Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.

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What is behaviour ?
➢ What is animal does, how it acts.
➢ A behavior is an action /series of actions performed by an animal in response to a
stimulus .
➢ A stimulus might be something in the environment such as sound, a smell, a
colour or another individual.
➢ The stimulus can be related to internal state of the animal, such as being hungry o
r cold.

2. Ethology:
➢ The study of animal behavior with special aspect to the natural environment a
nd physiological, evolutionary aspects.
➢ “St. Hillarie” choose the term Ethnology in late 18th century refer to study of
animal as living beings in their natural environment.
➢ Language: Human using communicate with each other by using structural lang
uage.
➢ Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms a
nd the physical environment.

3. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism i
n response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues.
Some behaviors are innate, or genetically hardwired, while others are
learned, or developed through experience. In many cases, behaviors
have both an innate component and a learned component.
Behavior is shaped by natural selection. Many behaviors directly
increase an organism's fitness, that is, they help it survive and reproduce
.

4. For example, your dog might
start drooling—a change in
activity—in response to the
sight of food—a stimulus.

5. Four questions to understand a behavior
Nikolaas (Niko) Tinbergen was a Dutch ornithologist, or
bird biologist, who studied behavior
Causation—What causes the behavior? What triggers the
behavior, and what body parts, functions, and molecules
are involved in carrying it out?
Development—How does the behavior develop? Is the
behavior present early in life? Does it change over the
course of the organism's lifetime? What experiences are
necessary for its development?
Function/adaptive value—How does the behavior
affect fitness? How does the behavior affect an org
anism's chances of survival and reproduction?

6. Innate vs. learned behaviors
•Innate behaviors are genetically har
dwired and are inherited by an
organism from its parents.
•Learned behaviors are not inherited
. They develop during an organism's
lifetime as the result of experience
and environmental influence.

7. Mostly innate behaviors
For example, an adult salamander will swim perfectly if it's placed in water, even if it never
saw water when it was young and has never watched another salamander swim In this ca
se, the behavior of swimming can only be explained as something genetically preprogra
mmed in the salamander.
Partly innate, partly learned behaviors
Another, more familiar example is language acquisition in humans. Babies are
preprogrammed for language learning, but which language they learn depends
on what they're exposed to during their plastic, or formative, period
Mostly learned behaviors
For instance, if a rat receives a food reward each time it pushes a lever, it will quickly lear
n to push the lever in order to get the food. Similarly, if a cow gets an electric shock each
time it brushes up against an electric fence, like the one below, it will rapidly learn to avoi
d the fence.^66start superscript, 6, end superscript Pushing a lever to get a reward and av
oiding electric fences are not hardwired in rats and cows but are, instead, learned behavi
ors the animals develop through experience.

8. Innate behaviours
•Innate behavior is behavior that's genetically hardwired in an organism and can
be performed in response to a cue without prior experience.
•Reflex actions, such as the knee-jerk reflex tested by doctors and the sucking
reflex of human infants, are very simple innate behaviors.
•Some organisms perform innate kinesis, undirected change in movement, and
taxis, directed change in movement, behaviors in response to stimuli.
•Fixed action patterns consist of a series of actions triggered by a key stimulus.
The pattern will go to completion even if the stimulus is removed.

9. The tapping behavior is innate, or genetically preprogrammed. Herring gull chicks will peck at the
red dots of their parents' beaks without any prior training. In fact, a baby herring gull can be trick
ed by a yellow stick adorned with a red dot—it will peck at the stick just as eagerly as it would at
a parent’s Beak This is just one example of an innate behavior, or behavior that's genetically
hardwired in an organism.

10. Reflexes
One example of a human reflex action is the knee
-jerk reflex. To test this reflex, a doctor taps the
tendon below your kneecap with a rubber
hammer. The tap activates nearby neurons, causin
g your lower leg to kick involuntarily.
Some reflexes are present in human babies but are
lost or placed under conscious control as the baby
grows older. For instance, a newborn
baby will suck at anything that touches the roof of
its mouth.

12. Kinesis and taxis
Some organisms have innate behaviors in whi
ch they change their movement in response
to a stimulus, such as high temperature or a
tasty food source.
In kinesis, an organism changes its movement
in a non-directional way—e.g., speeding up or
slowing down—in response to a cue. For
example, woodlice move faster in response to
temperatures that are higher or lower than
their preferred range. The movement is
random, but the higher speed increases the
chances that the woodlouse will make its way
out of the bad environment.

13. Taxis is a form of movement behavior that
involves movement towards or away from a
stimulus. This movement can be in response
to light, known as phototaxis; chemical sign
als, known as chemotaxis; or gravity, known
as geotaxis—among other stimuli. It can
also be directed towards, positive, or away
from, negative, the source of the stimulus.
For example, woodlice show negative photo
taxis, meaning that they'll move away from
a light source. This behavior may be helpful
because woodlice require a moist
environment, and a sunny, light, spot is
more likely to be warm and dry.

14. A fixed action pattern is a
predictable series of actions
triggered by a cue, sometimes
called the key stimulus. Though
a fixed action pattern is more
complex than a reflex, it's still
automatic and involuntary. Once
triggered, it will go on to completion,
even if the key stimulus is removed in the meantime.
Fixed action patterns

15. Egg retrieval
A well-studied example of a fixed action pattern occurs in ground-
nesting water birds, like greylag geese. If a female greylag goose's egg
rolls out of her nest, she will instinctively use her bill to push the egg
back into the nest in a series of very stereotyped, predictable,
movements. The sight of an egg outside the nest is the stimulus that
triggers the retrieval behavior.

16. Male sticklebacks
Another classic example of a fixed action
pattern comes from the three-spined
stickleback, a small freshwater fish. During
the breeding season, male sticklebacks
develop a red belly and display innate
aggressive behavior towards other males.
When a male stickleback spots another near
by male, he will launch into a fixed action
pattern involving aggressive displays
designed to scare off the stranger. The
specific stimulus that triggers this fixed
action pattern is the red belly coloration
pattern characteristic of males during
breeding season.

17. As an example, let's consider
digging behavior in the deer
mouse and the beach mouse
. These species are closely
related and can interbreed,
but they live in different
natural environments and
have different burrow-
digging behaviors
•The deer mouse digs a small
short burrow.
•The beach mouse digs a
long burrow with an escape
tunnel or "back door" to get
away from predators.