Screening Methods of Anti Anxiety AgentsAnupam dubey
Screening methods of anti anxiety agents
Guided By - Dr. Saumya Das,Associate Professor,NIET(Pharmacy Institute),Greater Noida
Presented By - Anupam Dubey,M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
NIET(Pharmacy Institute)
2020-2021
This file includes the general introduction to Alzheimer's, histopathology and Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's, preclinical screening models used in Alzheimer's. I hope this file may useful to life science students
Screening Methods of Anti Anxiety AgentsAnupam dubey
Screening methods of anti anxiety agents
Guided By - Dr. Saumya Das,Associate Professor,NIET(Pharmacy Institute),Greater Noida
Presented By - Anupam Dubey,M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
NIET(Pharmacy Institute)
2020-2021
This file includes the general introduction to Alzheimer's, histopathology and Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's, preclinical screening models used in Alzheimer's. I hope this file may useful to life science students
Preclinical screening of new substance for pharmacological activityShrutiGautam18
Preclinical study: A study to test a drug, a procedure, or another medical treatment in animals. The aim of a preclinical study is to collect data in support of the safety of the new treatment.
screening models for anxiolytics with detailed procedure and evaluation,
detailed classification about methods, pathophysiology of anxiety, components of anxiety, validity of anxiety,
difference bet pathological and physiological anxiety, different theories of anxiety, criteria of animal model, pharmacological manipulations, conditioned behavior, unconditioned behavior
Pharmacology Experiment based Questions With Answer KeysA M O L D E O R E
MSBTE Pharmacology Practical Exam for Diploma in pharmacy students in Maharashtra.
Experimental pharmacology for D. Pharmacy Students
Pharmacology Experiment based Questions
PCI New Syllabus ER2020
Course Code: 20056
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Preclinical screening of new substance for pharmacological activityShrutiGautam18
Preclinical study: A study to test a drug, a procedure, or another medical treatment in animals. The aim of a preclinical study is to collect data in support of the safety of the new treatment.
screening models for anxiolytics with detailed procedure and evaluation,
detailed classification about methods, pathophysiology of anxiety, components of anxiety, validity of anxiety,
difference bet pathological and physiological anxiety, different theories of anxiety, criteria of animal model, pharmacological manipulations, conditioned behavior, unconditioned behavior
Pharmacology Experiment based Questions With Answer KeysA M O L D E O R E
MSBTE Pharmacology Practical Exam for Diploma in pharmacy students in Maharashtra.
Experimental pharmacology for D. Pharmacy Students
Pharmacology Experiment based Questions
PCI New Syllabus ER2020
Course Code: 20056
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. SCREENING MODELS &
METHODS OF ANXIOLYTICS
BY – ADARSH GAUR
NIET, PHARMACY INSTITUTE
M. PHARM (I-SEMESTER), PHARMACOLOGY
GUIDED BY- DR. SAUMYA DAS
PROFESSOR, H.O.D (PHARMACOLOGY)
2. ANXIETY ?
• Anxiety is a normal emotional response in animals.
• It is the body's way of responding to stressors or potential threats.
• In animals, anxiety can manifest in various ways, such as changes in
behavior, physiological responses, and changes in hormone levels.
• Some common signs of anxiety in animals include:- Restlessness,
agitation, panting, trembling, and hiding.
3. ANXIOLYTICS?
- Anxiolytics are minor tranquilizers and a class of medications that
are used to treat anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
- They work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain that
are involved in regulating mood and emotions.
- Common examples of anxiolytics include benzodiazepines (such as
diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam), buspirone and some
antidepressants such as SSRI’s, i.e. Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors.
4. PARAMETERS ?
When performing in vivo (animal) tests to evaluate the potential efficacy of
new compounds as anxiolytic agents, several parameters should be
observed:
- Behavioral measures - Physiological measures
- Dosage - Timing of treatment
- Ethical considerations - Face validity
- Predictive validity
5. EPM (Elevated Plus Maze) test
- The EPM consists of two open
arms and two closed arms,
arranged in a plus shape and
elevated off the ground.
- The setup of the EPM is as follows:
. The two open arms are typically
illuminated and have no walls or
barriers, allowing the animal to see
the surrounding environment.
. The two closed arms are typically
dark and have walls or barriers,
preventing the animal from seeing the
surrounding environment.
6. PROCEDURE
- The animal is placed in the center of the maze, and its behavior is observed
and recorded. The animal's behavior is typically monitored and recorded for a
specific period of time, typically 5-10 minutes.
- The parameters typically measured are:
1. Time spent in open arms: Animals with high levels of anxiety will spend less
time in the open arms
2. Time spent in closed arms: Animals with high levels of anxiety will spend
more time in the closed arms
3. Number of entries into open arms: Animals with high levels of anxiety will
make fewer entries into open arms.
4. Number of entries into closed arms: Animals with high levels of anxiety will
make more entries into closed arms.
7. PREPARATIONAL MEASURES
- SD Rats (200-250 gm) are housed in pairs for 10 days prior to testing in the
apparatus. (Acclimatization).
- 6 rats are taken for each group.
- 30 mins after administration of the test drug or standard, the rat is placed in
the center of the maze facing one of the open arms.
- Duration of the test is 5 mins where all data is collected.
- Keep in mind for scenarios to avoid variations like test should be performed
in sound proof room and the maze should be cleaned by wet tissue paper
(10% alcohol solution).
- Anxiolytics specifically increase the no. of entries in the open arm entries and
the time spent there.
8. Light Dark Exploration Model
-The light-dark exploration test is a behavioral test used to
measure anxiety-like behavior in animals.The test consists of
a light compartment and a dark compartment, separated by
a small opening.
-The setup of the test is as follows:
.The light compartment is typically brightly lit and has a
white or light-colored floor.
.The dark compartment is typically dark and has a black or
dark-colored floor, while the walls and ceiling are also black.
A small opening (typically around 7cm x 7cm) connects the
light and dark compartments.
. Both chambers/cages made of polypropylene equipped
with photocells, carries an animex activity monitor, that
monitors the locomotor activity count.
9. PROCEDURE
- Crawley and Goodwin (1980)
- Mice and rats have a tendency to explore novel environment.
- A 2 chambered system, where the animal can freely move between bright
and dark areas, they show more crossings between 2 chambers and more
locomotor activity treatment with anxiolytics.
- Animals are treated 30 mins before the experiment with test or vehicle
intraperitoneally (I.P) and are observed for 10 mins.
- Group of 6-8 are used for each dose.
-Evaluation – No. of crossings through the partition between light and dark
chamber are compared with total activity counts during 10 mins.
10. PREPARATIONAL MEASURES
The animal is placed in the light compartment and its behavior is observed
and recorded.
- The animal's behavior is typically monitored and recorded for a specific
period of time, typically 5-10 minutes.
- The parameters typically measured are:
- Time spent in light compartment: Animals with high levels of anxiety will
spend less time in the light compartment
- Time spent in dark compartment: Animals with high levels of anxiety will
spend more time in the dark compartment
- Number of transitions between compartments: Animals with high levels of
anxiety will make fewer transitions between compartments.
11. VogelWater Lick ConflictTest
-TheVogel conflict test, also known as the Vogel et al water lick test, is a
behavioral test used to measure anxiety-like behavior in animals.The test
is based on the principle that animals will work to obtain a reward (such as
water) even in the presence of an aversive stimulus (such as an electric
shock).
-The setup which is also known as anxiometer of the test is as follows:
-The animal is placed in a cage and has access to a water spout.
- An electric shock is delivered to the cage floor at random intervals, and
the animal is required to lick the spout to obtain water.
-Thirsty animals gain water reward through a water spout, but at the
expense of receiving a mild electric shock delivered to the tongue.
12. PROCEDURE
- The parameters typically measured are:
- Number of licks: Animals with high levels of anxiety will make fewer licks
- Latency to lick: Animals with high levels of anxiety will have a longer latency to lick
- Lick rate: Animals with high levels of anxiety will have a lower lick rate
- Number of punished licks: Animals with high levels of anxiety will make fewer
punished licks (licks made during the shock).
- Licking in untreated/controls is suppressed due to the conflict.
- Diazepam and pentobarbital produces a significant anti conflict effect, which
means that, these drugs increases the no. of electric shocks the mice received during
the test session.
13. PREPARATIONAL MEASURES
- Shock intensity:The intensity of the electric shock should be determined based on previous
studies, and the effects of different intensities should be evaluated.
Shock frequency:The frequency of the electric shock should be determined based on previous
studies, and the effects of different frequencies should be evaluated.
Control groups: Control groups should be used to compare the effects of the compound to a
placebo or a standard anxiolytic drug.
Sample size: Adequate sample size should be used to ensure that the results are statistically
significant and representative.
Ethical considerations: Animal welfare should be taken into account and the study should be
approved by an ethical review board before starting.
Lick parameters: Number of licks, latency to lick, lick rate, number of punished licks should be
measured and analyzed.
14. REFERENCES
H. Gerhard Vogel (Ed.) (2002) “Drug Discovery and Evaluation – Pharmacological Assays”. 2nd Edition.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Publishers, NewYork. PP – 430-441
Michel Bourin. MD, PhD. (September 17, 2015). Animal models for screening anxiolytic-like drugs: a
perspective. Retrieved from NLH. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610614/