This document provides an overview of microbiology, including its history, key figures, and methods of classifying microorganisms. It discusses how Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope and was the first to observe bacterial cells. Later scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch made important contributions in germ theory, pasteurization, and identifying disease-causing bacteria. The document also describes different systems of microbial classification including the five kingdom, eight kingdom, and three domain systems, which categorize organisms based on their cellular structure and genetics. Identification of bacteria involves examining their morphology, staining properties, culture characteristics, and biochemical reactions.

1. Microbiology
Introduction, History And Application
Mrs. Praveen Garg
VITS College, Satna

2. Introduction
• Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms, those
being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony),
or acellular (lacking cells).
• Microbiology encompasses numerous branches
including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology,
and parasitology.
• Eukaryotic microorganisms possess membrane-
bound organelles and include fungi and protists,
• Whereas prokaryotic organisms, all of which are microorganisms
are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound
organelles and include Bacteria and Archaea.
• These micro-organisms may be harmful or beneficial.

3. • The branch microbiology starts from the invention of
microscope.
• “Antonie van leeuwenhoek” invented the first microscope.
• “Robert Hooks” firstly observe the cells from microscope.
• “Antonie van leeuwenhoek” firstly observe the bacterialcells.
• “Ferdinand Cohn” developed the classification scheme of
bacteria, based on shaped.
Such as:
 Spherobacteria- spherical shape
 Microbacteria- rod shaped
• Desmobacteria- filamentous
• Spirobacteria- spiral shaped
History

4. • “Louis Pasteur” given pasteurization process, germ theory and
developed vaccines.
• “Robert koch” identified the anthrax and discovered the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause tuberculosis. He developed
the agar growth medium.
• “Paul ehrlich” developed the chemotherapy method to cure
disease and antibiotics for sleeping sickness and syphlis.
• “Alexender flaming” discovered the penicillin antibiotic.
• “Ivanovaski” discovered the first virus TMV.
• “Hershey and Chase” identified the genetic material of
Bacteriophage.

5. Characters of M.or.
 Morphological Characters
 Chemical composition
 Cultural Characters
 Metabolic Characters
 Antigenic Characters
 Genetic Characters
 Pathogenecity
 Ecological characters

6. • Micro-organisms are classified according to particular
characters.
 Three domain system of classification
 Five kingdom system of classification
 Eight kingdom system of classification
Classification of M.or.

7. • ‘Whitaker’ in 1969 given five kingdom classification.
• He classified the organism according to their cell anatomy and
energy yielding system in to five systems.
• Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• All prokaryotic organism kept into monera kingdom
• Unicellular and multicellular organism kept in to protista
kingdom.
• Multicellular eukaryotic kept in fungi kingdom, it is based upon
absorptive mode of nutrition.
• Multicellular eukaryotes kept in animalia and it is based on
ingestion and nutrition mode.
• Plantae kingdom based on photosynthesis mode and it is also
multicellular.
Five kingdom classification

9. • Eight kingdom
classification given by
‘Smith’.
• Organisms are classified
according to ultrastructure
and genetic organization
into two groups: Bacteria
and Eukaryota
• Eubacteria and
Archebacteria were kept in
bacteria group.
• In the eukaryota group,
archea, protozoa, plantae,
chromista, fungi, animalia
were kept.
Eight kingdom classification

10. • ‘Woese’ in 1990 developed the three domain system.
• Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
Three domain system classification

11. Three kingdom Classification

12. • Micro- organisms are classified according to particular
phenotypic characters.
 On the basis of morphology: M.Or. are divided into five
groups.
 Bacteria: it may be cocci and bacilli shape.
 Actinomycetes: it is filamentous structure.
 Spirochaets: it is spiral shaped.
 Mycoplasma: it is highly pleomorphic and indifinite shape.
 Ricketsia: small, obligate parasite, related to virus.
Classification and Identification of Bacteria

13.  On the basis of anatomical features:
 Capsule:
• Capsulated- S. Pneumoniae
• Non- capsulated- Viridans streptococci
 Flagilla:
• Flagillate - monotrichous, lophotrichous etc.
• Aflagillate - shigella species
 Spore:
• Spore forming- bacillus species
• Non- spore forming – e.coli

14.  On the basis of staining reaction:
 Gram stain:
• Gram +ve cocci- S. aureus
• Gram –ve cocci – Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Gram +ve rod- Clostridium sp.
• Gram –ve rod- E.coli
 Acid fast stain:
• Acid fast bacilli- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Non acid fast bacilli- Staphylococcus aureus

15.  On the basis of staining reaction:
 Temperature:
• Psychrophiles- Pseudomonas fluorescence
• Mesophiles- E.coli, Salmonella enterica
• Thermophiles – Bacillus stearothermophiles
 Oxygen dependent:
• Aerobic- require oxygen
• Obligate aerobes- strictly require oxygen for growth
• Facultative anaerobes- grow in the presence or absence of
oxygen
 pH:
• Acidophiles- lactobacillus acidophiles
• Alkalophiles- Vibrio
• Neutrophiles- pH 6-8

16.  Morphological and Staining:
 Culture characteristics:
 Biochemical Reaction:
 Antigenic Characters:
Identification

17. Thank you