Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
This document provides an overview of the scientific method and key concepts in biology. It discusses:
- The definitions and differences between applied science, pure science, and different subdisciplines of biology like microbiology, genetics, physiology, and ecology.
- The steps scientists take in conducting research, including making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, making predictions, experimentation, analysis, and drawing conclusions.
- The differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, and how the scientific method uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning to formulate and test hypotheses.
- Key aspects of hypotheses like being testable explanations, having multiple alternatives, and being falsifiable but not provable. The progression from
Animals have long been considered to be inferior to humans in terms of intelligence. However, recent research has shown that many animals possess remarkable cognitive abilities that rival those of humans in many ways. In this article,
Principle of Ethology with special reference to pattern of behaviorDIPJYOTIBORAH3
1. Introduction
a. What is Ethology?
b. Origin & History of Ethology.
2. Principles of Ethology.
3. Some Special Reference of Ethology.
4. Patterns and Behaviour.
5. Conclusion.
6. Reference.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior, including the aims of studying it, its history as a field of study, key concepts and approaches. It discusses major types of behaviors like sexual, maternal, social behaviors and gives examples. It also defines important terms and concepts in animal behavior studies.
Animal Cruelty Essay examples
Animal Communication Essay example
Is It An Animal? Essay
Animal Emotions Essay
What Are The Arguments Against Animal Testing
Essay about Animals Must Be Protected
The Evolution of Animals Essay
Homeless Animals Essay
The Spirit Of Spirit Animal
Animal Experiments Essay
Animal Conservation Essay
Owning a Pet Essay
Types of Animals on Earth Essay
Animal cognition and thinking can be studied through experiments measuring things like learning, memory, and emotional responses. Memory in animals is often tested using mazes where they must remember the location of a hidden reward. Tool use, once thought to be unique to humans, has been observed in species like chimpanzees who fish for termites and octopuses who use tools for shelter. Animal consciousness and self-awareness can be evaluated using the mirror test, where animals must recognize a mark placed on their own body in a mirror. Many species like great apes, elephants, and magpies have demonstrated self-recognition in this test.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
This document provides an overview of the scientific method and key concepts in biology. It discusses:
- The definitions and differences between applied science, pure science, and different subdisciplines of biology like microbiology, genetics, physiology, and ecology.
- The steps scientists take in conducting research, including making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, making predictions, experimentation, analysis, and drawing conclusions.
- The differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, and how the scientific method uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning to formulate and test hypotheses.
- Key aspects of hypotheses like being testable explanations, having multiple alternatives, and being falsifiable but not provable. The progression from
Animals have long been considered to be inferior to humans in terms of intelligence. However, recent research has shown that many animals possess remarkable cognitive abilities that rival those of humans in many ways. In this article,
Principle of Ethology with special reference to pattern of behaviorDIPJYOTIBORAH3
1. Introduction
a. What is Ethology?
b. Origin & History of Ethology.
2. Principles of Ethology.
3. Some Special Reference of Ethology.
4. Patterns and Behaviour.
5. Conclusion.
6. Reference.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior, including the aims of studying it, its history as a field of study, key concepts and approaches. It discusses major types of behaviors like sexual, maternal, social behaviors and gives examples. It also defines important terms and concepts in animal behavior studies.
Animal Cruelty Essay examples
Animal Communication Essay example
Is It An Animal? Essay
Animal Emotions Essay
What Are The Arguments Against Animal Testing
Essay about Animals Must Be Protected
The Evolution of Animals Essay
Homeless Animals Essay
The Spirit Of Spirit Animal
Animal Experiments Essay
Animal Conservation Essay
Owning a Pet Essay
Types of Animals on Earth Essay
Animal cognition and thinking can be studied through experiments measuring things like learning, memory, and emotional responses. Memory in animals is often tested using mazes where they must remember the location of a hidden reward. Tool use, once thought to be unique to humans, has been observed in species like chimpanzees who fish for termites and octopuses who use tools for shelter. Animal consciousness and self-awareness can be evaluated using the mirror test, where animals must recognize a mark placed on their own body in a mirror. Many species like great apes, elephants, and magpies have demonstrated self-recognition in this test.
Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning. There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the major forms (types) of animal learning.
This study experimentally evaluated attachment behaviors in owned cats using Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test. 28 cats of different ages, body types, sexes, and reproductive statuses underwent the test. The cats spent more time exploring when with their owner compared to alone or with a stranger. They exhibited alert behaviors more frequently with a stranger. The cats were less active when alone. The results were consistent with attachment behaviors found in children, suggesting cats can form attachments to their owners. Further research is needed to study separation anxiety in cats.
This document discusses animal behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines animal behavior and outlines three main categories: instinctive behaviors, learned behaviors, and complex behaviors. Instinctive behaviors are innate and genetically determined, such as nest building and mating rituals. Learned behaviors develop through experience and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioned responses developed through classical and operant conditioning. Both genetic and environmental factors influence animal behavior.
Assignment 11. Research at least two articles on the topic of .docxtrippettjettie
Assignment 1
1. Research at least two articles on the topic of managerial issues of a networked organization. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
2. Research at least two articles on the topic of emerging enterprise network applications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
3. Research at least two articles on the topic of mobile computing and its business implications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
DITA WICKINS-DRAŽILOVÁ
ZOO ANIMAL WELFARE
(Accepted in revised form August 25, 2005)
ABSTRACT. The continuing existence of zoos and their good purposes such as
conservation, science, education, and recreation, can be ethically justified only if zoos
guarantee the welfare of their animals. The usual criteria for measuring animal
welfare in zoos are physical health, long life, and reproduction. This paper looks at
these criteria and finds them insufficient. Additional criteria are submitted to expand
the range of welfare considerations: natural and abnormal behavior; freedom and
choice; and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests but dignity has the overriding part because it impacts on both
animal and human interests.
KEY WORDS: animal, dignity, ethics, reintroduction, welfare, zoos
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethical justification for the existence of zoos is questionable. Justifications
have been given for their existence, such as conservation, education, science,
and recreation, but all these purposes have been criticized (e.g., Jamieson,
1985). However, the question raised in this paper is that of animal welfare in
terms of individual animal interests.1
Zoos often claim that having healthy, long-lived animals that reproduce
is sufficient proof of good care. I believe that these three criteria have to be
examined more closely and also that there are other important criteria of
zoo animal welfare: natural and abnormal behavior, freedom and choice,
and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests.2 I will examine whether a zoo that has the best pos-
sible conservation, education, and scientific programs can be justified in the
light of my new criteria.
1 I refuse to use the term ‘‘animal rights.’’ I think this term makes sense only in legal
discussions, while this paper is not about legal rights.
2 These criteria are artificially divided. It is never possible to say that this anim ...
This document discusses types of animals on Earth and classifies them into three major categories: mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Mammals are further divided into two subgroups: Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria lay eggs like non-mammalian vertebrates but feed their newborns with milk secretions. Theria give live birth to young. Reptiles are also discussed, noting there were more reptile orders in ancient times but now there are only four living representatives across three subclasses. The document provides background on classifying and describing different types of animals.
The experiment tested the preferences of sowbugs (woodlice) between dark vs light environments and moist vs dry environments. For dark vs light, more sowbugs moved to the side covered with cardboard (dark) than the side under a lamp (light). For moist vs dry, more sowbugs were found on the side with wet filter paper than the dry side. The experiment supported the hypothesis that sowbugs prefer dark and moist environments, consistent with their natural habitat preferences.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
Homelearning behaviourInstinct and Learning Behavior
Instinct and Learning Behavior
MalaikaNovember 06, 2022
Learning and instinct have been compared throughout history and in folk biology.
While instinct focused on biologically preprogrammed mechanisms that emerge naturally in the absence of special environmental input, learning was meant to emphasise aspects of behavior and cognition that are the result of experience and training.
This distinction relates to those between learned and innate or inherited knowledge.
Instinct and learning behavior in animals
Instinct and learning in their biological setting
When viewed holistically, development's purpose is to help an animal build a repertoire of behaviours that are appropriate for its mode of existence and fit for success.
The stunning alignment of form and function is evident whether we are studying the muscular control of limb movement under negative feedback processes or the nest-building behaviours of birds, whether we are observing young animals or adults.
Animals do occasionally behave awkwardly and make mistakes, especially when placed in unnatural situations, but for the most part, their behaviour is perfectly matched to their way of life.
They find food, shelter, mate, and offspring by responding appropriately to the elements of their environment. How does behaviour develop this almost perfect fit? How is it able to grow so well?
People have been captivated by this query for centuries because we have always been animal observers. Of course, we have less often focused on how their behaviour changes than on their "nature" as beings that critically share the "spark of life" with us.
Even though we may take advantage of or ignore other species' needs in favour of our own, we cannot simply ignore them. This fact has caused some very different attitudes. Animals have occasionally been revered as deities.
How young animals grow up?
Methods of capturing animals
How many zoos does Pakistan have? and where?
The Egyptians kept a sacred bull named Apis and frequently depicted their writing god, Thoth, as a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). On the other hand, the Madagascan aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species of lemur, was hunted until recently because people believed it to be a devil's incarnation (Fig. 2).
The animal as god, the animal as devil.
(a) The animal as god, (b) The animal as devil.
Cats and toads were frequently accused of being the "familiars" of women accused of practising witchcraft in Europe. However, St. Francis was known for preaching to animals, referring to them as a part of Creation and perhaps even as having immortal souls.
We can now put superstitions to rest, but there is still much to learn about the sentience of animals, and we will discuss this in more detail later. Most pet owners will undoubtedly give their animal companions some human traits, even if in jest.
At one extreme, we might have animals like Badger, Ratty, Mole, and Toad fro
The professor cast doubt on several key points made in the reading. First, he argued that meerkat sentinels eat before standing guard and are more likely to escape predators than the reading claimed, casting doubt on their supposed altruism. Second, he suggested human acts like organ donation are not truly altruistic as the reading claimed, since donors receive appreciation and a sense of self-worth, providing them personal benefits. In both cases, the professor challenged the core viewpoints expressed in the reading that the behaviors were selfless and altruistic by presenting alternative evidence and interpretations from recent studies.
1 Introduction to Animal Behavior and Its Types.pptxMohammedIrfan255
This document discusses animal behavior and defines it as actions performed by animals in response to stimuli. It describes three main types of behavior: innate behaviors that are genetically determined, learned behaviors acquired through experience, and social behaviors related to communication and interactions within a species. Innate behaviors include reflexes, instincts, taxes, migration, estivation and hibernation. Learned behaviors involve habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, and trial and error. Social behaviors encompass communication through pheromones, courtship dances, and territorial defense.
This document provides an overview of behavioral ecology, which studies how animal behavior develops and contributes to survival. It discusses different types of behaviors such as fixed action patterns, imprinting, kinesis, taxis, migration, communication, learning, cognition, and mating behaviors. Many behaviors have genetic components that evolved through natural selection, while others are influenced by environmental factors like learning. The goal is to understand both the proximate causes of behaviors as well as their ultimate evolutionary significance.
What are socioecology and sociobiology What can they tell us about .pdffckindswear
What are socioecology and sociobiology? What can they tell us about primate behavior? Use at
least two non-human primate species in your answe
Solution
Answer:
Socioecology focuses on the relationship between social behavior and the natural environment
and favors selection for the individual’s daily survival. Sociobiology focuses on the genetic
predisposition to behaviors and those behaviors’ enhancement of reproductive success.
Socioecology:
1. Primatologists consider the following environmental factors:
a. Quality and quantity of different foods
b. Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites
c. Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal)
d. Relationship with other species
e. Impact of human activities
2. Environmental factors such as resource availability and predation have a strong influence on
group size and structure.
3. Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high. Adult
males may join forces to chase and attack predators. (Savannah baboons have been known to kill
domestic dogs and to attack leopards and lions)
4. Solitary foraging may be related to diet and distribution of resources or predator avoidance.
Sociobiology:
1. Natural selection acts on behavior in the same way it acts on physical characteristics.
2. Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors.
3. This approach provides an opportunity to study the effects natural selection has had in shaping
primate behavior.
Nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans. Shared ancestry
is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common:
tool use, long-lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. By learning
about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves.
Individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. By
studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the
circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors
that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans.
Human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. For example, the way in
which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. One brain area that has
been studied extensively is the visual system.
Neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping
us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. In this way, nonhuman
primates serve as models of particular processes. Study of nonhuman primates has also
contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction; to better
understanding of diseases such as AIDS.
Nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. They live in a wide
range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. For example,
in so.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning. There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the major forms (types) of animal learning.
This study experimentally evaluated attachment behaviors in owned cats using Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test. 28 cats of different ages, body types, sexes, and reproductive statuses underwent the test. The cats spent more time exploring when with their owner compared to alone or with a stranger. They exhibited alert behaviors more frequently with a stranger. The cats were less active when alone. The results were consistent with attachment behaviors found in children, suggesting cats can form attachments to their owners. Further research is needed to study separation anxiety in cats.
This document discusses animal behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines animal behavior and outlines three main categories: instinctive behaviors, learned behaviors, and complex behaviors. Instinctive behaviors are innate and genetically determined, such as nest building and mating rituals. Learned behaviors develop through experience and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioned responses developed through classical and operant conditioning. Both genetic and environmental factors influence animal behavior.
Assignment 11. Research at least two articles on the topic of .docxtrippettjettie
Assignment 1
1. Research at least two articles on the topic of managerial issues of a networked organization. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
2. Research at least two articles on the topic of emerging enterprise network applications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
3. Research at least two articles on the topic of mobile computing and its business implications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
DITA WICKINS-DRAŽILOVÁ
ZOO ANIMAL WELFARE
(Accepted in revised form August 25, 2005)
ABSTRACT. The continuing existence of zoos and their good purposes such as
conservation, science, education, and recreation, can be ethically justified only if zoos
guarantee the welfare of their animals. The usual criteria for measuring animal
welfare in zoos are physical health, long life, and reproduction. This paper looks at
these criteria and finds them insufficient. Additional criteria are submitted to expand
the range of welfare considerations: natural and abnormal behavior; freedom and
choice; and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests but dignity has the overriding part because it impacts on both
animal and human interests.
KEY WORDS: animal, dignity, ethics, reintroduction, welfare, zoos
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethical justification for the existence of zoos is questionable. Justifications
have been given for their existence, such as conservation, education, science,
and recreation, but all these purposes have been criticized (e.g., Jamieson,
1985). However, the question raised in this paper is that of animal welfare in
terms of individual animal interests.1
Zoos often claim that having healthy, long-lived animals that reproduce
is sufficient proof of good care. I believe that these three criteria have to be
examined more closely and also that there are other important criteria of
zoo animal welfare: natural and abnormal behavior, freedom and choice,
and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests.2 I will examine whether a zoo that has the best pos-
sible conservation, education, and scientific programs can be justified in the
light of my new criteria.
1 I refuse to use the term ‘‘animal rights.’’ I think this term makes sense only in legal
discussions, while this paper is not about legal rights.
2 These criteria are artificially divided. It is never possible to say that this anim ...
This document discusses types of animals on Earth and classifies them into three major categories: mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Mammals are further divided into two subgroups: Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria lay eggs like non-mammalian vertebrates but feed their newborns with milk secretions. Theria give live birth to young. Reptiles are also discussed, noting there were more reptile orders in ancient times but now there are only four living representatives across three subclasses. The document provides background on classifying and describing different types of animals.
The experiment tested the preferences of sowbugs (woodlice) between dark vs light environments and moist vs dry environments. For dark vs light, more sowbugs moved to the side covered with cardboard (dark) than the side under a lamp (light). For moist vs dry, more sowbugs were found on the side with wet filter paper than the dry side. The experiment supported the hypothesis that sowbugs prefer dark and moist environments, consistent with their natural habitat preferences.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
Homelearning behaviourInstinct and Learning Behavior
Instinct and Learning Behavior
MalaikaNovember 06, 2022
Learning and instinct have been compared throughout history and in folk biology.
While instinct focused on biologically preprogrammed mechanisms that emerge naturally in the absence of special environmental input, learning was meant to emphasise aspects of behavior and cognition that are the result of experience and training.
This distinction relates to those between learned and innate or inherited knowledge.
Instinct and learning behavior in animals
Instinct and learning in their biological setting
When viewed holistically, development's purpose is to help an animal build a repertoire of behaviours that are appropriate for its mode of existence and fit for success.
The stunning alignment of form and function is evident whether we are studying the muscular control of limb movement under negative feedback processes or the nest-building behaviours of birds, whether we are observing young animals or adults.
Animals do occasionally behave awkwardly and make mistakes, especially when placed in unnatural situations, but for the most part, their behaviour is perfectly matched to their way of life.
They find food, shelter, mate, and offspring by responding appropriately to the elements of their environment. How does behaviour develop this almost perfect fit? How is it able to grow so well?
People have been captivated by this query for centuries because we have always been animal observers. Of course, we have less often focused on how their behaviour changes than on their "nature" as beings that critically share the "spark of life" with us.
Even though we may take advantage of or ignore other species' needs in favour of our own, we cannot simply ignore them. This fact has caused some very different attitudes. Animals have occasionally been revered as deities.
How young animals grow up?
Methods of capturing animals
How many zoos does Pakistan have? and where?
The Egyptians kept a sacred bull named Apis and frequently depicted their writing god, Thoth, as a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). On the other hand, the Madagascan aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species of lemur, was hunted until recently because people believed it to be a devil's incarnation (Fig. 2).
The animal as god, the animal as devil.
(a) The animal as god, (b) The animal as devil.
Cats and toads were frequently accused of being the "familiars" of women accused of practising witchcraft in Europe. However, St. Francis was known for preaching to animals, referring to them as a part of Creation and perhaps even as having immortal souls.
We can now put superstitions to rest, but there is still much to learn about the sentience of animals, and we will discuss this in more detail later. Most pet owners will undoubtedly give their animal companions some human traits, even if in jest.
At one extreme, we might have animals like Badger, Ratty, Mole, and Toad fro
The professor cast doubt on several key points made in the reading. First, he argued that meerkat sentinels eat before standing guard and are more likely to escape predators than the reading claimed, casting doubt on their supposed altruism. Second, he suggested human acts like organ donation are not truly altruistic as the reading claimed, since donors receive appreciation and a sense of self-worth, providing them personal benefits. In both cases, the professor challenged the core viewpoints expressed in the reading that the behaviors were selfless and altruistic by presenting alternative evidence and interpretations from recent studies.
1 Introduction to Animal Behavior and Its Types.pptxMohammedIrfan255
This document discusses animal behavior and defines it as actions performed by animals in response to stimuli. It describes three main types of behavior: innate behaviors that are genetically determined, learned behaviors acquired through experience, and social behaviors related to communication and interactions within a species. Innate behaviors include reflexes, instincts, taxes, migration, estivation and hibernation. Learned behaviors involve habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, and trial and error. Social behaviors encompass communication through pheromones, courtship dances, and territorial defense.
This document provides an overview of behavioral ecology, which studies how animal behavior develops and contributes to survival. It discusses different types of behaviors such as fixed action patterns, imprinting, kinesis, taxis, migration, communication, learning, cognition, and mating behaviors. Many behaviors have genetic components that evolved through natural selection, while others are influenced by environmental factors like learning. The goal is to understand both the proximate causes of behaviors as well as their ultimate evolutionary significance.
What are socioecology and sociobiology What can they tell us about .pdffckindswear
What are socioecology and sociobiology? What can they tell us about primate behavior? Use at
least two non-human primate species in your answe
Solution
Answer:
Socioecology focuses on the relationship between social behavior and the natural environment
and favors selection for the individual’s daily survival. Sociobiology focuses on the genetic
predisposition to behaviors and those behaviors’ enhancement of reproductive success.
Socioecology:
1. Primatologists consider the following environmental factors:
a. Quality and quantity of different foods
b. Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites
c. Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal)
d. Relationship with other species
e. Impact of human activities
2. Environmental factors such as resource availability and predation have a strong influence on
group size and structure.
3. Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high. Adult
males may join forces to chase and attack predators. (Savannah baboons have been known to kill
domestic dogs and to attack leopards and lions)
4. Solitary foraging may be related to diet and distribution of resources or predator avoidance.
Sociobiology:
1. Natural selection acts on behavior in the same way it acts on physical characteristics.
2. Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors.
3. This approach provides an opportunity to study the effects natural selection has had in shaping
primate behavior.
Nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans. Shared ancestry
is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common:
tool use, long-lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. By learning
about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves.
Individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. By
studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the
circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors
that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans.
Human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. For example, the way in
which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. One brain area that has
been studied extensively is the visual system.
Neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping
us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. In this way, nonhuman
primates serve as models of particular processes. Study of nonhuman primates has also
contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction; to better
understanding of diseases such as AIDS.
Nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. They live in a wide
range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. For example,
in so.
Similar to wall seeking behaviour in mice.pptx (16)
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
wall seeking behaviour in mice.pptx
1. “STUDY OF WALL SEEKING BEHAVIOUR IN MICE”
Paper name :- Toxicology Environmental
biology and Ethology(practical)
Course code:- ZOO CC 226
Submitted by:-
Siddharth Rajput
Roll no. Y21265027
M.Sc Zoology
Department of zoology
Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya
Sagar (M.P.)
2. Introduction to animal behavior
Ethology is the field of biology that studies animal
behavior. You are probably already familiar with
many animal behaviors. For example, the
“aggressive” behaviors dogs and cats exhibit in
response to one another, or the “mating” behavior
of a cat in “heat,” or the “mobbing” behavior of
birds when you get too
close to their nests, or the “play” behavior of the
squirrels on campus, or the “web-spinning”
behavior of a spider, or the “chirping” of crickets
on a summer’s evening, or the sleep behaviors of
your roommate.
3. Some of the topics in which animal
behaviorists are interested include:
• the types of behaviors a particular species can
perform,
• the stimuli that trigger behaviors,
• the “purpose” of animal behaviors, and
• the evolutionary origins of the behavior.
4. LEARNING BEHAVIOUR
A learned behavior is one that an organism develops
as a result of experience. Learned behaviors contrast
with innate behaviors, which are genetically
hardwired and can be performed without any prior
experience or training.
5. Types of behaviors
Have you ever wondered why an animal behaves
in some ways that seem similar to human
behaviors, yet in other ways that seem “odd,” at
least to humans? An example of the latter is the
behavior of a domestic cat in burying feces in its
litter box. After a cat defecates, it uses its paws to
spread litter over the feces. Yet, if that cat defecates
on the cement floor of a basement (a behavior not
to be encouraged), it exhibits the same “burying”
behavior, even though there is no litter with which
to bury the feces. Why does it do this? Wouldn’t
such behavior be purposeless in that situation?
6. Continue....
This is an example of an innate behavior. Innate
behaviors result from a stimulus that triggers a fixed
action pattern, which is a genetically engrained
behavioral response. Animals will perform such
behaviors automatically when they receive the proper
stimulus, whether or not it makes sense (to us). Since
these types of behaviors do not require learning they
are said to be instinctive. Humans also display
instinctive behaviors, such as the grasping and suckling
behaviors of infants, smiling, crying, and using the
voice to communicate, all of which appear to be
genetically ingrained.
8. Wall seeking apparatus
The Elevated Plus-Maze is used to assess anxiety-
like behavior in laboratory animals The maze
exploits the conflict between the innate fear that
rodents have of open areas versus their desire to
explore novel environments.
9. Wall-seeking behaviour
Wall seeking apparatus is used to check the
behavioral patterns of a mice with the respect of
Anxiety and self-defensive behaviour. When the
anxiety levels are low, mice run on the open arms
of the maze, and when the mice is suffering from
anxiety, protective or self-defending behaviour, it
seems to keep itself inside the closed arms having
walls. A timer is used to calculate time period spent
by mice on each arm to get results.
10.
11. Factors inducing the wall-seeking behaviour in mice
Anxiety levels in a mice can be induced by -
1.Drugs - Drugs inducing anxiety in mice makes the
mice to hide in closed arms, whereas anti-anxiety drugs
makes them to move on open arms also.
2.Diet - More the healthy appetite of a mice, more
it will roam on open arms.
3.Disease - Diseased mice by toxins or other
reasons most likely to spent time on closed arms for
seeking self-defense and protection.
12. 4.Species - Black mouse Mus musculus lives
generally in hole or burrow so it is likely to spend
more time on closed arms. Whereas experimental
white mouse interact more with humans and is more
likely to spend more time in open arms, as compared
to black one.
5.Habitat - Experimental mice are habitual to interact
more in open areas, while domestic mice are habitual of
getting rid of it.
6.Food habit - Food having tryptophan can lowers the
anxiety levels of anxiety, while sugary foods increase
the levels of anxiety.
13. 6. Environmental factors - We can regulate
the temperature, moisture, humidity of laboratory
to check the effect on behaviour of mice.
14. • To diagnose anxiety related diseases
• To check effect of a toxin or drug on behaviour
• To understand behavioral patterns of different
species
• To check the effect of environment on
behaviour
• To check the diet-behavior relationships
Application of plus maze behaviour