The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and motility. It begins with defining the GI tract and its parts. It then discusses GI motility, describing peristalsis and segmentation contractions that move food through the digestive system. It details the layers of the stomach and small intestine walls and their roles in digestion. It concludes with an overview of motility in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Movements in the GIT( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
movements in GIT
1. Propulsive Movements -------- Peristalsis
2. Mixing Movements
Moves food forward along GIT at an appropriate rate for digestion and absorption
A contractile ring appears around the gut and then moves forward
Stimulation at any point in the gut can cause a contractile ring to appear in the circular muscle, and this ring then spreads along the gut tube
Directional movement toward Anus
Can occur in either direction but normally occurs towards anus
Requires active myenteric plexus
Stimulus for intestinal peristalsis
Distention of the gut
Irritation
Parasympathetic nervous signals
Peristalsis is absent:
Congenital absence of myenteric plexus
Atropine (paralyzes cholinergic nerve endings)
Peristalsis also occurs in
Bile ducts
Glandular ducts
Ureters
Many other smooth muscle tubes of the body
Law of the Gut or Peristaltic Reflex or Myenteric reflex:
Peristaltic reflex plus anal direction of movement of peristalsis is called "law of the gut”
Contractile ring normally begins on orad side of distended segment
The gut sometimes relaxes several centimeters downstream toward the anus, called "receptive relaxation," thus allowing food to be propelled easily anally
Movements in the GIT( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
movements in GIT
1. Propulsive Movements -------- Peristalsis
2. Mixing Movements
Moves food forward along GIT at an appropriate rate for digestion and absorption
A contractile ring appears around the gut and then moves forward
Stimulation at any point in the gut can cause a contractile ring to appear in the circular muscle, and this ring then spreads along the gut tube
Directional movement toward Anus
Can occur in either direction but normally occurs towards anus
Requires active myenteric plexus
Stimulus for intestinal peristalsis
Distention of the gut
Irritation
Parasympathetic nervous signals
Peristalsis is absent:
Congenital absence of myenteric plexus
Atropine (paralyzes cholinergic nerve endings)
Peristalsis also occurs in
Bile ducts
Glandular ducts
Ureters
Many other smooth muscle tubes of the body
Law of the Gut or Peristaltic Reflex or Myenteric reflex:
Peristaltic reflex plus anal direction of movement of peristalsis is called "law of the gut”
Contractile ring normally begins on orad side of distended segment
The gut sometimes relaxes several centimeters downstream toward the anus, called "receptive relaxation," thus allowing food to be propelled easily anally
this presentation comprises of everything about the process of defecation and the defecation reflex and the nerve supply involved.
also discusses about the types of defecation reflexes and deals about them seperately in detail.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM anatomy and physiology of Bsc nursing pdf/pptx NS crown
This is PDF anatomy and physiology the book of Bsc nursing.
This is provide better sentence formation to understand the Anatomy and physiology. It's easy to read during your exams day. In this , the language used its very good and understandable.
this presentation comprises of everything about the process of defecation and the defecation reflex and the nerve supply involved.
also discusses about the types of defecation reflexes and deals about them seperately in detail.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM anatomy and physiology of Bsc nursing pdf/pptx NS crown
This is PDF anatomy and physiology the book of Bsc nursing.
This is provide better sentence formation to understand the Anatomy and physiology. It's easy to read during your exams day. In this , the language used its very good and understandable.
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
It is defined as “the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to systemic circulation.”
Absorption can also be defined as “the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to the site of measurement i.e.plasma
Thus both the rate & the extent of drug absorption are important.
The oral route of drug administration is the most common for systemically acting drugs & therefore more emphasis will be given to gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of drugs .
With this presentation we will learn to develop an understanding of the relationships between the structures and functions of the human digestive system and digestive processes which include the processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
3. What is Gastrointestinal Tract?????
It begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
The digestive tract includes
Esophagus (or food tube)
Stomach
Small intestine/bowel
Colon or large intestine/bowel.
4. What is GI Tract Motility?????
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is defined by the movements of the digestive
system, and the transit of the contents within it.
Gut motility is the term given to the stretching and contractions of the
muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The synchronized contraction of these muscles is called peristalsis.
These movements enable food to progress along the digestive tract while, at
the same time, ensuring the absorption of the important nutrients.
5.
6. After food is swallowed, it is moved down the esophagus by
peristalsis. The muscles in the stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine continue the process.
7. What increases gastric motility?
Gastric motility is controlled by a very complex set of neural and
hormonal signals.
A large battery of hormones have been shown to influence gastric
motility -
for example, both gastrin and cholecystokinin act to relax the proximal
stomach and enhance contractions in the distal stomach.
8. What is Peristalsis????
Peristalsis is a distinctive pattern of smooth muscle contractions that propels
foodstuffs distally through the esophagus and intestines.
It was first described by Bayliss and Starling in 1899 as a type of motility in
which there is contraction above and relaxation below a segment being
stimulated.
9. Segmentation contractions (or movements)
It is a type of intestinal motility.
Unlike peristalsis, which predominates in the esophagus, segmentation
contractions occur in the large intestine and small intestine, while
predominating in the latter.
10. While peristalsis involves one-way motion in the caudal direction, segmentation
contractions move chyme in both directions, which allows greater mixing with
the secretions of the intestines.
Segmentation involves contractions of the circular muscles in the digestive
tract, while peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal
muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
Unlike peristalsis, segmentation actually can slow progression of chyme
through the system.
11.
12. Four layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer
is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed
by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer -
the adventitia.
The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of
the digestive system, depending on their function.
13. Mucosa
A lining epithelium, including glandular tissue, an underlying layer
of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, which
provides vascular support for the epithelium, and often contains
mucosal glands.
Products of digestion pass into these capillaries. Lymphoid follicles,
and plasma cells are also often found here.
Finally, a thin double layer of smooth muscle is often present - the
muscularis mucosa for local movement of the mucosa.
14.
15. Outermost layer of loose
connective tissue - covered by the
visceral peritoneum.
Contains blood vessels,
lymphatics and nerves.
Adventia layer (or serosa)
16. The esophagus propels food from the mouth to the stomach.
Solid food is gradually broken down by powerful muscle contractions
in the lower end of the stomach.
This muscular activity produces small food particles suitable to enter
the small bowel, where processes of nutrient absorption begin.
Esophagus
17. The esophagus commonly known as
the food pipe is
an organ in vertebrates through
which food passes, aided by peristaltic
contractions, from the pharynx to
the stomach.
The esophagus contains four layers,
the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis,
and tunica adventitia.
18. What foods increase GIT motility?
High fiber foods which includes:
Fruits such as apples, berries, figs, and oranges.
Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and green
beans.
Whole grain cereals.
Nuts and seeds.
Beans and lentils.
19.
20. Movement In Esophagus
After food is chewed into a bolus, it is swallowed and moved through the esophagus.
Smooth muscles contract behind the bolus to prevent it from being squeezed back
into the mouth.
Then rhythmic, unidirectional waves of contractions work to rapidly force the food
into the stomach.
The migrating motor complex (MMC) helps trigger peristaltic waves.
This process works in one direction only and its sole esophageal function is to move
food from the mouth into the stomach (the MMC also functions to clear out
remaining food in the stomach to the small bowel, and remaining particles in the
small bowel into the colon).
21. In the esophagus, two types of peristalsis occur:
First, there is a primary peristaltic wave, which occurs when the bolus
enters the esophagus during swallowing.
The primary peristaltic wave forces the bolus down the esophagus and
into the stomach in a wave lasting about 8–9 seconds.
The wave travels down to the stomach even if the bolus of food descends
at a greater rate than the wave itself, and continues even if for some
reason the bolus gets stuck further up the esophagus.
22. In the event that the bolus gets stuck or moves slower than the primary peristaltic
wave, stretch receptors in the esophageal lining are stimulated and a local reflex
response causes a secondary peristaltic wave around the bolus, forcing it further
down the esophagus, and these secondary waves continue indefinitely until the bolus
enters the stomach.
The process of peristalsis is controlled by the medulla oblongata.
During vomiting, the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes
from contraction of the abdominal muscles; peristalsis does not reverse in the
esophagus.
23. Layers of Stomach Wall
Layers of the stomach wall, among others, include serosa, muscularis,
submucosa, mucosa.
The three layers of smooth muscle consist of the outer longitudinal, the
middle circular, and the inner oblique muscles.
Construction of these muscles helps mix and break the contents into a
suspension of nutrients called chyme and propels it into the duodenum.
24. Small intestine
Once food is processed and digested by the stomach, the milky chyme is
squeezed through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine.
Once past the stomach, a typical peristaltic wave only lasts for a few seconds,
travelling at only a few centimeters per second.
Its primary purpose is to mix the chyme in the intestine rather than to move it
forward in the intestine.
25. Through this process of mixing, continued digestion and
absorption of nutrients, the chyme gradually works its way through
the small intestine to the large intestine.
In contrast to peristalsis, segmentation contractions result in that
mixing without pushing materials further down the digestive tract.
26. Large intestine
Although the large intestine has peristalsis of the type that the small intestine
uses, it is not the primary propulsion.
Instead, general contractions called mass movements occur one to three times
per day in the large intestine, propelling the chyme toward the rectum.