This document discusses bioaugmentation as a remediation technology. It introduces bioaugmentation and describes different bioaugmentation technologies including cell bioaugmentation, gene bioaugmentation, rhizosphere bioaugmentation, and phytoaugmentation. Cell bioaugmentation involves using carrier materials or encapsulation to deliver microorganisms to contaminated sites. Gene bioaugmentation uses horizontal gene transfer to introduce remediation genes. The document also provides case studies of bioaugmentation in coke plant wastewater and oilfield wastewater treatment and discusses benefits and challenges of bioaugmentation.

1. WELCOME
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2. BIOAUGMENTATION AS
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Increase in pollution.
 Remove pollution.
 Physical and chemical methods are not used
 Bioremediation.
 When Bioaugmentation
 What is Bioaugmentation
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4. SCOPE
 To convert the toxic compounds to nontoxic
end products using natural microbial strains or
genetically engineered variants.
 Reduced health and ecological risks.
 To perform the treatment with a very low disturbance of
native ecosystems.
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5. FACTORS AFFECTING
BIOAUGUMENTATION
 Microorganisms
 Compound characteristics
 Physical & chemical environmental
characteristics
 Niche adjustment
 Microbial ecology
 Engineering process design
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6. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES OF
BIOAUGMENTATION
 Cell bioaugmentation
 Gene bioaugmentation
 Rhizosphere bioaugmentation
 Phytoaugmentation
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7. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION
 A carrier and encapsulation technology for inoculant
delivery is known as cell bioaugmentaion.
 Cell bioaugmentation done by mainly three methods.
Use of Carrier Materials for Bioaugmentation
Bioaugmentation with Encapsulated Microorganisms
Activated soil bioaugmentation
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8. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
Use of Carrier Materials for Bioaugmentation
 Microbial inoculant have been applied to the soil as live
microorganisms in a liquid culture or attached to a carrier
material.
 When applying the inoculant to a harsh environment like
soil, it may be desirable to use a carrier material.
 Since it can provide a protective niche and even
temporary nutrition for the introduced microorganisms.
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9. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
 Numerous different carrier materials have been used
including bio solids, charcoal amended soil, clay,
lignite and manure.
 For example Pseudomonas fluorescens strain can be
added to soil either as a liquid culture, or in a soil
carrier.
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10. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
The ideal characteristics for a carrier material include:
 Providing an adequate environment for cell survival and
growth.
 Resulting in a long life and enhanced activity when added
to the environment.
 Being nontoxic to the inoculant microorganisms and the
environment.
 Allowing target for the introduction of cells and also
means to contain the introduced microorganisms when
control is necessary.
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11. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
Bioaugmentation with Encapsulated Microorganisms
 Materials allows the microorganisms to be contained in a
relatively nontoxic through which gases and liquids can
diffuse.
 Encapsulation technology create micro sites with a unique
microbial community that works interactively to remediate
a given compound.
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12. CELL BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
Activated soil bioaugmentation
 Activated soil can use directly as both the inoculants and
carrier without extracting degraders from the soil.
 Activated soil is the soil that exposed to the contaminant
and contains a developed degrader population that can
eliminate the contaminant.
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13. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION
 Since introduced microorganisms often do not survive
following bioaugmentation.
 Naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer processes
has been used for the introduction of remediation genes
into a contaminated site.
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14. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
Horizontal gene transfer may occur via:
 Transformation
 Transduction
 Conjugation
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15. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
 Transformation is the genetic alteration of
a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation
of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA)from
its surroundings and taken up through the cell
membrane.
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Fig. 1. Gene bioaugmentation by transformation

17. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
 Transduction is the process by which DNA is
transferred from one bacterium to another by virus.
 It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is
introduced into another cell via a viral vector.
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18. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
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Fig. 2. Gene bioaugmentation by transduction

19. GENE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd…
 Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between
bacterial cells by direct cell to cell contact or by a bridge
like connection between two cells.
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Fig. 3. Gene bioaugmentation by conjugation

20. RHIZOSPHERE BIOAUGMENTATION
 Microbial inoculants are added to the soil along with a
plant that supports the inoculants growth.
 Additionally, these processes can be mediated by plants
or plant associated microorganisms.
 By using the plant microorganism combination, the
microorganism is added to soil along with a niche, the
plant root, supporting its growth.
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21. RHIZOSPHERE BIOAUGMENTATION Contd..
 Different plants used for rhizosphere bioaugmentation
are:
umbrella sludge
flower umbrella plant
tall fringe rush
hoorah grass
 It is a low-cost technique
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22. PHYTOAUGMENTATION
 Phytoaugmentation means the microorganisms are
introduced in the field by plant that contains the microbial
genes.
 By incorporation of these genes into plants. It is also
easier to control the persistence and spread of genes
introduced into the environment than via a genetically
engineered microorganism.
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Fig. 4. Overview of different technologies for delivering remediation genes to
contaminated sites.

24. BIOAUGMENTATION IN WATER - A
CASE STUDY
Coke plant wastewater in China
 Coal in China is used as a main energy source.
 The contaminated water has many harmful toxic
contaminants like ammonia, thiocyanate, phenolics etc.
 When the advanced microorganisms were added, they
formed a new microbial community.
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25. BIOAUGMENTATION IN WATER - A
CASE STUDY Contd…
 where indigenous microorganisms could break down the
contaminants in the coke plant wastewater.
 When the indigenous heterotropic microorganisms were
added, they converted many large molecular compounds
into smaller and simpler compounds.
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26. BIOAUGMENTATION IN WATER - A
CASE STUDY Contd…
Petroleum industry
 There is a large problem with how the oilfield drilling pit
is disposed.
 When the environmental conditions are correct, microbes
are placed in the oil pit to break down hydrocarbons and
alongside are other nutrients.
 The microbes that break up hydrogen are placed in
because this is the contaminant that is most prominent in
the oil pit.
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27. BIOAUGMENTATION IN WATER - A
CASE STUDY Contd…
 Before using these microbes there was a total petroleum
hydrocarbon level of 44,880 PPM.
 After the method was taken upon in just 47 days the total
petroleum hydrocarbon lowered to a level of 10,000
PPM to 6,486 PPM.
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28. BENEFITS OF BIOAUGMENTATION
 Bioaugmentation Enhances the Microbial Community
 Bioaugmentation is Cost Effective
 Bioaugmentation Improves Plant Efficiency
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29. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
BIOAUGMENTATION
 There are abiotic and biotic stresses causing the death of
introduced organisms.
 In addition the added microorganisms almost
always face competition from indigenous organisms for
limited nutrients
 It can be difficult to deliver the inoculant to the desired
location
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30. CONSLUSIONS
 Bioaugmentation is the process of adding actively
growing, specialized microbial strains into a microbial
community.
 This is done to enhance the ability of the microbial
community to degrade certain compounds, resulting in
improved treatment.
 Cell bioaugmentation remains the most commonly used
technique because of its simplicity in use.
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31. CONSLUSIONS Contd…
 Alternative methods such as the use of immobilized
microorganisms or activated soil may increase the success
rate of this approach.
 Additionally, several other bioaugmentaion approaches
including gene bioaumentation, rhizosphere
bioaugmentation and phytoaugmentation are currently in
the developmental stages.
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32. REFERENCES
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1. Mrozika, A and Segetb, Z.P. (2010) “Bioaugmentation as
a strategy for cleaning up of soils contaminated with
aromatic compounds”, Microbiological Research 165,
363-375
2. Agarry, S and Latinwo,G.K. (2015) “Biodegradation Of
Diesel Oil In Soil And Its Enhancement By Application
Of Bioventing And Amendment With Brewery Waste
Effluents As Biostimulation-Bioaugmentation Agents”,
Journal of Ecological Engineering,2(16),82-91
3. Koul, S and Gauba, p. (2014) “Bioaugmentation-a
strategy for cleaning up soil”, Journal of Civil
Engineering and Environmental Technology, 5(1), 72-74

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REFERENCES Contd…
4. Nzila, A., Razzak, S.A., and Zhu,j. (2016)
“Bioaugmentation: An emergency strategy for industrial
waste water treatment for reuse and discharge”,
environmental research and public health, 846(13), 1-20
5.Head, M.A., and Oleszkiewicz, J.A., (2005)
“Bioaugmentation with Nitrifying Bacteria Acclimated to
Different Temperatures”, Journal of Environmental
Engineering (ASCE), 7(131), 1046-1051
6.http://civilenggseminar.blogspot.in/2014/11/bioaugume
ntation-as-remediation.hmtl

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