animal behaviour

1. Animal Behavior and its Types
Submitted to: Dr. Chand Raza
Submitted by: Bushra Aman
Roll No: (0808-R-BH-Z-20)
Course Code: Z-4208

2. Table of Content
•Introduction of Behavior
•Types of Behavior
•Innate behavior
•Types of innate behavior
•Learned Behavior
•Types of Learned Behavior

3. PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
•Behavior can be defined as observable activities an animal performs in
response to the various stimuli in order to survive and reproduce.
Types of Behavior
1. Innate or inherent behavior
2. Learned or acquired behavior
 Innate behavior
• Behaviors that are closely controlled by genes with little or no environmental
influence are called innate behaviors. These are behaviors that occur
naturally in all members of a species whenever they are exposed to a
certain stimulus.

4. Types of innate behaviour
1. Taxis
2. Kinesis
3. Instincts
4. Reflexes
5. Motivation
 Taxisis
•It is an orientation of an animal (directed either towards or away) in
response to the source of stimulus.
•For example earthworm moves away from light

5. Kinesis
• The animal responds to the variation in the intensity of the stimulus and not
the source of direction of the stimulus.
Example
woodlice move faster in response to temperatures that are higher or lower than
their preferred range.
Instints
 A way of behaving, thinking, or feeling that is not learned : a natural desire or
tendency that makes you want to act in a particular way.
Example
The reproductive behaviour in three spined stickleback fish, Building of nest by
birdsand paretal care etc.

6. Reflexes
•A simple movement of a part of the animal in response to a stimulus is called
reflex.Reflexes are inherited and unlearned behaviour found in all members of
the species.
• The kneejerk, constrict of pupil of eye in the bright light, blinking of eye,
web spinning in spiders are all examples of reflexes.
Motivation
•Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action
toward a desired goal and elicits,controls, and sustains certain goal directed
behaviors.
•For example An individual has not eaten, he or she feels hungry, and as a
response he or she eats and diminishes feelings of hunger.

7. Learned Behaviour
•Thorpe defined learning as a long lasting adaptive change in behaviour
resulting from past experience; hence it is acquired during the life time
of an individual.
Types of learning
1.Habituation
2.Classical conditioning
3. operant conditioning
4. Latent learning
5 .social learning

8. Habituation
•It can be defined as the gradual decrease in response to repeated exposure to
the same stimulus if found to be harmless.
•Example
•If the web of a spider is disturbed at one end, but finding nothing it returns. If
this stimulus is repeated severe; times it will gradually stop responding as the
stimulus was of no important consequence to the spider and hence it will ignore
the stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
•By 'conditional learning', me mean where someone is conditioned to behave in
a particular way by rewards and punishments a process in which an animal
learns torespond to a stimulus which doesn’t normally elicit that response.

10.  operant learning
 Is a type of associative learning where particular • actions can be reinforced by
providing a reward after successfully completing the task.

11. Latent learning
• Is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response;
it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations
that are learned.
•Example in rats subconsciously creating mental maps and using that
information to be able to find a biological stimulus such as food faster later on
when there is a reward.
Social learning
refers to learning that is facilitated by observation of, or interaction with,
another animal or its products.
Types of Social Learning
Observational learning
•it describes the process of learning by watching others, retaining the
information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.
• Example wolves and other predatory animals that hunt in packs learn
hunting skills through observational learning.

12. .
Goal-directed emulations
• An observer seems to learn from the observation what goal is to be achieved but does
not copy precisely what the demonstrator does
•For example Young Chimpanzees when demonstrated to get artificial fruit from a box,
used goal- directed emulations to retrieve the food unlike human kids.
Imitation
• Observer copies exactly what a demonstator does
• Example Parakeets trained as demonstrator to remove the cover from food dishusing
their feet and pulling with their bills. Observer used the same technique it had just
witnessed to remove the cover from food dishes.

13. THANK YOU