The document discusses various aspects of metabolism, including the two main types of metabolic processes (catabolism and anabolism), how organisms obtain energy through the breakdown of nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, and factors that can increase metabolic rate such as caffeine, fiber, and organic foods. It also covers topics like microbial metabolism, nitrogen fixation by microbes, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and the role of metabolism in sustaining life.

1. VIVEKANANDA ARTS AND
SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
VEERACHIPALAYAM, SANKAGIRI
Department of microbiology
Microbial aspects and metabolic aspects
Subject:Bioremediation
Presented by: Guided by:
S.Kalaiselvi. Dr.R.Dineshkumar
I M.Sc.Microbiology. Assistant professor
Department of microbiology

2. WHAT IS METABOLISM?
• Metabolism refers to a series of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism
to sustain life.”

3. • Metabolism is the total amount of the biochemical reactions involved in
maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism. All
living organisms require energy for different essential processes and for
producing new organic substances.
• The metabolic processes help in growth and reproduction and help in
maintaining the structures of living organisms. The organisms respond to
the surrounding environment due to metabolic activities. All the chemical
reactions occurring in the living organisms from digestion to
transportation of substances from cell to cell require energy.

4. METABOLIC PROCESS
• There are two types of metabolic process:
• Catabolism
• Anabolism

5. • Catabolism – This process is mainly involved in breaking
down larger organic molecules into smaller molecules. This
metabolic process releases energy.
• Anabolism – This process is mainly involved in building up or
synthesizing compounds from simpler substances required
by the cells. This metabolic process requires and stores
energy.
• Metabolism is related to nutrition and the existence
of nutrients. Bioenergetics describes the metabolism as the
biochemical pathway through which the cells obtain energy.
One of the major aspects is the energy formation.

6. NUTRITION AND ENERGY
• The processes of metabolism depend on the nutrients that get digested to
produce energy. This energy is necessary to synthesize nucleic acids,
proteins and other biomolecules in our body.
• Encompassed nutrients include various substances for the body
requirements which are either in the sufficient amount or insufficient,
resulting in poor health, concerning metabolism.
• Necessary nutrients help by supplyingthe required energy and other
necessary chemicals that the body cannot synthesize on its own. Food
provides different substances that are essential for the bodybuilding and
repairing of tissues along with the proper functioning of the body.

7. • The diet requires both organic nutrients and inorganic
chemical compounds.
• Organic nutrients include fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, and
proteins.
• Inorganic chemical compounds include oxygen, water, and
other dietary minerals.

8. CARBOHYDRATES IN METABOLISM
• Carbohydrates are supplied in three forms:
• Starch
• Sugar
• Cellulose
• Starch and sugar are the major forms of energy for humans.
Metabolism of carbohydrates and sugar helps in the
production of glucose.

9. PROTEINS IN METABOLISM
• Proteins are important for building tissues. They help in maintaining the structure of the cells, its functions, the
formation of haemoglobin, and several other body functions. The amino acids of proteins are beneficial for
nutrition. Few amino acids are not synthesized by the body and are taken in from the food we eat. These amino
acids include:
• Lysine
• Tryptophan
• Methionine
• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Phenylalanine
• Valine
• Threonine

10. HOW TO INCREASE METABOLISM?
• Metabolism can be increased by:
• To be fit and healthy, we need to avoid more calories intake and lose extra
pounds. We eat to deliver energy for our body to perform its functions.
Eating too little quantities could slow down our metabolism and body
cannot provide essential minerals. As per the research, extreme dieting
leads to weight loss which is muscle mass and not fat
mass.
• Having proper breakfast, boost up the body’s metabolism and keeps us
energetic throughout the day. Skipping morning breakfast are more likely
to have poor metabolic energy.

11. • Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and can
activate our metabolism rate by 5 to 8 percent.
• According to researchers, fibre can help in burning fat by
30 percent. People who include more fibre in their diet remain
fit and healthy.
• Including more organic foods like peaches, bell peppers,
celery, apples, lettuce, grapes can boost up
the metabolism rate in our body.

12. • Metabolic Basis For Living

13. • Metabolic pathways involve the extraction of energy by
breaking molecules and using this energy to synthesize the
building blocks. The process of metabolism occurs in two
phases, namely anabolism and catabolism.
• The metabolic pathway in which a complex molecule is
produced from simple molecules is called an anabolic
pathway. Since it involves the synthesis of metabolites, it is
also known as the biosynthetic pathway.
• For example, amino acids become proteins. The catabolic
pathway is another metabolic pathway where a more
complex structure is broken down into simple molecules.

14. METABOLISM AND THE LIVING STATE
• As we all know, every living organisms use and release energy.
But how do they remain in the living state? What is the role of
metabolism in it?
• As we know, each living organism, be it prokaryotes or
eukaryotic fungi, is composed of thousands of
biomolecules/metabolites. But the proportion varies.

15. MICROBIAL ASPECTS
• Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy
and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use
many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be
differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The
specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in
determining that microbe's ecological niche, and often allow for that
microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible
for biogeochemical cycles.

16. NITROGEN FIXATION
• heterocyst formation (cyanobacteria e.g. Anabaena) where one cell does not
photosynthesize but instead fixes nitrogen for its neighbors which in turn
provide it with energy
• root nodule symbioses (e.g. Rhizobium) with plants that supply oxygen to
the bacteria bound to molecules of leghaemoglobin
• anaerobic lifestyle (e.g. Clostridium pasteurianum)
• very fast metabolism (e.g. Azotobacter vinelandii)

17. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Aerobic metabolism occurs in Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya.Although most
bacterial species are anaerobic, many are facultative or obligate aerobes. The
majority of archaealspecies live in extreme environments that are often highly
anaerobic. There are, however, several cases of aerobic archaea such
as Haiobacterium,Thermoplasma, Sulfolobus and Yymbaculum. Most of the known
eukaryotes carry out aerobic metabolism within their mitochondria which is an
organelle that had a symbiogenesis origin from prokarya . All aerobic
organisms contain oxidases of the cytochrome oxidase super family, but some
members of the Pseudomonadota (E. coli and Acetobacter)can also use an
unrelated cytochrome bd complex as a respiratory terminal oxidase.

18. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• While aerobic organisms during respiration use oxygen as a terminal electron
acceptor, anaerobic organisms use other electron acceptors. These inorganic
compounds release less energy in cellular respiration, which leads to slower growth
rates than aerobes. Many facultative anaerobes can use either oxygen or
alternativeterminal electron acceptors for respiration depending on the
environmental conditions.
• Most respiring anaerobes are heterotrophs, although some do live autotrophically.
All of the processes described below are dissimilative, meaning that they are used
during energy production and not to provide nutrients for the cell (assimilative).