This document discusses several arthropod-borne infections including dengue, malaria, chikungunya, and filariasis. For each disease, it covers the causative agent, epidemiology including transmission and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the role of pharmacists in prevention and management. Dengue is caused by a virus and transmitted by mosquitoes, causing flu-like symptoms. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by a protozoan parasite of the Plasmodium genus. Chikungunya virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes severe joint pain. Filariasis is caused by thread-like parasitic filarial worms and transmitted by mosquitoes.

1. Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Ms. M. P. Maske 1
Anthropod-Borne
Infections

2. Introduction
• Arthropod-bone infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoal, parasites
and transmitted by insets and arachnids.
• Ex. Mosquitos, mites, sand flies, etc.
• Malaria and dengue fever are the common arthropod-borne infections.
• The viruses multiplies in tissues of mosquito or ticks and infects salivary
glands.
• Then mosquito transferred to new healthy host.
Ms. M. P. Maske 2

3. Dengue
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that cause flue like illness, and
sometimes lethal complication called severe dengue.
• Causative agent : Group B arborvirus.
Epidemiology :
• Infective period : 4-15 days after mosquito bite transfer the viruses to
human. Diseases last about 3-10 days.
• Age and Sex : Males are more affected than females.
Ms. M. P. Maske
3

4. • Nutrients : Patients should drink plenty fluids.
• Incubation period : 4-10 days.
• Mode of Transmission : A healthy person gets the disease when he is bitten
by an infected mosquito. The virus enters his blood from the mosquito’s saliva.
• Infected person could transmit the virus to mosquitoes if he bitten by mosquito
anytime from the onset to the subsidence of the fever. The disease is spread by
mosquitoes.
• Its not spread by contact with infected persons.
Ms. M. P. Maske 4

5. • Clinical Presentation : Pain in bones, joint or muscles, chill, fatigue, loss of
appetite, nausea, vomiting, rashes, headache.
• Diagnosis : Blood test, physical examination, RT-PCR, serologic test,
nucleic acid amplification test.
• Treatment : Analgesic, Paracetamol, IV fluid, antibiotic.
Ms. M. P. Maske 5

6. • Mosquito control by individual and community action with anti-adult and
antilarval measures.
• Infected individual should be isolated.
• Prophylactic measures includes wearing cloths that cover body entirely, repellent
cream, liquids, etc.
• Detection and elimination of mosquito breeding.
• Proper covering of stored water.
Ms. M. P. Maske
6
Role of Pharmacist :

7. Malaria/ Plasmodium Infection
• Malaria is life-threating disease.
• Transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, carrying the
Plasmodium parasite.
• Causative agent : Protozoan parasite of genus Plasmodium. P. falciparum & P. vivax
responsible for malaria in humans.
Epidemiology :
• Age and Sex : Occurs at all the age group and males are more affected then females.
Ms. M. P. Maske 7

8. • Pregnancy : More risk in pregnant women causes death of foetus.
• Source of infection : A diseases caused by a plasmodium parasite,
transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
• Season : Its seasonal disease occur during July to November.
• Incubation period : 12-14 days.
Ms. M. P. Maske 8

9. • Mode of Transmission : Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infective female Anopheles
mosquito, infected blood by transfusion, contaminated needles and syringes.
• Clinical Presentation : Abdominal, muscle pain, chills, fever, night sweating, fatigue, shivering,
diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, fast heart rate, headache, anemia, mental confusion.
• Diagnosis : Physical examination, blood test, Rapid Diagnostic test (RDT), MP (Malarial Parasite).
• Treatment : Antiparasitic and antibiotics, Malarone, quinine sulfate, doxycycline, primaquine
phosphate.
Ms. M. P. Maske 9

10. Role of Pharmacist :
• Early diagnosis using blood smear.
• Properly maintain drainage system.
• Using Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and kerosene for destroying
mosquitoes.
• Using mosquito nets or repellents for preventing mosquitoes bites.
• Conducting seminars on sanitary measures and proper drainage system.
• By treating the infected person with antimalarial drugs.
Ms. M. P. Maske 10

11. Chikungunya
• The chikungunya means doubling up due to sever pain in joints.
• Causative agent : Aedes mosquitoes.
Ms. M. P. Maske 11

12. • Source of infection : Chikungunya spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
• Age and Sex : Infection rate is higher in females in 40-50 yr of age group.
• Nutrition : Giving nutrient to body recover from weakness such as frits, vegetables,
grapes, broccoli, etc.
• Incubation period : 3-7 days.
Ms. M. P. Maske 12
Epidemiology :

13. Clinical Presentation :
• Sudden fever, chill, headache, coffee coloured vomiting, brown-purple spots, rashes,
swelling, pain, in shoulders, joints, knee and sometimes death also occurs because of
fever.
• Diagnosis : Serological tests, ELISA, physical examination, blood test, PCR.
• Treatment : Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, naproxen, plenty drinks, NSAIDSs.
Ms. M. P. Maske 13

14. Role of Pharmacist :
• Main target is to control the vector .
• Properly maintain drainage system.
• Antilarval measures can be taken to prevent epidemic.
• Using mosquito nets or repellents for preventing mosquitoes bites.
Ms. M. P. Maske 14

15. Filariasis
• Filariasis is a parasitic and infectious disease.
• Caused by thread-like parasitic filarial worms.
• Causative agent : Parasitic Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia
timori.
Ms. M. P. Maske 15

16. Epidemiology :
• Source of infection : Individual with microfilariae in peripheral blood.
• Age and Sex : Occur in all the age group but males are more affected than
females.
• Incubation period : 8-16 days.
• Migration : Movement of people from one place to other spread the infection.
Ms. M. P. Maske 16

17. • Mode of Transmission : Transmitted by bite of infective larvae mosquito.
Clinical Presentation :
• Thickening of skin and tissues, affect the ears, mucus membrane, affect the legs,
arm, breast, blindness in males.
• Diagnosis : Physical examination, Blood test,(best obtain at night), skin
sample, PCR, Filariasis Test Strip (FTS).
• Treatment : Antibiotics, anti-parasitics, Diethylcarbamazine, albendazole,
ivermectin.
Ms. M. P. Maske 17

18. Role of Pharmacist :
• Reducing contact with mosquito vectors.
• Awareness about filariasis.
• Providing systemic individual and community chemotherapy.
• Removal of mosquito breeding sites by larval control.
Ms. M. P. Maske 18

19. Ms. M. P. Maske 19