L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that's produced by fermentation. The fermentation process uses selected strains of microorganisms that grow in a solution of glucose or molasses, ammonium compounds, inorganic salts, and other substances.
Industrial lysine fermentation is usually performed using large-scale tank fermenters. In production plants, lysine accumulates to a final titer of 170 g/L after 45 hours.
Lysine and other amino acids are commonly produced by fermentation using strains of heterotrophic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. C. glutamicum has been engineered to produce lysine with a yield of 0.31 g lysine/g sugar.
Lysine is involved in the production of hormones and energy. It's also important for calcium and immune function.
This presentation is about production of Dextran from sucrose by using Leuconostoc Mesenteroides bacteria. First of all, the properties of dextran are discussed and then the production is explained through flowchart. The applications of dextran is also discussed in this presentation.
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
This presentation is about production of Dextran from sucrose by using Leuconostoc Mesenteroides bacteria. First of all, the properties of dextran are discussed and then the production is explained through flowchart. The applications of dextran is also discussed in this presentation.
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Role of bacteria in Industry and MedicineRitaSomPaul
It describes positive and negative roles of bacteria in Industry and Medicine. It is a part of Microbiology syllabus in Botany (Hons) as per CBCS system
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Role of bacteria in Industry and MedicineRitaSomPaul
It describes positive and negative roles of bacteria in Industry and Medicine. It is a part of Microbiology syllabus in Botany (Hons) as per CBCS system
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Industrial Production of L-Lysine by FermentationKuldeep Sharma
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is required for the nutrition of animals and humans. Lysine is useful as medicament, chemical agent, food material (food industry) and feed additives (animal food). It's demand has been steadily increasing in recent years. Several thousand tones of L-lysine are annually produced worldwide, almost by microbial fermentation.
±For Education Purpose Only
Protein metabolism is more appropriately learnt as metabolism of Amino acid. The proteins on degradation(proteolysis) release individual amino acids. The amount of free amino acids distributed throught the body is called Amino acid pool. The amino acids undergo certain common reactions like transamination followed by deamination for the liberation of ammonia. The amino group of amino acids utilized for the formation of urea, which is the end product of protein metabolism
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. Specifically, a protein is made up of one or more linear chains of amino acids, each of which is called a polypeptide. There are 20 types of amino acids commonly found in proteins.
Amino acids share a basic structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
Although the generalized amino acid shown above is shown with its amino and carboxyl groups neutral for simplicity, this is not actually the state in which an amino acid would typically be found. At physiological pH, the amino group is typically protonated and bears a positive charge, while the carboxyl group is typically deprotonated and bears a negative charge.
Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom, known as the R group, which determines the identity of the amino acid. For instance, if the R group is a hydrogen atom, then the amino acid is glycine, while if it’s a methyl group, the amino acid is alanine. The twenty common amino acids are shown in the chart below, with their R groups highlighted in blue.
I'm delighted to share the PDFs of lab courses in Microbial Physiology and Microbial Genetics. These comprehensive resources cover essential topics in understanding the intricate workings of microbes at a physiological and genetic level. these PDFs provide a detailed roadmap for our laboratory explorations.
Microbial physiology is the study of the structure, growth factors, metabolic activities, nutritional requirements, and genetic composition of microorganismsThe microbial cells are extremely complex and in addition to oxygen and hydrogen they contain four other major elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. here are the notes on microbial physiology..Photosynthetic pigments are the molecules responsible for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, transferring the energy of the absorbed photons to the reaction center, and for photochemical conversion in the photosynthetic systems of organisms capable of photosynthesis.
Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur.[note 1][1][2] The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ('heads' and 'tails') are both equally probable; the probability of 'heads' equals the probability of 'tails'; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either 'heads' or 'tails' is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).
These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory, which is used widely in areas of study such as statistics, mathematics, science, finance, gambling, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer science, game theory, and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems.
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules. They are small, circular and have the ability to replicate autonomously. Replication of plasmid is not under the control of chromosomal DNA. They are mostly found in bacteria. Some of the eukaryotes like yeast and plants also contain plasmids.
Download Complete Chapter Notes of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Their ability to replicate independently makes plasmid a cloning vector in the recombinant DNA technology for transferring and manipulating genes.
Many antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria are present in plasmids.
The size of plasmid varies from a few base pairs to thousands of bp.
Plasmids also get transferred from one bacterial cell to another by the process of conjugation.
Plasmids carrying a specific gene are introduced into bacterial cells, which multiply rapidly and the required DNA fragment is produced in larger quantities.
Plasmids are used to prepare recombinant DNA with the desired gene to transfer genes from one organism to another. This is known as genetic engineering.
Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid.
mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. As many mutations can cause cancer in animals, such mutagens can therefore be carcinogens, although not all necessarily are. All mutagens have characteristic mutational signatures with some chemicals becoming mutagenic through cellular processes.
The process of DNA becoming modified is called mutagenesis. Not all mutations are caused by mutagens: so-called "spontaneous mutations" occur due to spontaneous hydrolysis, errors in DNA replication, repair and recombination.
Discovery
The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, substances that were shown to be linked to cancer. Tumors were described more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA; in 500 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates named tumors resembling a crab karkinos (from which the word "cancer" is derived via Latin), meaning crab.[1] In 1567, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested that an unidentified substance in mined ore (identified as radon gas in modern times) caused a wasting disease in miners,[2] and in England, in 1761, John Hill made the first direct link of cancer to chemical substances by noting that excessive use of snuff may cause nasal cancer.[3] In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott wrote a paper on the high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, and suggested chimney soot as the cause of scrotal cancer.[4] In 1915, Yamagawa and Ichikawa showed that repeated application of coal tar to rabbit's ears produced malignant cancer.[5] Subsequently, in the 1930s the carcinogen component in coal tar was identified as a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are also present in soot, which was suggested to be a causative agent of cancer over 150 years earlier.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination".[1] A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants). More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected by these organisms, which thus play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.
Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are recognized. The first kind, the free-living (nonsymbiotic) bacteria, includes the cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium. The second kind comprises the mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria; examples include Rhizobium, associated with leguminous plants (e.g., various members of the pea family); Frankia, associated with certain dicotyledonous species (actinorhizal plants); and certain Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses.
The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host plants, where they multiply and stimulate formation of root nodules, enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in intimate association. Within the nodules the bacteria convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant utilizes for its development. To ensure sufficient nodule formation and optimum growth of legumes (e.g., alfalfa, beans, clovers, peas, soybeans), seeds are usually inoculated with commercial cultures of appropriate Rhizobium species, especially in soils poor or lacking in the required bacterium.
Ecosystems can be as large as a desert or as small as a puddle.
They contain biotic
or living parts, as well as abiotic factors
, or nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms.
Nonliving materials include water, rocks, soil, and sand.
Ecosystems are a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Each organism has a "job" to do in the ecosystem. For example, plants have chloroplasts that enable them to harvest light energy. Then, they take carbon dioxide and water from their environment to convert them into sugar.
Many ecosystems become degraded through human impacts, such as soil loss, air and water pollution, habitat fragmentation
, water diversion, fire suppression, and introduced species
and invasive species
.
An ecosystem includes all the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). In an ecosystem, each organism has its own niche or role to play.
Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins serve as structural support inside the cell and they perform many vital chemical reactions. Each protein is a molecule made up of different combinations of 20 types of smaller, simpler amino acids.The pathways of amino acid synthesis comprise a significant fraction of a bacterium's metabolic activity during its growth in a minimal medium. Two amino acids, glutamine and glutamate, are the immediate products of ammonia assimilation and essential nitrogen donors for the synthesis of other intermediates.
Nutrition is substances used in biosynthesis and energy production and therefore are required for all living things.
Bacteria, like all living cells, require energy and nutrients to build proteins and structural membranes and drive biochemical processes.
Bacteria require sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and a large number of other molecules.
Carbon, nitrogen, and water are used in the highest quantities.
The nutritional requirements for bacteria can be grouped according to the carbon source and the energy source.
Some types of bacteria must consume pre-formed organic molecules to obtain energy, while other bacteria can generate their own energy from inorganic sources.
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species.The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós) 'sac, wineskin'), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.
Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (it contains all descendants of one common ancestor). Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa, and by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences.
A fungus or funguses is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which, by one traditional classification, includes Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that share a common ancestor (i.e. they form a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης mykes, mushroom). In the past mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known that fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.
Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases, and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals, including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional spiritual ceremonies. Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage can have a large impact on
Basidiomycetes
Also known as club fungi.
The reproductive structure is basidium.
Spores that are produced are called basidiospores.
The vegetative structure is made up of primary or secondary mycelium.
Vegetative reproduction is done by fragmentation.
Sexual reproduction is done by the two vegetative or somatic cells creating a basidium.
Basidiospores are produced in the basidium by the development of fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Examples – Agaricus (found in mushrooms), Puccinia.
Basidiomycetes include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and Cryptococcus, the human pathogenic yeast.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol.[4] Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered as the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat.[5] Vertebrates (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce energy for organs such as the heart to function. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis, which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system.Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals.[8] The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall.[6] In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body.[9]
Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, lipid transportation, lipid storage, lipid catabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism is accomplished by a process known as beta oxidation which takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisome cell organelles.
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.[1][2][3][4][5][6] These enzymes catalyze the chemical reaction
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn ⇌ pyrophosphate + DNAn+1.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime (3')-end of a DNA strand, one nucleotide at a time. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication in the above reaction.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.[1] The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
The principle of NMR usually involves three sequential steps:
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field B0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by a weak oscillating magnetic field, usually referred to as a radio-frequency (RF) pulse.
Detection and analysis of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the nuclei of the sample as a result of this perturbation.
Similarly, biochemists use NMR to identify proteins and other complex molecules. Besides identification, NMR spectroscopy provides detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The most common types of NMR are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, but it is applicable to any kind of sample that contains nuclei possessing spin.
NMR spectra are unique, well-resolved, analytically tractable and often highly predictable for small molecules. Different functional groups are obviously distinguishable, and identical functional groups with differing neighboring substituents still give distinguishable signals. NMR has largely replaced traditional wet chemistry tests such as color reagents or typical chromatography for identification. A disadvantage is that a relatively large amount, 2–50 mg, of a purified substance is required, although it may be recovered through a workup. Preferably, the sample should be dissolved in a solvent, because NMR analysis of solids requires a dedicated magic angle spinning machine and may not give equally well-resolved spectra. The timescale of NMR is relatively long, and thus it is not suitable for observing fast phenomena, producing only an averaged spectrum. Although large amounts of impurities do show on an NMR spectrum, better methods exist for detecting impurities.
Lyophilization or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. The process consists of three separate, unique, and interdependent processes; freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption).
The advantages of lyophilization include:
Ease of processing a liquid, which simplifies aseptic handling
Enhanced stability of a dry powder
Removal of water without excessive heating of the product
Enhanced product stability in a dry state
Rapid and easy dissolution of reconstituted product
Disadvantages of lyophilization include:
Increased handling and processing time
Need for sterile diluent upon reconstitution
Cost and complexity of equipment
The lyophilization process generally includes the following steps:
Dissolving the drug and excipients in a suitable solvent, generally water for injection (WFI).
Sterilizing the bulk solution by passing it through a 0.22 micron bacteria-retentive filter.
Filling into individual sterile containers and partially stoppering the containers under aseptic conditions.
Transporting the partially stoppered containers to the lyophilizer and loading into the chamber under aseptic conditions.
Freezing the solution by placing the partially stoppered containers on cooled shelves in a freeze-drying chamber or pre-freezing in another chamber.
Applying a vacuum to the chamber and heating the shelves in order to evaporate the water from the frozen state.
Complete stoppering of the vials usually by hydraulic or screw rod stoppering mechanisms installed in the lyophilizers.
There are many new parenteral products, including anti-infectives, biotechnology derived products, and in-vitro diagnostics which are manufactured as lyophilized products. Additionally, inspections have disclosed potency, sterility and stability problems associated with the manufacture and control of lyophilized products. In order to provide guidance and information to investigators, some industry procedures and deficiencies associated with lyophilized products are identified in this Inspection Guide.
It is recognized that there is complex technology associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized pharmaceutical dosage form. Some of the important aspects of these operations include: the formulation of solutions; filling of vials and validation of the filling operation; sterilization and engineering aspects of the lyophilizer; scale-up and validation of the lyophilization cycle; and testing of the end product. This discussion will address some of the problems associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized dosage form.
Electrophoresis is a scientific laboratory technique that is used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is passed through the molecules to move them so that they can be separated via a gel. The pores present in the gel work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to pass through more quickly and easily than the larger molecules. According to the way conditions are adjusted during electrophoresis, the molecules can be separated in the desired size range.
What is electrophoresis and what are its uses?
Electrophoresis is a very broadly used technique that, fundamentally, applies electric current to biological molecules – they’re usually DNA, but they can be protein or RNA, too – and separates these fragments into pieces that are larger or smaller in size.
The phenomenon of electrophoresis was first observed by Russian professors Peter Ivanovich Strakhov and Ferdinand Frederic Reuss in 1807 at Moscow University. A constant application of electric field caused the particles of clay dispersed in water to migrate, showing an electrokinetic phenomenon.
Electrophoresis can be defined as an electrokinetic process that separates charged particles in a fluid using an electrical field of charge. Electrophoresis of cations or positively charged ions is sometimes referred to as cataphoresis (or cataphoretic electrophoresis). In contrast, sometimes, the electrophoresis of anions or negatively charged ions is referred to as anaphoresis (or anaphoric electrophoresis).
It’s used in a variety of applications. Though it is most often used in life sciences to separate protein molecules or DNA, it can be achieved through several different techniques and methods depending upon the type and size of the molecules.
The methods differ in some ways, but all we need is a source for the electrical charge, a support medium and a buffer solution. Electrophoresis is also used in laboratories for the separation of molecules based on their size, density and purity.
The method used to separate macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein molecules is known as gel electrophoresis.
It is used in forensics for –
Nucleic acid molecule sizing
DNA fragmentation for southern blotting
RNA fragmentation for northern blotting
Protein fragmentation for western blotting
Separation of PCR products analysis
Detection and analysis of variations or mutations in the sequence
Its clinical applications involve –
Serum protein electrophoresis
Lipoprotein analysis
Diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies and hemoglobin A1c.
The fundamental principle of electrophoresis is the existence of charge separation between the surface of a particle and the fluid immediately surrounding it. An applied electric field acts on the resulting charge density, causing the particle to migrate and the fluid around the particle to flow.
It is the process of separation or purification of protein molecules, DNA, or RNA that differ in charge, size.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. WHAT IS AMINO ACID?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
They are the group of organic compounds
containing two functional groups- amino and
carboxyl.
The amino group (-NH2) is basic while the
carboxyl group (-COOH) is acidic in nature.
And a side-chain (R group) specific to each
amino acid is also present.
3. CLASSIFICATION:
All the 20 amino acids are not needed to be
taken in the diet.
Based on the nutritional requirements amino
acids can be classified into two classes: -
1. Essential
2. Non-essential
4. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
The amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the
body and need to be supplied through the diet are
called essential amino acids.
The 10 amino acids listed are essential for humans:
Arginine, Valine, Histidine, lsoleucine, Leucine, Lysine,
Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan.
5. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
They are synthesized by the body, and do not need not
be supplied in the diet.
These are- glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartate,
asparagnie, glutamate, glutamine, tyrosine and proline.
Some microorganisms are capable of producing certain
amino acids such as lysine, glutamic acid and
tryptophan.
6. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale
includes:
1. L-lysine
2. L-glutamic acid
3. DL- methionine
L-lysine is the amino acid that covers more than 90% of
total world amino acid production.
Synthesis of lysine - 80% by Fermentation , 20% by
chemical synthesis.
7. Biosynthesis of L-lysine in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Aspartic
Acid
Aspartate
semi aldehyde
Homoserine L-Threonine
L-Lysine
L-Methionine
Feedback
inhibition
8. L-LYSINE
Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, meaning it is
necessary for human health, but the body cannot make it.
Lysine can be obtain from food or supplements.
Amino acids like lysine are the building blocks of protein. Lysine is
important for proper growth, and it plays an essential role in the
production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty
acids into energy and helping lower cholesterol.
Lysine appears to help the body absorb calcium, and it plays an
important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important
for bones and connective tissues including skin, tendons, and
cartilage.
9. LYSINE PRODUCTION
1.Mode of Operation
Batch Process Fed-Batch Process
1.Fermentation
Process
Submerged Fermentation Aerobic Fermentation
1.Fermenter Type
Stirred Tank Reactors Air Lift Bioreactors
13. LYSINE PRODUCTION PROCEDURE
The process can be divided into three main parts:
Fermentation;
Product Recovery;
Product Concentration, Drying and Packaging.
14. FERMENTATION
The culture media used in the batch and fed-batch phases
of fermentation are prepared by mixing process water,
glucose and nutrients.
The fermentation step is performed in fed-batch mode
and under aerobic conditions.
In the batch phase, the microorganism seed is fed into the
fermenters, which have been filled previously with the
fermentation batch medium. After glucose exhaustion, the
batch phase is finished and the fed-batch phase is
started.
During the fed-batch phase, glucose and nutrients are
continuously supplied until the desired L-lysine
concentration is achieved.
At the end of the fermentation, the broth is sent to a
buffer tank to provide a continuous flow to the
downstream process steps.
15. PRODUCT RECOVERY
The fermentation broth is sent to an ultrafiltration
system for the removal of cell debris and other
suspended solids.
Subsequently, the liquor from ultrafiltration is fed to
ion-exchange columns, where L- lysine is selectively
adsorbed.
The adsorbed L-lysine is eluted from the ion-
exchange resins by washing with an aqueous
ammonia solution.
16. PRODUCT CONCENTRATION, DRYING AND PACKAGING
The L-lysine eluted from the ion-exchange columns is
mixed with mother liquor from the product-filtration
step and concentrated by evaporation.
The concentrated lysine solution is acidified with
hydrochloric acid, and free L-lysine is converted to L-
lysine HCl.
The L-lysine HCl solution is then sent to the
crystallizer, and lysine salt is filtered. The mother
liquor is recycled to the evaporator and the wet cake
is conveyed to dryers.
Final dry L-lysine-HCl (98.5 wt.%) is obtained and sent
to a packaging line before being stored in bags.
17. LYSINE PRODUCTION PLANT
Lysine production
plant of the BASF AG
located in Gunsan,
South Korea with an
annual capacity of
about 100000 tons.
Copyright BASF AG-
The chemical
company (2003).
18. APPLICATIONS AND USES OF L-LYSINE
Used as nutrition supplements in food, beverage,
pharmaceutical, agriculture/animal feed, and various
other industries.
Used as flavor enhancer in food production.
In Pharmaceutical L-Lysine is widely used as Nervous
system drugs and Nutritional therapy in
Pharmaceutical.
L-Lysine is widely used in poultry feed to improve
growth and egg production and in fish feed to
improve growth.
