This document discusses various types of pollution including water, air, noise, and solid waste pollution. It provides details on the sources and health effects of each type of pollution as well as methods for treatment and control. Specifically, it describes how household, industrial, and agricultural waste can contaminate water sources and the diseases this can cause. Methods for water purification like filtration, disinfection, and sewage treatment are outlined. The document also discusses the sources and health impacts of air pollution from industries, vehicles, and other activities and ways to control air pollution.

1. Effect of Environment
on Health
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
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2. Content
o Introduction To Pollution
o Types of pollution
o Water Pollution
o Air Pollution
o Noise Pollution
o Solid Waste Disposal
o Sewage
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3. Introduction To Pollution
o The environmental/natural disturbances create by the Physical,
chemical, and biological resources are called as pollutions.
o Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of air, land, water or soil.
o Agents that bring undesirable change are called as pollutants.
o In order to control environmental pollution, the Government of India has
passed the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
o To protect and improve the quality of our environment (air, water and soil).
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4. Types of pollution
On the basis of sources many types of pollution given below,
1. Water pollution
2. Noise pollution
3. Air pollution
4. Plastic pollution
5. Radioactive pollution
6. Soil pollution.
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5. Water Pollution & Sources of Water Supply
o Water pollution define as the presence of any toxic substance in
water that degrades the quality to constitute a hazards or impair its
usefulness.
Source of water,
o Rain water or Snow water and artificial lakes : Rain water in initially
pure, it receive impurities from the atmosphere like dust, suspended
matter, gases, microbes, etc.
o It does not contain mineral salts, its suitable for cooking, washing, etc.
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6. o Surface water : Rain water on reaching the ground, flow from river, canal,
lake called as surface water.
o It travels long distance and contains particles then this water collected,
filtered and disinfected by chlorination or other methods to make suitable for
drinking.
o Upland surface water : This is safe water which travelled short distance,
filter and used.
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7. o Ground water : Wells and springs are the source of ground water it may be
contaminated with washing cloths, bathing of persons, etc.
o So well water treated with potassium permanganate, lime to four parts of
bleaching powder.
o Sea water : Sea water used for drinking after distillation. So sea water is
passed from long column of charcoal.
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8. Source of water pollution
o Household wastes are one of the sources which contaminate/pollute the
water.
o Wastes contain like vegetables peel, rotten materials and other food wastes.
o Industry is one of the sources of water pollution by draining the wastes
material into the river or in water sources.
o Chemical fertilizer and pesticides are also polluted the water.
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9. o Accidental Oil Leakage is also contaminating the water.
o Acidic rain is also a one of the source which caused the water pollution.
o Human activities like, cloth cleaning, animal bath in river are water sources
are also cause the pollution.
o High amount uses of detergent and soap are also contaminate the water.
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10. Effects on health of water pollution
o Polluted water cause the metabolism defect in the body and produce the many
disease like Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea, Cholera, dysentery.
o Polluted water also effects the brain activity and can cause brain related severe
problem.
o Many infectious disease agent transfer from one place to another through flowing
of contaminated water like- Typhoid, Giardiasis, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Hookworm.
o Polluted water effects the normal growth and development and also induced the
infant mortality.
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11. o Polluted water can cause the impotency in both male and female.
o Due to the pollution BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) are increases so
oxygen contents are low in water sources and water animals face many
problems.
o Due to the pollution water harms the many organs and causes the
serious problem like Kidney disease, heart disease, lungs disease, etc.
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12. Water Born Disease
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13. Treatment of water pollution or Purification
of water
o They waste water potable and usable by employing wastewater treatment
technologies that filter and treat the wastewater by removing contamination, methods
are used like,
1. Natural Method : In natural method water is stored, settled down the particles
and used coagulant like Alum 13-50 mg/lit, it helps to settled the particles and filter.
Two methods are used, they are
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14. a) Pounding on storage
b) Oxidation and settlement
o Artificial Method : Distillation is used in chemical laborites.
o Three methods are used,
a) Boiling removes solid
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15. b) Physical Method : Distillation or Boiling
- To remove the solids no chemical are used in this process.
c) Chemical Method : Precipitation or Disinfection/Sterilization
- in water chlorine an oxidizing chemical is commonly used to
kill bacteria which decomposes water by adding contaminate to it.
- Another oxidizing agent used for purifying the waste water is Ozone.
- Neutralization is a technique where an acid or base is added to bring the water to
its natural pH of 7 chemicals prevents the bacteria from reproducing in water thus
making the water pure.
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16. o Chemicals are used for disinfecting water are alum 13-50mg/lit, Copper
sulphate 0.1-0.25ppm, Iodine 2ppm, Bromine 3.6 mg/lit, Chlorine 0.5 ppm, etc.
o Filtration Method : Slow sand filtration, Rapid mechanical filtration are used.
o Sludge treatment : This is a solid liquid separation process where the least
possible moisture is required in the solid phase and the lowest possible solid
particles residuals are required in the separated liquid phase.
o Biological treatment : Use various biological processes to break down the
organic matter present in wastewater such as soap, human waste oil and food
etc. It can be divided into three categories.
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17. o Aerobic processes - Bacteria decomposes the organic matter and converts it
into carbon dioxide that can be used by plants. Oxygen is used in this
process.
o Anaerobic Processes - Here fermentation is used for fermenting the waste
at a specific temperature. Oxygen is not used in anaerobic process.
o Composting - A type of Aerobic process where wastewater is treated by
mixing it with sawdust or other carbon sources.
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18. Importance of safe drinking water
o Water which is suitable for drinking is called potable water.
o Due to use of clean and safe water we always will be safe from disease.
o Due to the safe water drinking, metabolism activity perform properly, then
you will always be healthy.
o We always away from infectious disease and water borne diseases.
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19. Introduction To Air Pollution
o The presence of forging substances in air an excessive and undesirable
proportion with adverse effects on the living beings and properties is
known as air pollution.
o We can survive for some time without food, but we cannot survive even for a
few minutes without air.
o This simple fact tells us how important clean air is to us.
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20. Functions & Composition of Air
o Two important functions of air are,
1. Interchange of gases in the process of respiration
2. Regulation of body temperature
o Air consists of a mixture of gases.
o Composition of air about 78% of this mixture is nitrogen and about 21% is oxygen.
o 0.03-0.4%Carbon dioxide, argon, methane, ozone and water vapors are also present
in very small quantities.
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21. Source of air pollution
o According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), particulate size 2.5
micrometers or less in diameter (2.5) are responsible for causing the greatest harm to
human health.
o The substances which contaminate the air are called air pollutants.
o The substances may come from natural sources like smoke and dust arising from forest
fires and Pollutants are also added to the atmosphere by certain human activities.
o The sources of air pollutants are factories, power plants, automobile exhausts and
burning of firewood and dung cakes.
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22. o Dust : The inorganic particles in atmosphere are composed of silica, aluminium
silicate, carbonate, etc. and also contains pollan grains, ashes, fibres, etc.
o Decomposition : Animal and vegetables matter after purification give
poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc in this air bacteria, fungi
grow fast.
o Combustion : The main impurity of combustion of carbon dioxide and burning
of coal, oils, are factors it consist poisons gases.
o Respiration : If persons suffer from pneumonia, TB, etc microbes may spread
during coughing, sneezing and laud speaking.
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23. Effects on health
o Air pollution cause serious health disease for long term, Heart disease, lung
cancer, and respiratory diseases.
o Air pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves, brain,
kidneys, liver, and other organs some time it causes the birth effects.
o Acid Rain - Acidic rain is damages the monuments.
o Pollutant like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide gases react with the water
vapours present in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The
acids drop down with rain, making the rain acidic and called as acid rain.
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24. o Depletion (Reduction) of the Ozone Layer.
o Green house effect - Earth leading to global warming.
o Air – Borne infections spade due to droplets infection like TB, Measles,
etc.
o Air – Borne harmful agents are dust, industrial waste sand industrial
pollutants that causes lead poisoning, silicosis, etc.
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25. Control of Air Pollution
o These pollutants must be separated/ filtered out before releasing the harmless gases
into the atmosphere.
o There are several ways of removing particulate matter, the most widely used,
1. Scrubber – Device that use liquid to remove gases, matter from industrial
exhaust.
2. Electrostatic precipitator – Filter
o For prevention of air pollution many country are used CNG and LPG for vehicles or
automobiles.
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26. Introduction To Noise Pollution
o The unwanted sound dumped into the atmosphere leading to health
hazards is known as noise pollution.
o Noise is undesired high level of sound and its measured in decibel.
o Extremely high sound level, 150 dB or more generated by takeoff of a jet plane
or rocket, may damage ear drums thus permanently impairing hearing ability.
o Harmful effect of noise pollution observed easily such as irritation, increased
heartbeat, etc.
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27. Source of noise pollution
o Transport Noise : It includes,
1. Road Traffic Noise – Noise emerging from road traffic such as road vehicles,
high traffic speed, exhaust system, vibrations, etc. creates noise pollution.
2. Rail Traffic Noise – Noise emerging from rail traffic such as engines horns,
welded tracks, breaking system etc. creates noise pollution.
3. Aircraft Noise – It includes noise produced by large and fast aircraft during
flight, taking off and landing, etc.
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28. o Industrial Noise : The industrial source includes the noise from various
industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise
intensity.
o Neighborhood Noise : It includes loud TV, fireworks, barking of dogs,
constructions like concrete mixers, grinders, bulldozers, etc.
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29. Effects on health
o Long term exposure of loud sound it caused the Noise Induced Hearing Loss
(NIHL).
o It also induced the sleeping disorder due to listening of sound long term.
o Exposure to loud noise can also cause high blood pressure, heart disease and stress.
o Trouble Communicating is the major problem due to high loud noise.
o Hearing system is also control our balancing system so high frequency sound can
cause disturbance.
o It is also cause many brain related problem.
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30. Control of Noise Pollution
o Reduction of noise in our industries can be affected by use of sound absorbent
materials or by muffling noise.
o A man inserting an earplug in his ear to reduce the noise exposure.
o Permissible sound-levels of crackers and of loudspeakers, timings after which
loudspeakers cannot be played, etc. need to be enforced to protect ourselves
from noise pollution.
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31. Permissible Sound Levels As Prescribed By
Central Pollution Control Board
Sr. No. Areas Day Night
1. Industrial area 75 dB 65 dB
2. Commercial area 65 dB 55 dB
3. Residential area 50 dB 45 dB
4. Sensitive areas upto 100m around
hospitals, educational institutions,
courts, etc.
50 dB 40 dB
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32. Sewage And Solid Waste Disposal
o The process of collecting, processing, reusing or settling waste materials of
humans is the disposal of waste.
o Solid wastes refer to everything that goes out in trash. Municipal solid wastes
are wastes from homes, offices, stores, schools, hospitals, etc., that are collected
and disposed by the municipality.
o The municipal solid wastes generally comprise paper, food wastes, plastics,
glass, metals, rubber, leather, textile, etc.
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33. o Burning reduces the volume of the wastes, although it is generally not burnt to
completion and open dumps often serve as the breeding ground for rats and flies.
o Sanitary landfills were adopted as the substitute for open-burning dumps.
o In a sanitary landfill, wastes are dumped in a depression or trench after compaction,
and covered with dirt every day.
o A solution to all this can only be in human beings becoming more sensitive to these
environment issues.
o All waste that we generate can be categorized into three types,
(a) bio-degradable, (b) recyclable and (c) the non-biodegradable.
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34. o Hospitals generate hazardous wastes that contain disinfectants and other
harmful chemicals, and also pathogenic micro-organisms.
o Such wastes also require careful treatment and disposal.
o The use of incinerators is crucial to disposal of hospital waste.
o Irreparable computers and other electronic goods are known as electronic
wastes (e-wastes).
o E-waste's are buried in landfills or incinerated.
o Over half of the e-wastes generated in the developed world are exported to
developing countries, mainly to China, India and Pakistan, where metals like
copper, iron, silicon, nickel and gold are recovered during recycling process.
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35. Sewage Treatment Plant
o A major component of this waste water is human excreta, this municipal waste-
water is also called sewage.
o It contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes.
o Many of which are pathogenic.
o Before disposal, hence, sewage is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) to
make it less polluting.
o Treatment of waste water is done by the heterotrophic microbes naturally
present in the sewage.
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36. o This treatment is carried out in two stages,
o Stage I :
This step known as the Primary treatment. In this stage physical removal
of particles large and small from the sewage through filtration and
sedimentation. Initially, floating debris is removed by sequential filtration. Then
the grit (soil and small waste) are removed by sedimentation. All solids that settle
form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.
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37. o Stage II :
This stage known as Secondary treatment or Biological
treatment. The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is
constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous
growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs (masses of bacteria associated with
fungal filaments to form mesh like structures). While growing, these microbes
consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent. This significantly
reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent. The sewage water
is treated till the BOD is reduced.
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38. o Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is
then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to
sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of the activated
sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculums.
o The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called
anaerobic sludge digesters. Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow
anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. The effluent from
the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water bodies like
rivers and streams.
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39. Ms. M. P. Maske
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40. Occupational Illness
o The disease which results due to exposure to risk factors arising from
work activity, is known as occupational illness.
o Skin disorders : Allergic reactions, dermatitis, skin rashes, itching, skin
cancer.
o Respiratory disorders : Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Chest
tightness, Abnormal breathing pattern, asthma etc.
o Hepatic disorders : Hepatitis A, B, and C, cirrhosis.
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41. o Neurological disorders : Headache, memory disturbance, and peripheral
neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
epilepsy, and stroke.
o Haematological disorders : Leukaemia, blood disorders etc.
o Musculoskeletal disorders : Muscular spasm, Tendinitis, Carpal tunnel
syndrome, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Ligament Sprain.
o Renal and Urinary disorder : Urinary defects, prostate cancer, kidney failure
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42. o Cardiovascular disorders : Ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)), Heart
Arrhythmia, Pulmonary Stenosis.
o Reproductive and development disorder : Reproductive tract
infections, congenital abnormalities, cancers of the reproductive system
and sexual dysfunction.
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43. Precaution against occupational disease
o Regular replacement of the non-hazardous substance for hazardous one.
o Job redesign, work organization, work practices regular necessary condition
and alternative.
o Installation of engineering control and devices and provide the educational
knowledge and advice.
o For the worker, provide high quality of personal protective equipment.
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44. Environmental pollution due to
pharmaceuticals
o Pharmaceutical companies’ release the harmful gaseous like carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, methane, Sulphur compounds etc. which effects the air and cause
the air pollution.
o Due to air we face many problem like—respiratory disease( Emphysema,
breathing in comfort, suffocation, etc), ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),brain disease. It also a causative agent
of green house effects.
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45. o When the pharmaceutical wastes are thrown in the soil then its chemical directly
involved in soil and causes the soil pollution and affects the productivity. •
o Pharmaceutical drainage directly affects the water and causes the water pollution.
o Due to pollution many disease borne like diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and
poliomyelitis etc.
o In pharmaceutical companies, machinery work performs which produced loud noise
and cause the noise pollution.
o Many radioactive materials are released by the pharmaceutical company like X-Ray,
Gamma-Ray, heavy metal ions etc. which directly affects the health and causes the
chronic disorders.
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46. Ms. M. P. Maske
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