Domestication occurs through genetic changes that make organisms more beneficial to humans by losing their ability to survive in the wild. Taming is simply animals becoming accustomed to human presence. Zoos aim to minimize welfare risks, recognize and address problems promptly, and advance knowledge of animal welfare. However, keeping large carnivores in small, barren cages can compromise their welfare by restricting natural behaviors. Providing spacious enclosures with enrichment is important for their psychological well-being.

2. • (1) That animals should function well, in
the sense of satisfactory health, growth
and normal functioning of physiological
and behavioral systems
• (2) That animals should feel well by
experiencing normal pleasures, free of
stress

3. • The animal kingdom is very diverse. It includes species with very
large and complex brains and species that have no nervous
systems at all.
• humans have conscious awareness of feelings and thus the
capacity to suffer but it seems very
• the capacity for conscious awareness of feelings is probably
limited to vertebrates.
• However, it has been argued that there is no clear scientific case
for drawing the line at this point (e.g. Sherwin, 2001).
• It is right , as far as possible, to give all animals the benefit of the
doubt and to care for them as if they do have the capacity to
suffer.

4. Why domestic Animals Are
domesticated?
Genetic Difference Found in Wild vs. Tame Animals A study of nasty and nice
lab rats has scientists on the verge of knowing the genes that separate wild
animals like lions and wolves from their tame cousins, cats and dogs. journal
Genetics 2009.

5. Domestication
• Is the process whereby a population
of living organisms is changed at the
genetic level, traits that ultimately
benefit humans. domesticated
organisms, so that they lose their
ability to live in the wild.
• Taming is simply the process by which
animals become accustomed to
human presence.

7. • Many animals in captivity have nothing to do!
They are deprived of their natural activities like, socializing, hunting,
foraging, pecking, digging or climbing; and are not given replacement
activities. This
• lack of activity can result in stress and depression, which appear to be
as emotionally painful for animals as humans
• The tendency of systems to maintain a steady state is referred to as
homeostasis
• ‘‘stressor’’ is anything that challenges homeostasis (e.g., Michelson et al.,
1995; Selye, 1976).
• stress is defined as the experience of having intrinsic or extrinsic demands
that exceed an individual’s resources for responding to those demands

8. Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medulla axis (SA)
• a. Adrenalin/Noradrenalin
• b. Heart rate
• c. Respiration rate
• d. Body temperature
• • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis
(HPA)
• e. Adreno-corticotropic hormone
(ACTH )
• f. Corticosteroids (e.g. Cortisol)
• g. Vasopressin (VASO)
• Body temperature
• j. Immune function
• • Neurotransmitters
• m. Dopamine
• n. Serotonin
• • Fitness/Reproductive ability
• o. Body weight changes
• p. Feed and water intake
• q. Number of offspring
• r. Reproductive hormone levels
• h. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• i. Testosterone
• j. Prolactin
• k. Oxytocin
• s. Immune responses

9. Behavioral indicators of welfare
Assessment
• approach/avoidance behavior
• incidence and intensity of
stereotypies repetitive,
unvarying behaviour patterns
with no obvious goal or
function, typical examples
including repeatedly following
the same path, or head-
swaying.
• overgrooming and other
• selfharmingbehaviours
• Apathy (low levels of activity,
excessive sleeping/resting) can
be caused by chronic stress,
depression and anhedonia
(impaired abilities to feel
pleasure)
• Poor maternal care/infanticide
in humans, it is linked with
stress
• Hyper aggression Aggression is
a normal part of the
behavioral repertoire of social
species. However aggressive
interactions that result in
injury pose a welfareproblem.

10. Domestication

11. Adequate welfare is dependent upon meeting animals’ needs for:
food; water; thermal environment; lighting; space; environmental features
(for foraging, resting, sleeping, exercise, escape from disturbance, etc);
social interactions; and for the maintenance of good health
welfare problems may arise through either a lack of knowledge of these
needs or how they can best be met, or through the absence or application
of the resources with which they may be met.
Lack of knowledge may be absolute, that is, unknown to anyone (e.g. the
required dietary concentration of the species for vitamin
A may be unknown) or, in other cases, it may be that
the knowledge existssomewhere
in the world but is not accessible
, understood, or applied
where it is needed.).
Contraception to Addis Ababa
Zoo lions

12. • In the wild, big cats spend their time
traveling vast distances to hunt, seek
mates, and stake out territory.
• Most species are primarily nocturnal and,
with the exception of lions and male
cheetahs, are solitary by nature.
• Housing incompatible animals together in
cramped quarters has frequently led to
big cats killing their cage mates.

13. • Small, barren cages, often 15-feet by 16-feet or less, with floors of concrete, hard-
packed earth, or mud
• Declawing, which can result in life-long physical ailments
• No stimulation of any kind
• Fed a nutritionally-deficient diet of muscle meat or chicken and turkey by-
products, road kill, and rotten meat donated by local super markets
• Cubs prematurely pulled from their mothers and used for public handling—a
common practice at substandard facilities that causes health problems
• Unwanted African lions, including those used in cub handling operations, may be
slaughtered for the exotic meat market and surplus tigers may fuel the illegal
market for tiger parts and derivatives used in traditional Asian medicine

14. • A large enclosure, preferably measured in acres rather than feet, that
provides space adequate to run, stalk, chase, and play
Tigers and jaguars need pools large enough to submerge in
• Visual barriers that provide privacy from the public and other animals
• Natural substrate, such as soft earth, grass, and mulch
• Large logs to sharpen claws
• Climbing structures, multiple perches, and platforms
• Environmental enrichment offered frequently to alleviate boredom and
encourage exploratory behavior and exercise, such as olfactory stimulation
(perfumes, spices, and other scents), whole carcasses, materials or toys to
investigate and tear apart
• High quality commercially-prepared diet, whole carcasses, or varied
meats that include animal bones

15. • Forced inactivity due to extreme confinement, as well as
standing and walking on a hard surface such as concrete,
can cause foot, joint, muscle, and circulatory problems;
worn, cracked, and ulcerated footpads; poor muscle tone;
and overall poor physical fitness.
• Among the carnivores, naturally wide-ranging species show
the most evidence of stress and/or psychological
dysfunction in captivity.” Captive big cats, unable to meet
their instinctual needs, exhibit neurotic behaviors such as
pacing, tail-chewing, toe-sucking, or excessive grooming.

17. • Captive Bred Wildlife Registration - Zoos and conservation breeding facilities registered with
the F & W
• The Endangered Species Act - This Congressional act gives protection to species designated
as threatened and endangered.
• Commerce Permit - If an exhibitor applies for an Interstate Commerce permit to purchase a
specific SPP
• LICENSING – License is issued for exhibiting of animals for commercial purposes and in the
case of exotic animals, all exhibiting, commercial or not, requires this license
– Enclosures - To keep large cats safely in captivity, enclosures must be constructed of
sufficient size and strength to address the emotional and physical needs have specific
caging requirements
– Vet Care - Keepers must have on hand a means of safely confining the felines while
transporting to a veterinary hospital.
– Contingency Planning - Every keeper of a large cat needs to think about “what if?’
– The Captive Wildlife Safety Act

18. BAN
• No new zoos open
• Immediate closure of any zoos falling
below existing licensing standards
3. A phasing-out of breeding
programmes and legal commitment
imposed on zoos to take
responsibility for animals (and any
accidental offspring) for the entirety
of their natural lives
• Free the animals! It is just very cruel
to keep animals in prison. Why
should they have to suffer just so that
you can be entertained. This should
be stopped right away
CONTINUE
• Of course not! zoos conserve the
species of the endangered
animals and to educate us on
how we can help and on the
animal it's self.
• the Zoo's aim is to make sure the
animal is happy all the time and
give them the medication they
need.

19. In short, zoos should aim to:
• Minimize risks of poor welfare;
• Recognize and deal promptly with welfare problems;
• Play a role in advancing knowledge of zoo animal
welfare.
• Zoos need effective strategies, procedures and
management in order to ensure effective deployment
of their resources in pursuit of these objectives
• There needs to be greater education of the public, the
press, the legislators and the keepers about these cats.