplet sizes typically between 10-100 nm. They form spontaneously due to the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants that lower the interfacial tension between oil and water. Microemulsions have advantages over emulsions such as improved drug solubilization, thermodynamic stability, and ease of manufacture. They are widely used in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and enhanced oil recovery.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
This document provides an overview of microemulsions including their use as drug delivery systems. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of oil, water and surfactants that allow for improved drug solubilization and bioavailability compared to emulsions. The key components of microemulsions are oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and water, and their formation depends on factors like HLB value and interfacial tension. Microemulsions have a variety of applications in drug delivery and can solubilize different categories of drugs.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
This will help in find out the difference between micro and nano emulsions. Contain good explanations of their thermdynamic and kinetic stability also ternary phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on liposomes. It begins with an introduction defining liposomes as vesicles with an aqueous volume enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer. It then discusses the composition of liposomes, including the structure of phospholipids. Various methods for preparing liposomes are described, such as mechanical dispersion, freeze drying, sonication, and microemulsification. Liposomes can be classified based on their structure, preparation method, or composition. The document concludes by discussing techniques for characterizing liposomes, including evaluating their physical properties like size, surface charge, and drug encapsulation efficiency.
The document discusses microspheres as carriers for controlled drug delivery. It defines microspheres as small, insoluble, spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. Various methods for preparing microspheres are described, including single and double emulsion techniques. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis and release studies are also summarized. Potential applications of microspheres include vaccine delivery, targeted drug delivery to specific sites like the eyes, and controlled release formulations.
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent (or translucent) dispersions of oil, water, and surfactant, with droplet sizes typically between 10-100 nm. They form spontaneously due to the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants that lower the interfacial tension between oil and water. Microemulsions have advantages over emulsions such as improved drug solubilization, thermodynamic stability, and ease of manufacture. They are widely used in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and enhanced oil recovery.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
Aquasomes are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. They are able to protect fragile biological molecules through water-like properties and high surface exposure. Aquasomes are prepared through a self-assembly process involving interaction of charged groups, hydrogen bonding, and structural stability. This allows active loading of molecules like proteins, antigens, and genes. Characterization techniques confirm the structure, drug loading, and release kinetics of aquasomes, which have applications in delivery of vaccines, hemoglobin, insulin, and enzymes orally and intravenously.
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent dispersions of nanometer-sized droplets of one liquid within another liquid, stabilized by surfactants and sometimes co-surfactants. They can solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds and have properties like ultralow interfacial tension. Microemulsions are characterized using techniques like scattering, NMR, electron microscopy, and by measuring interfacial tension, electrical conductivity, and viscosity. They have advantages like increased drug absorption and bioavailability and can be used for oral, topical, ocular, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery applications.
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
The document provides an overview of microemulsions including their basic principles, formulation, and evaluation. It defines microemulsions as thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by surfactants and sometimes cosurfactants. The document discusses various theories of microemulsion formation and the role of the main components - oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. It also describes methods for preparing and characterizing microemulsions and techniques for evaluating parameters like particle size, drug release, and physical stability.
UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for Quantitative Esti...Sagar Savale
UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for quantitative estimation of Miconazole nitrate
(MIC). U.V Spectrophotometric method have been widely employed in determination of individual components in
a mixture or fixed dose combination. Our aim is to develop spectroscopic method for estimation of the Miconazole
nitrate (MIC) in ternary mixture by using U.V spectrophotometry. The method was validated as per ICH
guidelines. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. It was successfully applied
for the analysis of the drug in bulk and could be effectively used for the routine analysis.
The document summarizes a study on developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to enhance the solubility and dissolution of the poorly water-soluble drug candesartan cilexetil. SMEDDS were formulated using oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were used to optimize the formulations. Solid SMEDDS were developed and showed comparable drug dissolution to liquid SMEDDS. The solid SMEDDS formulations demonstrated enhanced drug release compared to commercial tablets, indicating their potential for improving bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like candesartan cilexetil.
The document discusses niosomes and aquasomes. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar to liposomes that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They are more stable than liposomes. Various methods are described for preparing niosomes, including hand shaking and sonication. Aquasomes are three-layered nanoparticles with an inorganic core coated with an oligomer and loaded with a drug. They are prepared through core synthesis, coating with carbohydrates, and drug adsorption. Applications include insulin delivery, oral enzyme delivery, oxygen transport, and antigen/vaccine delivery.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This document is a presentation made by Saurabh Punia on computers in pharmaceutical research and development. It discusses how computers are used across various stages of drug research and development, from drug design and virtual screening to clinical trials and population modeling. The presentation was created for a class on M-Pharm (1st year) at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJMU in Kanpur, India.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems where medication is encapsulated in a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle. They are similar to liposomes but are made of surfactant bilayers instead of phospholipid bilayers. Niosomes can be prepared in different sizes and methods to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They provide advantages over liposomes such as being more stable and having less variability. Niosomes show potential for targeted drug delivery and increasing drug bioavailability.
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems Pawan Kumar Pandey
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems and lipidic systems. Difference between emulsions based on the size of the globule. Preparation methods for emulsions used in industry.
Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS)Ashutosh Panke
This document discusses Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS), which are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-solvents that can solubilize drugs and promote self-emulsification. SEDDS enhance oral drug bioavailability, protect drugs from the hostile gastrointestinal environment, and reduce variability. The document describes the components of SEDDS including oils, surfactants, co-surfactants and drugs. It also outlines the formulation process and methods to evaluate parameters like stability, dispersibility, droplet size and drug release. SEDDS are a promising approach for improving oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on microemulsions given by Mr. Vishal R. Mohite under the guidance of Prof. K. K. Mali. It introduces emulsions and the differences between emulsions and microemulsions. The advantages and types of microemulsions are discussed. The key components, structure, preparation methods, and applications of microemulsions in drug delivery are described, including uses for oral, parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, nasal, and periodontal delivery.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes are formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solution, resulting in closed bilayer structures that can encapsulate medications. They offer advantages over traditional drugs such as controlled release and increased drug stability. The document describes various methods for preparing and characterizing niosomes as well as their applications, components, and stability.
This document discusses aquasomes, which are nanoparticulate drug delivery systems composed of a ceramic core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. It describes how aquasomes are prepared through a simple process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating it with carbohydrates, and immobilizing drug molecules. The document evaluates various properties of the ceramic core, sugar coating, and drug-loaded aquasomes. Aquasomes offer advantages like increased drug efficacy and avoidance of multiple injections. They have applications in oxygen carrying, immunotherapy, and delivery of drugs, enzymes, insulin, and vaccines.
Biopharmaceutical system , methods of permeability , generic biologics, gener...Siddhapura Pratik
Biopharmaceutical classification system, methods of permeability, generic biologics ( biosimilar drug product), clinical significance of bioequivalence studies , special concerns in bioavailability and bioequivalence studies , Generic substitution
This document provides an overview of microemulsions including their historical background, definition, composition, advantages, types, preparation methods, applications, and factors that affect formation. Microemulsions are homogeneous, thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant and co-surfactant. They have advantages over traditional emulsions such as improved drug solubilization, long shelf life, and increased drug absorption. Common preparation methods are phase titration and phase inversion. Microemulsions can be used to deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
This document presents information on aquasomes, a novel carrier for drug delivery. Aquasomes are spherical, nanoparticulate carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film. They are capable of stabilizing and delivering delicate biomolecules like proteins, peptides, hormones, and genes. The core provides structural stability while the carbohydrate coating protects molecules from degradation. Characterization techniques like TEM, SEM, and DSC are used to analyze aquasome size, structure, and glass transition temperature. Applications include insulin, enzyme, oxygen, antigen and drug delivery where aquasomes show improved stability and biological activity over unformulated drugs.
This document discusses micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions. Micro-emulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of aqueous and hydrocarbon liquids stabilized by surfactants. They have advantages for drug delivery such as improved bioavailability. Multiple emulsions, also called double or liquid membrane emulsions, contain smaller droplets of one phase dispersed in another phase that matches the external phase. They can be formulated as water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil systems. Micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions show potential for various drug delivery applications such as oral, topical, parenteral administration and have been studied for delivery of proteins, peptides, and other act
Review on Microemulsion a Novel Approach for Antifungal Drug Deliveryijtsrd
Microemulsion is an best candidates as novel drug drlivery system because of their shelf life and improve the drug solubilization with easy of preparation and administration. The term microemulsion refers to thermodynamically stable iostropically dispersion of two immisible liquid such as oil and water stabilized by interfacial film of surfactant molecule. Now a days microemulsion is an emerging trade and having worldwide importance in varity of technological application .These application include enhanced oil recovery,cosmeceuticals agriculture ,metal cutting,organic and bio organic reaction. Monali B. Lalage | Sujit Kakade | Ashok Bhosale "Review on Microemulsion a Novel Approach for Antifungal Drug Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29759.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29759/review-on-microemulsion-a-novel-approach-for-antifungal-drug-delivery/monali-b-lalage
Aquasomes are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. They are able to protect fragile biological molecules through water-like properties and high surface exposure. Aquasomes are prepared through a self-assembly process involving interaction of charged groups, hydrogen bonding, and structural stability. This allows active loading of molecules like proteins, antigens, and genes. Characterization techniques confirm the structure, drug loading, and release kinetics of aquasomes, which have applications in delivery of vaccines, hemoglobin, insulin, and enzymes orally and intravenously.
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent dispersions of nanometer-sized droplets of one liquid within another liquid, stabilized by surfactants and sometimes co-surfactants. They can solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds and have properties like ultralow interfacial tension. Microemulsions are characterized using techniques like scattering, NMR, electron microscopy, and by measuring interfacial tension, electrical conductivity, and viscosity. They have advantages like increased drug absorption and bioavailability and can be used for oral, topical, ocular, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery applications.
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
The document provides an overview of microemulsions including their basic principles, formulation, and evaluation. It defines microemulsions as thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by surfactants and sometimes cosurfactants. The document discusses various theories of microemulsion formation and the role of the main components - oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. It also describes methods for preparing and characterizing microemulsions and techniques for evaluating parameters like particle size, drug release, and physical stability.
UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for Quantitative Esti...Sagar Savale
UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for quantitative estimation of Miconazole nitrate
(MIC). U.V Spectrophotometric method have been widely employed in determination of individual components in
a mixture or fixed dose combination. Our aim is to develop spectroscopic method for estimation of the Miconazole
nitrate (MIC) in ternary mixture by using U.V spectrophotometry. The method was validated as per ICH
guidelines. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. It was successfully applied
for the analysis of the drug in bulk and could be effectively used for the routine analysis.
The document summarizes a study on developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to enhance the solubility and dissolution of the poorly water-soluble drug candesartan cilexetil. SMEDDS were formulated using oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were used to optimize the formulations. Solid SMEDDS were developed and showed comparable drug dissolution to liquid SMEDDS. The solid SMEDDS formulations demonstrated enhanced drug release compared to commercial tablets, indicating their potential for improving bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like candesartan cilexetil.
The document discusses niosomes and aquasomes. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar to liposomes that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They are more stable than liposomes. Various methods are described for preparing niosomes, including hand shaking and sonication. Aquasomes are three-layered nanoparticles with an inorganic core coated with an oligomer and loaded with a drug. They are prepared through core synthesis, coating with carbohydrates, and drug adsorption. Applications include insulin delivery, oral enzyme delivery, oxygen transport, and antigen/vaccine delivery.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This document is a presentation made by Saurabh Punia on computers in pharmaceutical research and development. It discusses how computers are used across various stages of drug research and development, from drug design and virtual screening to clinical trials and population modeling. The presentation was created for a class on M-Pharm (1st year) at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJMU in Kanpur, India.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems where medication is encapsulated in a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle. They are similar to liposomes but are made of surfactant bilayers instead of phospholipid bilayers. Niosomes can be prepared in different sizes and methods to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They provide advantages over liposomes such as being more stable and having less variability. Niosomes show potential for targeted drug delivery and increasing drug bioavailability.
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems Pawan Kumar Pandey
Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion and Self emulsifying drug delivery systems and lipidic systems. Difference between emulsions based on the size of the globule. Preparation methods for emulsions used in industry.
Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS)Ashutosh Panke
This document discusses Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS), which are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-solvents that can solubilize drugs and promote self-emulsification. SEDDS enhance oral drug bioavailability, protect drugs from the hostile gastrointestinal environment, and reduce variability. The document describes the components of SEDDS including oils, surfactants, co-surfactants and drugs. It also outlines the formulation process and methods to evaluate parameters like stability, dispersibility, droplet size and drug release. SEDDS are a promising approach for improving oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on microemulsions given by Mr. Vishal R. Mohite under the guidance of Prof. K. K. Mali. It introduces emulsions and the differences between emulsions and microemulsions. The advantages and types of microemulsions are discussed. The key components, structure, preparation methods, and applications of microemulsions in drug delivery are described, including uses for oral, parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, nasal, and periodontal delivery.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes are formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solution, resulting in closed bilayer structures that can encapsulate medications. They offer advantages over traditional drugs such as controlled release and increased drug stability. The document describes various methods for preparing and characterizing niosomes as well as their applications, components, and stability.
This document discusses aquasomes, which are nanoparticulate drug delivery systems composed of a ceramic core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. It describes how aquasomes are prepared through a simple process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating it with carbohydrates, and immobilizing drug molecules. The document evaluates various properties of the ceramic core, sugar coating, and drug-loaded aquasomes. Aquasomes offer advantages like increased drug efficacy and avoidance of multiple injections. They have applications in oxygen carrying, immunotherapy, and delivery of drugs, enzymes, insulin, and vaccines.
Biopharmaceutical system , methods of permeability , generic biologics, gener...Siddhapura Pratik
Biopharmaceutical classification system, methods of permeability, generic biologics ( biosimilar drug product), clinical significance of bioequivalence studies , special concerns in bioavailability and bioequivalence studies , Generic substitution
This document provides an overview of microemulsions including their historical background, definition, composition, advantages, types, preparation methods, applications, and factors that affect formation. Microemulsions are homogeneous, thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant and co-surfactant. They have advantages over traditional emulsions such as improved drug solubilization, long shelf life, and increased drug absorption. Common preparation methods are phase titration and phase inversion. Microemulsions can be used to deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
This document presents information on aquasomes, a novel carrier for drug delivery. Aquasomes are spherical, nanoparticulate carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film. They are capable of stabilizing and delivering delicate biomolecules like proteins, peptides, hormones, and genes. The core provides structural stability while the carbohydrate coating protects molecules from degradation. Characterization techniques like TEM, SEM, and DSC are used to analyze aquasome size, structure, and glass transition temperature. Applications include insulin, enzyme, oxygen, antigen and drug delivery where aquasomes show improved stability and biological activity over unformulated drugs.
This document discusses micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions. Micro-emulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of aqueous and hydrocarbon liquids stabilized by surfactants. They have advantages for drug delivery such as improved bioavailability. Multiple emulsions, also called double or liquid membrane emulsions, contain smaller droplets of one phase dispersed in another phase that matches the external phase. They can be formulated as water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil systems. Micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions show potential for various drug delivery applications such as oral, topical, parenteral administration and have been studied for delivery of proteins, peptides, and other act
Review on Microemulsion a Novel Approach for Antifungal Drug Deliveryijtsrd
Microemulsion is an best candidates as novel drug drlivery system because of their shelf life and improve the drug solubilization with easy of preparation and administration. The term microemulsion refers to thermodynamically stable iostropically dispersion of two immisible liquid such as oil and water stabilized by interfacial film of surfactant molecule. Now a days microemulsion is an emerging trade and having worldwide importance in varity of technological application .These application include enhanced oil recovery,cosmeceuticals agriculture ,metal cutting,organic and bio organic reaction. Monali B. Lalage | Sujit Kakade | Ashok Bhosale "Review on Microemulsion a Novel Approach for Antifungal Drug Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29759.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29759/review-on-microemulsion-a-novel-approach-for-antifungal-drug-delivery/monali-b-lalage
Self Micro emulsifying Drug Delivery System A Promising Technique to Enhance ...ijtsrd
Oral route of administration has been favoured route and has dominated over other routes of administrations. However this chosen route is restricted to those drugs molecule that are permeable across the gastric mucosa and are at least sparingly soluble. Approximately 40 of new chemical molecules exhibit poor aqueous solubility and exhibit a foremost challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability due to its solubility. The solubility of poorly water soluble drugs can be enhanced by incorporating active pharmaceutical ingredients into oral lipid based drug delivery systems. Self micro emulsifying oil formulations are mixture of synthetic or natural oil, liquid or solid surfactant, hydrophilic solvent and co surfactant. It offers advantages like simplicity to manufacture, convenience in scale up, less interference of food on the dosage form and has the capability to deliver peptides. ying drug delivery systems SMEDDS . SMEDDS have gained exposure for their ability to increase solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. SMEDDS, which are isotropic mixtures used for the design of formulations to improve the oral absorption of highly lipophilic drug compounds. Conventional SMEDDS are mostly prepared in a liquid form, which can have some disadvantages. SMEDDS can be orally administered in soft or hard gelatin capsules and form fine relatively stable oil in water emulsions. Solid SMEDDS are prepared by solidification of liquid semisolid self micron emulsifying ingredients into powders, have gained popularity. This article gives a complete overview of SMEDDS, but special attention has been paid to formulation, design, evaluation, and little emphasis on application of SMEDDS. Aditi R. Beldar | Sujit S. Kakade | Ashok V. Bhosale "Self Micro-emulsifying Drug Delivery System: A Promising Technique to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56297.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/56297/self-microemulsifying-drug-delivery-system-a-promising-technique-to-enhance-the-solubility-of-lipophilic-drugs/aditi-r-beldar
The document summarizes information on microemulsions and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by surfactants that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds. They form nanometer-sized droplets through the addition of surfactants and sometimes cosurfactants. Microemulsions have advantages over other dosage forms like increased absorption and bioavailability of drugs. Their components include oils, surfactants, and an aqueous phase, with cosurfactants sometimes used to aid formation.
Multiple emulsions are complex systems that contain both water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. They are thermodynamically unstable and require a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfactants to stabilize them. Common types include W/O/W and O/W/O emulsions. Multiple emulsions can prolong the release of active ingredients and have applications in controlled drug delivery, targeted delivery, and more. They are prepared using techniques like solvent evaporation or double emulsification and provide a novel carrier system for drugs, cosmetics, and other agents.
This document provides an overview of microemulsions and multiple emulsions. It defines microemulsions as thermodynamically stable, optically isotropic and clear dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an amphiphile. Three types of microemulsions are described: oil-in-water, water-in-oil, and bi-continuous. Preparation methods and characterization of microemulsions are also outlined. Multiple emulsions involve a second level of emulsification, forming either oil-in-water-in-oil or water-in-oil-in-water dispersions. Common preparation techniques for multiple emulsions include two-step emulsification and phase inversion methods.
The document summarizes recent advances in emulsion technology, including multiple emulsions, microemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, and nanoemulsions. It discusses the introduction, advantages, methods of preparation, characterization, and applications of each type of emulsion system.
Colloidal drug delivery system (Nano formulation)pratik9527088941
This document discusses various colloidal drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. It provides details on the composition, advantages, methods of preparation, and drug incorporation for each system. The key points are that nanocarriers can improve drug solubility and stability, target drug delivery, and reduce toxicity. The document outlines various fabrication techniques for each nanocarrier type such as homogenization, solvent evaporation, and polymerization.
Nanoemulsion Characterisation Techniques and Formulation Methodsijtsrd
Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion systems made up of two immiscible liquids combined with emulsifying agents surfactants and co surfactants to produce a single phase. Nanoemulsions have been studied extensively as drug delivery devices. This review attempts to bring together information on the many nanoemulsion formulation and characterization techniques that have been developed. The persuasion approach and the Brute force method are two methods for creating nanoemulsions. Entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and characterization using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are just a few of the techniques used to characterise nanoemulsions. In vitro drug release, in vitro permeation, stability and thermodynamic stability, shelf life, dispersibility, viscosity, surface tension, friccohesity, refractive index, transmittance, pH, and osmolarity are all used to assess nanoemulsions. Rohit Ghogare | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanoemulsion- Characterisation Techniques and Formulation Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49586.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/49586/nanoemulsion-characterisation-techniques-and-formulation-methods/rohit-ghogare
1. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that are structurally similar to liposomes but more stable due to their composition.
2. They are formed from non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol that orient themselves into bilayer structures with the hydrophilic ends pointing outwards and the hydrophobic ends facing each other.
3. Niosomes can entrap both hydrophilic drugs within the aqueous compartment and lipophilic drugs within the bilayer membranes, providing a means of controlled drug delivery.
Microemulsion – A Potential Carrier for Improved BioavailabilityBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes microemulsions and their potential as drug delivery systems to improve oral bioavailability. Key points:
- Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant that can solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs. Their small droplet size (<100 nm) allows improved drug absorption.
- Around 40% of new drug candidates have poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. Microemulsions may help overcome this issue by enhancing solubility and permeability.
- Factors like surfactant concentration, oil/surfactant properties, and temperature can affect microemulsion phase behavior and transition between oil-in-water
This document summarizes microemulsions and their potential as drug delivery systems to improve oral bioavailability. Key points:
- Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant that can solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs. Their small droplet size (<100 nm) allows improved drug absorption.
- Around 40% of new drug candidates have poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. Microemulsions may help overcome this issue by enhancing solubility and permeability.
- Factors like surfactant/cosurfactant type and concentration, oil properties, and temperature influence microemulsion phase behavior and stability. Common preparation methods
“Emulsion of emulsion”, “double or triple emulsion”
Dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase.
Liquid film which separate the liquid phases acts as a thin semi permeable film through which solute must diffuse in order to travel from one phase to another – “Liquid Membrane System”
Two types: -
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion system.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system.
This document discusses various lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) for improving solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. It describes emulsion systems such as microemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions. It also discusses vesicular systems including liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes, and phytosomes. For each system, it provides details on definition, mechanism of action, preparation techniques, applications, and examples. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of LBDDS and the various formulation strategies they employ to enhance oral drug absorption.
This document summarizes a research article on current state of nanoemulsions in drug delivery. It discusses that nanoemulsions have attracted attention due to advantages like optical clarity, ease of preparation, stability and increased surface area. Nanoemulsions can be used to deliver drugs and other actives to address issues like low bioavailability. The document reviews nanoemulsion morphology, formulation, characteristics, and applications in drug delivery. It also discusses preparation methods like high pressure homogenization and factors that influence nanoemulsion production.
This document discusses emulgels, which are a novel drug delivery system. Emulgels are a mixture of an emulsion and gel that have advantages over other topical formulations. Emulgels allow for delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs to the skin through a dual release mechanism. They provide properties like being greaseless and having a long shelf life. The document reviews the components, properties, formation, and characterization of emulgels. It also discusses emulsions and gels separately as the components of emulgels. Emulgels are useful for delivering analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antifungals, and anti-acne drugs through the skin.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 658
7. It improves the efficacy of the drug allowing the
total dose is reduced and also reducing side
effects.
8. They can carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic
drugs.
9. Microemulsions have a long shelf life.
10. It acts as a bioavailability enhancer for poorly
water-soluble drugs.
Disadvantages of microemulsion
1. Limited solubilizing capacity for high melting
substances.
2. A large amount of surfactant is required for
stabilizing droplets.
3. The stability of microemulsion depends on
environmental parameters such as temperature,
and pH.
4. There is a limited choice of microemulsion
components leading to difficulties in the
formulation.
5. It also suffers from phase separation.
Structure of microemulsion
The micellar emulsion is a dynamic system in which
the interface is continuously fluctuating. Structurally
they are divided into oil in water, water in oil and
bicontinuous microemulsion. In w/o microemulsion,
water droplets are dispersed in the continuous oil
phase. In o/w microemulsion, the oil droplets are
dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. In a
bicontinuous system, the amount of water and oil are
similar. The different mixtures of oil, water and
surfactant form a wide variety of structures and
phases depending upon the proportion.
Figure 1: Structure of Microemulsion
Characteristics of microemulsion
If a surfactant possesses hydrophilic and lipophilic properties in the right concentration, a different oil and water
system is produced. The system remains an emulsion but exists some characteristics different from the milky
emulsion. This new system is termed a microemulsion. The interfacial tension between phases, amount of
energy required for the formation of droplet size and visual; appearance are a few differences in the emulsion to
microemulsion. Water in oil microemulsion is known as a reverse micelle. This system has the ability to
solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Microemulsion shows low viscosity and Newtonian
characteristics. A variety of technologies are used to characterize different properties such as X-ray diffraction,
light scattering, ultra-centrifugation, electrical conductivity and viscosity measurement.
Construction of phase diagram
Pseudo ternary phase diagrams of oil, water, surfactant, or co-surfactant mixture are constructed at a fixed co-
surfactant or surfactant ratio. It is constructed to obtain the appropriate component and their concentration ranges
that result in the large existence of microemulsion. It is also used to define the extent and nature of the
microemulsion region. A large number of samples of different compositions are prepared. To study such a
diagram comprising surfactant, oil and water at fixed pressure and temperature, the ternary diagram is used.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 659
Figure 2: The pseudo ternary phase diagram of the microemulsion system of Oil (O), Water (W),
Surfactant and Co- surfactant mixture (S)
The formation of a monophasic or biphasic system is confirmed by visual inspection. In case, turbidity appears
with phase separation, the sample is a biphasic system. In the case, of a monophasic system, they ate visualized
after stirring and samples are marked as points in the phase diagram. The area covered by these points is
considered as the microemulsion region of existence. In the ternary phase diagram, each corner represents 100%
concentrations.
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROEMULSIONS
According to Winsor, four types of microemulsion phases exist in equilibrium. These phases are also called
Winsor phases.
Oil in water microemulsion or Winsor I
In this phase droplets of oil are surrounded by a surfactant (and may be cosurfactant) film that forms the internal
phase distributed in water, which is the continuous phase. This has a larger interaction volume than the w/o
microemulsions.
Water in oil microemulsion or Winsor II
In this phase droplets of water are surrounded by a continuous oil phase. These are referred to as “reverse
micelles”. A w/o microemulsion used orally or parenterallycan be destabilized byan aqueous biological system.
Bicontinuous microemulsion or Winsor III
In this phase, the oil and water phase are in similar concentrations. Both the phase exists as the continuous
phase. Transitions occur from o/w to w/o microemulsion may pass through these Bicontinuous states. It shows
non - Newtonian flow and plasticity. It is used for topical delivery of drugs or intravenous administration.
Single-phase homogeneous mixture or Winsor IV
In a single-phase the oil, surfactants and water are homogenously mixed.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 660
Figure 3: Types of Microemulsions
Difference between Emulsions, Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
Table 1: Difference between Emulsions, Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
Parameters Emulsions Microemulsions Nanoemulsions
Appearance Opaque or milky Transparent or translucent Transparent or translucent
Structure Spherical droplets
Swollen micelles or sponge-
like structures or droplets
Small encapsulated bioactive
lipophilic compound
Droplet size >500 nm 1- 100 nm 1-100 nm
System Biphasic system Monophasic system Monophasic system
Stability
Kinetically stable,
thermodynamically
unstable
Kinetically unstable,
thermodynamically stable
Kinetically stable,
thermodynamically unstable
Viscosity High Low Low
Nature Anisotropic Isotropic Isotropic
Interfacial tension High Ultra-low Low
Energy
requirement
Very high Low energy
Both high and low
Energy
Microstructure Static Dynamic Dynamic
Molecular
Packing
Inefficient Efficient Efficient
THEORIES OF FORMATION OF MICROEMULSION
1. Thermodynamic theory
2. Solubilization theory
3. Interfacial or mixed film theory
Thermodynamic theory
The stability of microemulsion can be expressed by a thermodynamic mechanism. The free energy of
microemulsion formation is dependent on the lowering of surfactant of the oil-water interface, it changes the
entropy of the system. It is found when microemulsion is formed there is a large change in ΔA value due to a
large number of very small droplets are formed. The favorable entropic contribution is a very large dispersion
entropy arising from the mixing of one phase in another phase. It also shows the change from other dynamic
processes such as monomer- micelle surfactant exchange and surfactant diffusion in the interfacial layer. When
there is significant favorable entropic change, the formation of negative free energy is achieved. As a result,
microemulsification is spontaneously and thermodynamically stable.
Where,
= Gibbs free energy of formation
= Surface Tension of the oil-water interface
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 661
= Change in interfacial area
= Change in entropy of the system
Solubilization theory
There is the formation of the oil-soluble phase and water phase by micelles or reverse micelles. In micellar
formation, it gradually becomes larger and shows swelling forming certain size range results. The relationship
between reverse micelles and water in oil microemulsion is explained with the help of a pseudo ternary phase
diagram.
Interfacial theory
It is also called interface mixed film theory or negative interfacial tension theory. According to this theory, the
microemulsion has been capable to form instantaneous and spontaneously generate negative interfacial tension.
This film may consist of surfactant and co-surfactant molecules. It is considered a liquid “two-dimensional" third
phase in equilibrium with both oil and water. It is considered a duplex film i.e.; it gives different properties on
the oil side and water side.
Where,
= Interfacial tension
= Spreading pressure
= Oil-water interfacial tension without the film present
FACTORS AFFECTING FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSION
Property of surfactant:
It contains two groups namely lipophilic and hydrophilic groups. The hydrophilic single-chain surfactant will
dissociate completely in dilute solution and resulting in o/w microemulsion, when the surfactant is in presence of
salt or when the high concentration surfactant, the degree of dissociation decreases ad it results in w/o
microemulsion. Hence, the degree of dissociation is an important factor in the formation of the microemulsion.
An increased hydrophobic chain length results in a bicontinuous phase.
Property of oil phase:
The oil phase influenced penetration and it shows swelling in the tail group region of the surfactant monolayer.
Swelling of tail results in increased negative curvature to w/o microemulsion. As the aromaticity of oil increases,
a phase transition occurs from o/w to w/o.
Packing ratio:
The Hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of surfactant determines the type of microemulsion. It has influenced
packing and film curvature. The analysis of film curvature for surfactant association is an important factor in the
formation of a microemulsion. The ability of surfactants to form particular aggregates to the geometry of the
molecule itself is called a critical packing parameter (CPP). The CPP can be calculated using the equation:
Where,
V = The partial molar volume of the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant
a = The optimal head group
l = The length of the surfactant tail
When the CPP has a value between 0 and 1 then o/w microemulsion forms its positive curvature because the
interface curves towards the water.
When the CPP > 1 then w/o microemulsion formed its negative curvature because the interface curves
towards oil.
When the CPP is equal to or close to 1, Bicontinuous microemulsion is formed.
Temperature:
Temperature mainly determines the effective head group size of non-ionic surfactants. At low temperature, it
shows hydrophilic and forms an o/w system. At higher temperature, they show lipophilic and show w/o system.
At intermediate conditions microemulsion, co-exists with excess water and oil and forms a bicontinuous phase.
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 662
Chain length, type and nature of co-surfactant
The addition of short-chain co- surfactant results in positive curvature and o/w microemulsion is formed. While
the addition of long-chain co-surfactant results in negative curvature and w/o microemulsion is formed. Alcohol
is mostly used as a co-surfactant in microemulsion.
COMPOSITION OF MICROEMULSION
The major components of the microemulsion system are:
1. Oil phase
2. Aqueous phase
3. Surfactant
4. Co- surfactant
Oil phase:
Oil is an important component of microemulsion. The selection of oil is of the two factors
A. The solubilizing potential of oil for the selected drug should be considered.
B. The surface of the microemulsion is enhanced.
Oil has the ability to solubilize lipophilic drugs. It is transported through the intestinal lymphatic system. Oil has
low polarity and low miscibility with water. Examples are cyclohexane, mineral oil, toluene and vegetable oil.
Aqueous phase:
The aqueous phase contains hydrophilic active ingredients and preservatives. Buffer solutions are used in the
aqueous phase.
Surfactant:
Surfactants also called referred to as surface-active agents. The surfactant is a substance that shows interfacial or
superficial activity. It is used to lower the surface or interface tension. It has an affinity for polar and non-polar
substances. Surfactants are a molecule that contains a polar head group and a polar tail group. The surfactant can
arrange themselves in a variety of shapes. They show self-association due to inter and intramolecular forces as
well as entropy consideration. At a low concentration of dispersed phase, spherical isolated droplets are present
in microemulsion.
There are different types of surfactants in the development of microemulsion system
1. Cationic
2. Anionic
3. Nonionic
4. Zwitterionic/ Amphoteric
A nonionic surfactant is less toxic than an ionic surfactant agent. They show a high HLB value. The HLB value
< 10 shows the formation of w/o microemulsion and the HLB value > 10 shows the formation of o/w
microemulsion.
Table 2: Types of surfactants
Sr
no.
Types of
surfactants
Properties Examples
1.
Cationic
Surfactant
The hydrophilic group carries a positive
charge. It is more expensive than
compared to the anionic surfactant.
Alkyl ammonium chloride
2.
Anionic
Surfactant
These are negatively charged
surfactants.
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Ammonium lauryl sulfate
3.
Nonionic
surfactant
The hydrophilic group has no charge. It
is stabilized by dipole and hydrogen
bond interactions by the hydration layer.
Fatty alcohol: cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol
Ethers: Brij, Decyl glucoside
Esters: Glyceryl laurate, Polysorbates
Block copolymers: Poloxamers
4.
Zwitterionic
surfactant
It contains both positive and negative
charges. They form microemulsions by
the addition of co-surfactants.
Lecithin, Betaines
Co- surfactant:
Single-chain surfactants alone are unable to reduce o/w interfacial tension sufficiently to form a microemulsion.
The presence of co-surfactant allows flexibility of interfacial film-forming different curvatures to form
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 663
microemulsion over a wide range. Short to medium chain length alcohol is commonly used as a co-surfactant
and reduces interfacial tension and increases the fluidity of the interface. Relatively 30% w/w is needed to
produce effective microemulsion Ethanol, Propylene glycol, and Polyethylene glycol help to dissolve a large
amount of either the hydrophilic surfactant or the drug of lipid base. Polymeric liquid and semi-solid excipient
can be used alone or in a mixture with their lipid excipient to improve solubilizing power of formulation.
Table 3: Components of microemulsions
Component Examples
Oil
Saturated fatty acid: lauric acid, capric acid
Unsaturated fatty acid: oleic acid, linolic acid, linolenic acid
Fatty acid ester: Ethyl or methyl ester of lauric, oleic acid and myristic acid
Surfactant
Polyoxyethylene / Polysorbate / Tween 20,40,60,80
Sorbitan monolaurate, Eggs lecithin
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Co- surfactant
Propylene glycol, Polyethylene glycol, Isopropyl alcohol, Isopropyl
myristate, Ethanol, Propanol, Isopropanol
PREPARATION METHOD OF MICRO-EMULSION
1. Phase titration method
2. Phase inversion method
Phase titration method
In this method, the spontaneous emulsification process takes place and depiction is with the help of a phase
diagram. Construction of the segment format is a beneficial strategyto learn about the complicated, collection of
interactions that can take place when a specific element is mixed. The phase equilibrium and demarcation of the
segment boundary are an important part of the study. The o/w or w/o microemulsion can be separated by
thinking about the composition that it is oil-rich or water-rich.
Phase inversion method
Phase inversion occurs as a result of the addition of excess dispersed segment or response to temperature. During
section inversion, there are physical modifications which include a change in particle measurement that can
affect drug launch each in vivo and in vitro. This technique uses altering the spontaneous curvature of surfactant.
During cooling, the drug crosses the factor of zero spontaneous curvature and minimal floor tension. There is the
formation of a finely dispersed oil droplet. This is referred to as the phase inversion temperature method.
General Preparation method of microemulsion
Generally, the drug is dissolved in the lipophilic part (oil) of the microemulsion.
The water phase is combined with surfactant and the co-surfactant is added with constant stirring using a
magnetic stirrer until the system becomes transparent.
The amount of surfactant and co-surfactant to be added and the percent of oil phase are incorporated is
determined with the help of a pseudo ternary phase diagram.
Then finally, an ultrasonicator was used to achieve the desired size of dispersed globules. Lastly, it is
allowed to equilibrate.
Figure 4: Preparation of microemulsion
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 664
EVALUATION OF MICROEMULSION
1. Physical appearance
2. pH
3. Viscosity
4. Scattering technique
5. Limpidity test
6. Drug stability
7. Determination of particle size
8. Zeta Potential
9. Drug solubility
10. In vitro drug release
11. Electrical conductivity
12. Drug content analysis
1. Physical appearance
The prepared microemulsion was inspected visually for its transparency, fluidity and homogeneity.
2. pH
The pH of the microemulsion was determined using a digital pH meter. Before measuring the pH, the pH meter
should be calibrated with the standard buffer solution of pH 4 and 7. The measurement of the pH of the
microemulsion is done in triplicate to avoid an error.
3. Viscosity
It has an important role in stability. Changes in rheological characteristics help in determining the
microemulsion region and the other region. The viscosity of microemulsion was determined by using a
Brookfield viscometer.
4. Scattering technique
It includes small-angle neutron scattering, small perspective x-ray scattering, and light scattering to determine
the purpose of research on microemulsion. The monodisperse spheres and polydisperse systems are considered
in microemulsion.
5. Limpidity test
It is also called as percent transmittance test. It is measured using a spectrophotometer.
6. Drug stability
The optimized microemulsion was unbroken beneath cold conditions 4-8 and elevated temperature of 50 2,
once each two months the microemulsion will be analyzed for section separation.
7. Particle size determination
The size and distribution of microemulsions were obtained from Malvern Zetasizer 6.20 version. The principles
of the laser scattering sample were followed. Malvern Zetasizer with laser scattering principle with argon laser
was employed for evaluating the globule size and distribution of the sample. The size of microemulsions was
assumed to be spherical. Measurement of droplet size is considered one of the important factors for
microemulsion. Microemulsion formulation with larger globules leads to creaming or aggregation.
Microemulsion with a small globule is said to be a stable formulation.
8. Zeta potential:
It is considered one of the important factors. It is a term that determines the stability of the microemulsions as
well as the charge present in the formulation. A highly positive or highly negative charge indicates higher
stability in the oil interface. It is dependent on the surfactant used. The Zeta potential is measured using the
Zetasizer nano series which can measure the size between 0.6 -6000 nm. It is analyzed in triplicate and the mean
value is calculated.
9. TEM Analysis:
Morphology of Microemulsion was studied using TEM, TOPCON 002B used at 200 KV and 0.18 nm. It
provides point-to-point resolution. Increasing magnification, Bright-field images were used to find the type and
size of the microemulsions. A small drop of diluted microemulsion was deposited on a copper holey film grid
and observed by a fixation agent and dried in filtered air.
9. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 665
10. Drug excipient compatibility:
It is used to study the compatibility of drugs and excipients. The compatibility of drugs and excipients can be
studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The sample is dried under a vacuum to prevent
moisture. It is scanned at a suitable frequency.
11. Drug solubility
The drug was added in excess to the optimized microemulsion formulation as well as each ingredient of the
formulation. After continuous stirring for 24 hrs at room temperature, samples were withdrawn and centrifuged
at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The amount of soluble drug in the optimized formulation as well as each ingredient
of the formulation was calculated by subtracting the drug present in the sediment from the total amount of drug
added.
12. In vitro drug release
In diffusion, the study can be carried out on Franz diffusion cells within the volume of 20 ml. The receptor
compartment was filled with buffer. The donor compartment consists of cellophane containing the
microemulsion formulation and plain drug solution separately. At a predetermined time interval samples were
withdrawn from the receptor compartment and analyzed for drug content using UV spectrophotometer at a
specific wavelength.
13. Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity is utilized to identify the nature of the continuous phase. It is measured using an electro
conductometer, use to identify whether there is an oil or water as a continuous phase. It also identifies the phase
inversion phenomenon. For conductivity measurement, an electrode pair is attached to a lamp and a power
source is attached to a microemulsion. If the formulation is o/w the lamp will glow as water is conducting
current, if the formulation is w/o the lamp will not glow because the oil phase will not conduct current.
14. Drug content
The drug content of microemulsion can be measured by dissolving a known amount of formulation in a solvent
and placing it in a dark place for 24 hours. The absorbance is measured after its suitable dilution at a specific
wavelength.
RATIONALE FOR MICROEMULSION
Microemulsions have gained significant attention due to their stability, solubility, simplicity and formulation
aspects. The application of microemulsions is not only limited to oral, topical and parenteral routes but has also
shown their potential in cosmetics as well as immunology, sensor devices and analytical chemistry. These
formulations are often termed broad-spectrum applications in drug targeting and control release. These also
protect the formulation from hydrolysis and oxidation. These facilitate increase patient compliance.
Microemulsions are formulated keeping the idea in mind the use of unique characteristics such as minimum side
effects and reduction in the volume of carrying vehicles.
APPLICATIONS OF MICROEMULSION
Parenteral delivery
These are the administration through the intravenous route of a drug. As the low amount of drug is delivered to
the target site, the drug has limited solubility. The advantages over microemulsion are that when delivered
parenterally because of the fine particle microemulsion is clear more slowly than coarse particle emulsion. These
microemulsions have a longer residence time in the body. The formulation of w/o microemulsion is beneficial in
the delivery of the sparingly soluble drug, in this administration of suspension is not required.
10. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 666
Oral delivery
The solubilization of BCS class II or class IV (poorly soluble drugs) is enhanced by microemulsion. The main
approach for formulating an effective oral delivery system is because the drug efficiency can be restricted by
instability or poor solubility in gastrointestinal fluid. It also overcomes the dissolution-related bioavailability
problem. The varying solubility of a micro molecule is encapsulated for a polar, non-polar and interfacial
domain, hydrophilic drug. These systems have been protecting the incorporated drug against oxidation,
enzymatic degradation and enhancing membrane permeability. Commercially available microemulsions for oral
delivery are Sandimmune Neoral ® (Cyclosporine A), Fortovase ® (Saquinavir), and Norvir ® (Ritonavir).
Table 4: According to BCS classification
Class Permeability Solubility
I High High
II High Low
III Low High
IV Low Low
Nasal delivery
These are the microemulsion that enhances the uptake of the drug through the nasal mucosa. Mucoadhesive
polymer improves the prolonged residence time. Diazepam is used in the emergencytreatment of epileptics. The
nasal absorption of diazepam is 2 mg kg-1 dose. The maximum drug plasma concentration is 2-3 minutes.
Topical delivery
Topical delivery avoids first-pass metabolism. It also reduces the toxicity effect. They have the direct drug
delivery and target ability of a drug to the affected area of skin and eyes. The area of drug penetration into the
skin has a number of studies. In this penetration study they incorporate both hydrophilic (5 – fluorouracil,
apomorphine hydrochloride, tetracaine hydrochloride) and lipophilic drugs (oestradiol, ketoprofen, felodipine)
and enhance the penetration. In this formulation, skin-irritating aspects are considered.
Ophthalmic delivery
In conventional dosage form, water-soluble drugs are delivered aqueous solution and water-insoluble drugs are
formulated through suspension and ointment. Microemulsion has emerged as a promising dosage form for ocular
use in achieving improved patient compliance and is favorable for ophthalmological use. OFX microemulsions
are used as a promising strategy for ocular drug delivery. The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of these
organs render the entry of any other foreign materials. The main motto is to formulate a protective eye barrier
without damaging the tissue. The eye is considered a unique and valuable organ. This is termed a window hinge.
They are divided into traditional and new drug development. Topical application of the eye is the most
acceptable route for the eye. Newer liposomes, Nanoemulsions, microemulsions, iontophoresis, and ocular
inserts have been developed for increasing the bioavailability of the microemulsions.
Other application
1. Skin penetration of lycopene is improved by microemulsions.
2. The microemulsion is a vehicle for the transdermal permeation of nimesulide.
11. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 667
3. Oil recovery, detergency, cosmetics, agrochemical, and food are enhanced by microemulsions.
4. Microemulsions are used as fuel, lubricant, cutting oils and corrosion inhibitors, coating and textile finishing.
5. Microemulsions are used in microporous media synthesis (microemulsion gel technique).
6. Microemulsions are an analytical technique.
7. Microemulsions as liquid or membrane, novel crystalline colloidal arrays as a chemical sensor material.
8. Microemulsions in biotechnology.
Table 5: Research work carried out on Microemulsions
Drug Name Category Route of administration Purpose/ Result
Piroxicam NSAID Oral Increased the solubility
Acyclovir Antiviral Oral Improved bioavailability
Ketoprofen NSAID Transdermal Improved the solubility
Itraconazole Antifungal Parenteral For better absorption
Ibuprofen NSAID Topical Increased the solubility
Chloramphenicol Anti-bacterial Ocular Enhancement of Permeability
Dexamethasone
Anti-inflammatory/
Corticosteroids
Topical- ocular Improved bioavailability
Fenofibrate Antilipemic Self- Micro- emulsifying Increased the solubility
Aceclofenac NSAID Dermatological Improved the solubility
FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
Microemulsion acts as a modern colloidal drug carrier
system. It also acts as a high solubilization capacity
and improves drug delivery. The main approach is to
increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs
enhance bioavailability reduce special variability. It
also acts alternative for controlling drug release.
Several innovations are included in microemulsion
technology. This formulation can be easily scaled up,
it is important from an industrial point of view. Also,
conventional drug delivery and microemulsion-based
product are used in combination example cosmetic
formulation. The recent research is carried out for
safe, efficient and compatible microemulsion leading
further to enhanced use of the novel vehicle.
Microemulsions are used for cosmetic purposes and
drug targeting and also extraordinarily drug delivery
carriers for human betterment, essential ethical
consideration.
CONCLUSION:
Microemulsions are very important in drug delivery
as well as in the industrial process. They are used to
optimize drug targeting and increase systemic
absorption. They are primarilyused as novel solutions
for poorly soluble substances and lipophilic
substances. They are used to protect liable drugs, and
control drug release and patient variability. It has
considered a full potential and novel drug delivery
system. The current research work is focused on safe,
efficient and more compatible microemulsions. They
enhance the utility of novel vehicles. It is used to
formulate most of the routes. these formulations are
used to pass the various drug barrier and reach the
target. They show their potential in multipurpose drug
delivery systems, show a higher percentage of
surfactants and they are used for the formulation of
the microemulsion.
PATENT ABILITY:
The main idea behind formulating the
microemulsions are the unique characteristics
featured by them. The ease of application makes them
far better dosage form than other. Microemulsions
show wide range of applicability, as they can deliver
through all major routes of drug delivery. They show
enhanced bioavailability for lipophilic drugs. They
show great potential to carry hydrophilic as well as
lipophilic drugs. Drugs which are formulated using
microemulsions show longer shelf life than other
biphasic dosage forms. The recent studies in
formulation of low HLB surfactant with a High HLB
surfactant are need to be carried out.
REFERENCES:
[1] Goswami, et al. Microemulsion- A Potential
Carrier for Improved Bioavailability.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical &
Biological Archives, 2019, 10(2): 69-77.
[2] Dr. Anoop Kumar et al. Pharmaceutical
Microemulsion: Formulation, Characterization
and Drug deliveries across skin. Int. J. Drug
Dev. & Res., January- March 2014, 6(1): 1-21.
[3] Madhav and Gupta. A review on
Microemulsion Based System. International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Research, 2011, Vol. 2(8): 1888-1899.
[4] Yehia and Attia. The Microemulsion as a key
player in conquering the skin barrier for the aim
of transdermal delivery of drugs: Reviewing a
successful decade. Asian Journal of
12. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 668
Pharmaceutical and Clinical research, 2019,
Vol 12, Issue 5, 34- 48.
[5] Nagoba et al. A review on: Microemulgel as a
New Platform for Topical Application.
European Journal of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018, Volume 5,
Issue 4, 376- 383.
[6] Gowda et al. Microemulsion as Advanced
Topical Drug Delivery: A review. European
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical
Research, 2019, 6(11), 185-190.
[7] Singh et al. Microemulsions: Current trends in
Novel drug delivery systems. Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological
Sciences, February 2014; 1(1): 39-51.
[8] Bodhe et al. Preparation and evaluation of
microemulsion containing antihypertensive
drug. International Journal of Applied
Pharmaceutics, Vol 10, Issue 5, 2018, 138-146.
[9] Om P. Agrawal., An overview of new drug
delivery system: Microemulsion. Asian Journal
of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology,
2012, Vol 2, Issue 1, 5-12.
[10] Ohadi et al. Potential Use of Microbial
Surfactant in Microemulsion Drug Delivery
System: A Systematic Review. Drug Design,
Development and Therapy, 2020:14, 541- 550.
[11] Monali B. Lalage, Sujit Kakde and Ashok
Bhosale. Review on Microemulsion a Novel
Approach for Antifungal Drug Delivery.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development, Vol 4, Issue 1,
December 2019.
[12] Dixit and Mathur. Microemulsions: Platform
for Improvement of Solubility and Dissolution
of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Asian J Pharm Clin
Res, Vol 8, Issue 5, 2015, 7-17.
[13] Muhammad Asri et al. Study on the effect of oil
phase and co-surfactant on Microemulsion
systems. Malaysian Journal of Analytical
Sciences, Vol 21, 2017: 1409-1416.
[14] Mr. Saran Kumar Das et al. Microemulsion
Based Gel Technique: A Novel Approach for
Sustained Delivery to treat Fungal infection.
Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
[15] Danielsson I, Lindman B. The definition of
microemulsion. Colloid Surf 1981, 3, 391- 392.
[16] Th. F. Vandamme. Microemulsions as ocular
drug delivery systems: Recent developments
and future challenges. Progress in Retinal and
Eye Research. 21(1), 2002, 15-34.
[17] Sarika S. Lokhande. Microemulsions as
Promising Delivery Systems: A Review. Asian
J. Pharm. Res. 2019, 9(2), 90-96.
[18] Sahu et al. Advancements in Microemulsion
Based Drug Delivery Systems for Better
Therapeutic Effects. Int J Pharm Sci Dev Res
1(1): 008- 015.
[19] Sk Azad et al. Micro Emulsions: An Overview
and Pharmaceutical Applications. World
Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research,
Vol 2, Issue 2, 2020, 201-205.
[20] Patel Rahul R., KR Patel, MR Patel.
Formulation and Characterization of
Microemulsion based gel of Antifungal drug.
PharmaTutor. 2014, 2(2), 79-89.
[21] J. Klier et al. Properties and Applications of
Microemulsions. Advanced Materials. 2000,
12, No. 23, December 1.
[22] K. C. Ashara et al. Microemulgel: an
overwhelming approach to improve therapeutic
action of drug moiety. Saudi Pharmaceutical
Journal (2016) 24, 452- 457.
[23] M. J. Lawrence, G. D. Rees. Microemulsion-
based media as novel drug delivery systems.
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. (2000), 45,
89-121.
[24] Syamasri Gupta, S. P. Moulik. Biocompatible
Microemulsions and Their Prospective Uses in
Drug Delivery. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences. 2008, 97(1):22-45.
[25] Sarkhejiya Naimish A et al. Emerging Trend of
Microemulsion in Formulation and Research.
International Bulletin of Drug Research. 2000,
1(1), 54-83.
[26] W. Zhu et al. Microemulsion based hydrogel
formulation of Penciclovir for topical delivery.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics 378
(2009), 152- 158.
[27] Moghimipour et al. Preparation and Evaluation
of Tretinoin Microemulsion Based on Pseudo-
Ternary Phase Diagram. Advanced
Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2012, 2(2), 141-47.
[28] Ashwini J., Abhijeet D., Review on:
Microemulsion a Novel Approach for Drug
Delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2018,
52(2), 60-65.
[29] Praveen Kumar et al. Formulation and
Evaluation of Ethosome for Econazole Nitrate
13. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50106 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 669
as A Model Drug to Enhanced Transdermal
Delivery. Int J. Pharm. Drug. Anal, Vol 4, Issue
3, 2016, 140- 146.
[30] Ghosh and Murthy. Microemulsions: A
Potential Drug Delivery System. Current Drug
Delivery. 2006, Vol 3, No. 2, 167- 180.
[31] A. Ceglie, K. P. Das, B. Lindman.
Microemulsion structure in four-component
systems for different surfactants. Colloids Surf.
28 (1987) 29 – 40.
[32] A. Mishra, R. Panola, A. C. Rana.
Microemulsions: As drug delivery system.
Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research,
2014, Vol 3(4), 467- 474.
[33] Boche and Pokharkar. Microemulsion assisted
transdermal delivery of a hydrophilic anti-
osteoporotic drug: Formulation, in vivo
pharmacokinetic studies, in vitro cell
osteogenic activity. Journal of Applied
Pharmaceutical Science, 2020, 10(08), 008-
019.
[34] Gamal M. El Maghraby. Microemulsions as
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Current
Nanoscience, 2012, Vol 8, No. 4, 504-511.
[35] Santos, Watkinson, Hadgraft, Lane.
Application of Microemulsions in Dermal and
Transdermal Drug Delivery. Skin
Pharmacology and Physiology, 2008, 21, 246-
259.
[36] A. C. Sintov, L. Shapiro. New microemulsion
vehicle facilitates percutaneous penetration in
vitro and cutaneous drug bioavailabilityin vivo.
Journal of Controlled Release, 2004, 95, 173–
183.
[37] Kale et al. Emulsion, Micro-emulsion and Nano
Emulsion. Sys Rev Pharm., 2017, 8(1), 39- 47.
[38] Bysu Sujatha et al. Microemulsions- A Review.
J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(6), 2020, 750-
753.
[39] Narang AS, Delmarre D, Gao D: Stable drug
encapsulation in micelles and microemulsions.
Int J Pharm. 2007, 345, 9-25.
[40] Faizi Muzaffar, U. K. Singh. Design
development and evaluation of topical
microemulsion. Int Res J Pharm. 2017, 8(9),
95-111.