Introduction of metabolism, importance of metabolism, types of metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, electron transport & respiratory chain, TCA cycle, Abnormal metabolism, Protein metabolism, Urea cycle, Abnormal metabolism of proteins, Lipid metabolism, Beta-oxidation of fatty acids, Abnormal metabolism of fats. deficiency of enzymes causes, diseases, Interrelation metabolism

1. METABOLISM
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
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2. Introduction
• All biochemical changes that occurs in biological system are grouped together as
metabolism.
• Important role of metabolism,
1. Chemical energy obtained in form of fuel
2. Dietary nutrients utilised as building blocks for synthesis of new molecules.
3. Building blocks assembled into proteins, nucleic acid
and elimination of metabolic waste.
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3. ThreeTypes of Metabolisms
1. Catabolism
• Its degrative phase of metabolism.
• It provides metabolic fuel & building block for the cell.
• Involved the breakdown of larger molecules by involving oxidative reactions.
• Its exothermic pathway.
Fatty acids from Catabolism Amino acids from
Fats(oils) Proteins
Glucose from
Carbohydrates
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4. 2. Anabolism
• Its biosynthetic phase of metabolism.
• Biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, etc. are synthesized.
• It involves the synthesis of larger and complex compounds from smaller
precursors.
• Its endothermic pathway.
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5. 3. Amphibolic
• It occurs at crossroads of metabolism.
• Acting as links between the anabolic and catabolic pathways.
• ex. Citric acid cycle.
• Nutrients:-
Diet provides carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water.
These all are principal components of diet these are called as Nutrients.
• Dietary nutrients are made available for all various activities by catabolism.
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7. • Catabolism and anabolism take place concurrently & simultaneously in cell.
• All biochemical reaction mediated buy enzymes.
• Enzymes are need of metabolism.
• If deficiency of enzyme leads to metabolic error due to genetic defect.
• These deficiency are called inborn error of metabolism & leads to abnormal metabolism.
• Reasons of abnormal metabolisms,
- Genetic defect
- Dietary deficiency
- Disease condition
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8. I. Carbohydrates Metabolism
• Carbohydrates most commonly used for production of energy in all biological
systems in cell.
• Daily intake of carbohydrates is 310 grm.
• The process which required O2 known as Aerobic Breakdown.
• Energy required for contraction, transformation, mechanical work and almost for
all work.
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9. Carbohydrates
Oxidised completely
CO2 + H2O
Energy (to get)
• ATP present in all living cells and functions as carrier of chemical energy.
• ATP is Adenosine triphosphate.
• Metabolic energy exchange carried out through a common intermediate i.e. ATP.
• ATP first discovered by C. Fiske & Y. Subbarao in united states.
• Independently by K. Lohman in Germany in 1929.
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10. • Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP requires energy which take place in mitochondria
with oxidation of metabolic fuel hence process known as oxidative
phosphorylation.
• Large quantity of ATP is made available by mitochondria hence, it called as power
house of the cell.
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11. Major Pathways of Carbohydrates Metabolism
1. Glycolysis
2. Kerb’s cycle (TCA cycle)
3. Glycogenesis
4. Glycogenolysis
5. Gluconeogenesis
6. Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt)
7. Uronic acid pathway
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12. Glycolysis
or
Embden
Meyerhof
Pathway
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13. ElectronTransport And Respiratory Chain
• Glucose converted to CO2 and water.
• Conc.Of glucose maintained constant in blood.
• 1st step of glycolysis glucose is converted to 2
molecules of Pyruvic acid .
• 2nd step or Kerb’s cycle, H atoms from pyruvic acid are
removed & they transferred to respiratory chain with
help of carrier molecules NAD+ of FAD+.
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14. • 3rd step H atoms or electron are carried from reduced NAD+ i.e. (NADH+ to H+) or
FADH2 to the oxygen to form water.
• The flow of electron or H from high to low potential, energy is released.
• Which in the form of ATP.
• This formation of ATP from ADP called as oxidative phosphorylation.
• 3rd step carrier molecules are present in mitochondria these called as respiratory
chain.
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15. Insulin
• Hormones like insulin & glucagon regulate the blood glucose level its called as
homeostasis of blood glucose.
• Both hormones produced by pancreas.
• Insulin help in increased blood glucose level.
• It reduced blood glucose level by promoting glycogen synthesis and reduced the
synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis.
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16. • Pancreas fails to produced sufficient active insulin due to this blood glucose
increases this condition called as DM.
• In this condition glucose seen in urine.
• Benedict’s test used for detection of sugar in urine.
• Utilization of less pentose concentration in blood and pentose sugar seen in urine
this condition called as pentosurea.
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17. Hyperglycaemia & Hypoglycaemia
• Hyperglycaemia:-
Its rise in blood glucose level, due to DM or malfunctioning of liver.
• Hypoglycaemia:-
Blood sugar level is low, due to starvation.
- Its due to excess intake of drugs, used in the treatment of DM.
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18. Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle orTCA Cycle
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19. Coupling ofTCA ElectronTransport & Phosphorylation
• The Citric acid cycle is a sequence of reactions in which acetyl-C0A (2 C atom) is completely
oxidised to carbon dioxide this called as respiration.
• During oxidation electron rich or reduced molecules formed.
• Reduced coenzyme donate their e- and H to oxygen by
electron transport chain.
• When free energy released in the form of ATP by
phosphorylatingADP.
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20. Abnormal Metabolism of Carbohydrates
These all are related with abnormal carbohydrates metabolism diseases or
conditions are,
• Diabetes mellitus – Metabolic disorders.
• Pentosuria – Condition xylitol a pentose sugar present in urine is high (inborn error).
• Galactosemia - Deficiency of enzymes such as galactose-1-phosphate,galactokinase, etc.
• Fructosemia - fructose concentration of sugar is high in blood.
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21. II. Protein Metabolism
• Proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids, absorbed in lumen of git.
• Nitrogen is obtained from dietary proteins and help in production of energy.
• Protein requirements is a amino acids requirements.
• Amino acid are synthesis new protein molecule in cell.
• 8 essential amino acids decide the quality of protein.
• Metabolism of amino acids is interrelated with central pathway of citric acid and
glycolysis cycle.
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22. The Urea Cycle
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23. Amino Acid Catabolism
• Amino acid catabolism take place in liver.
• Amino acid contains amino group and carbon skeleton.
Catabolism of amino group of amino acid -
1. Deamination
2.Transamination
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24. 1. Deamination
• Ammonia is eliminated as amino acid.
• Ammonia has ionic pH.
• Ammonia is toxic & used for synthesis of urea.
• Elimination of amino functional group as ammonia by oxidase enzyme is called
oxidative deamination.
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25. 2. Transamination
• In the transamination amino group is transferred to glutamic acid.
• Glutamic act as donor of amino group for synthesis such as purines, amino acids,
pyrimidines.
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26. Abnormal Metabolism of Proteins
1. Phenylketonuria:- its genetic disorder.
- phenylalanine in presence of phenylalanine hydroxylase converted to tyrosine an its
inherited deficiency this condition called as phenylketonuria.
- It causes mental retardation.
2. Alkaptonuria:- its metabolic disorders cause due to lack of enzyme homogentisate
dioxygenase.
- It causes arthritis.
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27. 3. Hyper-ammonemia:- Deficiency of urea cycle enzyme.
- It reduces formation of urea and increase ammonia in blood.
4. Hartnup’s disease:- its metabolic disorder.
- Tryptophan deficiency.
5. Hypervalinaemia:- deficiency of valine transaminase enzyme results in accumulation of
valine in blood called as hypervalinaemia.
6. Maple syrup urine disease:- its metabolic disorder.
- Deficiency of alpha-keto dehydrogenase .
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28. 3. Lipid Metabolism
• Dietary lipids are hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol.
• Lipids required for energy production, synthesis of lipoproteins, glycolipids and
phospholipids.
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29. Beta-0xidation of Fatty acid
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30. Abnormal Metabolism of Fats
1. Formation of Ketone bodies:- Normally CoA formed from pyruvate, beta-
oxidation & amino acid.
2. Lipid Storage Disease:- Due to sphingolipids accumulation.
- It results in swelling and malfunctioning of tissues.
- It may leads to an early death.
- It also affect retina, liver and spleen, mental retardation and its inherited.
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31. Deficiencies of various enzyme following disease
1. Niemann-pick disease:- The deficiency of enzyme sphingomyelinase is known as Niemann-
pick disease.
- Symptoms are mental retardation, enlargement of liver.
2. Ferber’s disease:- Ceramidase deficiency causes Ferber’s disease.
- Its indicated by skeletal deformation, dermatitis, mental retardation.
3. Gaucher’s disease:- Deficiency of enzyme Beta-glucosidase.
- It causes increase level of glucocerebroside in tissue.
- Symptoms are enlargement of liver, spleen, skin pigmentation, anaemia, mental retardation.
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32. 4. Fabry’s disease:- These due to deficiency of enzyme alpha-galactosidase.
- Characterized by skin rash, kidney failure.
5. Crabbe's disease:- Beta – galactosidase deficiency.
- Characterized by accumulation of glucocerebrosides.
- Symptoms are blindness, convulsions, mental retardation.
6.Tay-Sach’s disease:- Hexosaminidase enzyme deficiency.
- Accumulation of gangliosides in brain and nervous tissue.
- Symptoms are blindness, muscular weakness and mental retardation.
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33. 7. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy:- Deficiency of enzyme arylsulphatase.
- Symptoms are speech difficulties, locomotion and dementia in adult.
Prostaglandins:-
• These are produced from essential fatty acid arachidonic acid.
• They fount in very small amount in tissue.
• Their biological action are swelling, function in female reproductive system during
ovulation, menstruation, pregnancy and stimulate uterine contraction.
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34. Bile Salts:-
• It produced in liver in form of cholesterol.
• Bile duct carries bile salts from liver to gall bladder they store.
• They help in digestion & absorption.
Arteriosclerosis:-
• Serum cholesterol is high, it leads to deposition at inner lining of arteries.
• Results in loss of elasticity and reduction of diameter in artery.
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35. • It reduce or stop blood supply.
• The coronary artery reduce supply of blood to heart muscles.
• It causes disease angina pectoris( chest pain).
• It prevent by less used of saturated fat and cholesterol lowering drugs.
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36. Interrelation of Metabolism
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