Biochemistry Of Hormones Contains All Important topics with best key points.... Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)

3. PRESENTED BY
SHARIQA YOUSUF(DE_078)
SAUD NASEEM (DE_076)
&
SANJAY KUMAR (DE-073)

4. History Of Hormone?
 The term hormone (hormao G = to excite) was first used by
William M. Bayliss and his brother-in-law Ernest H.
Starling, both of London University College, in 1904, who
showed that a chemical substance (secretin) from the
intestine could stimulate the action of a pancreatic
secretion.
 These substances were then called as ‘chemical
messengers’. Went and Thimann (1937) defined a hormone
as “a substance which, produced in any one part of an
organism, is transferred to another part and there
influences a specific physiological process

5. What is Hormone?
 It is a chemical substance which is produced in one part of the body, enters the
circulation and is carried to distant target organs and tissues to modify their structures
and functions.

6. Hormone secretion
 Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Endocrine
hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the
bloodstream, while exocrine hormones (ecto-hormones) are secreted
directly into a duct, and from the duct they either flow into the
bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion
 Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by:
 • Other hormones (stimulating or releasing hormones)
 • Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients
 • Neurons and mental activity
 • Environmental changes, E.g. Change in light or temperature

7. Control of Hormone Secretion:
 Control of secretion is in the form of neural, hormonal, or humoral stimuli.
 1. NEURAL:
The adrenal medulla is directly stimulated by the sympathetic nervous
system. Epinephrine and NE reinforce the actions of the sympathetic nervous
system.
 2. HORMONAL:
Occurs when hormones from one endocrine gland stimulate the secretion of
hormones from another endocrine gland. E.g. TRHTSH TH E.g. CRH
ACTHCortisol These routes of secretion are usually controlled in a negative
feedback manner.
 3. HUMORAL:
Occurs when substances other than hormones control the secretion of
endocrine glands. E.g. Insulin secretion by the pancreas is determined by several
factors. Rise in glucose after a meal triggers insulin secretion. Rise in amino acids
after a meal triggers insulin secretion. In addition hormonal and neural stimuli also
play a role in insulin secretion.

8. MECHANISM OF HORMONE
ACTION?

9. FACTORS REGULATING HORMONE
ACTION
 Action of a hormone at a target organ is regulated by four
factors:
 Rate of synthesis and secretion: The hormone is stored in
the endocrine glands.
 In some cases, specific transport systems in plasma.
 Hormone-specific receptors in target cell membranes
which differ from tissue to tissue.
 Ultimate degradation of the hormones usually by the liver
or kidneys.

11. Classes of
Hormone Receptors.
 Hormones can be placed into one of two major categories.
 Hormones that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
 Hormones that can pass through the plasma membrane.
 As a result, hormone receptors need to be located in
different locations.

12. Membrane-Bound
Hormone Receptors.
 Some receptors are located in the membrane of the target
tissue.
 After a hormone binds to the receptor, the receptor
initiates events that lead to a response.
 Some receptors alter membrane permeability.
 Some receptors activate G proteins.
 Some receptors alter intracellular enzyme activity.

13. Intracellular
Hormone Receptors.
 Some receptors are located in the target cell.
 They are located either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus
of the target cell.
 Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the effects of the
hormone take place.

14. Classification of hormone
 Hormone are classified by two methods:
1. On the basis of Chemical structure
2. On the basis of the distance over they act

15. On the basis Of Chemical
Structure
 Peptides & Proteins:
Most hormones are either peptides or proteins
and are usually referred to as peptide hormones.

17. Amines
Amine hormones are derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine.

19. Lipids & Steroids:
Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and the
gonads.

21. HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE DISTANCE
OVER WHICH THEY ACT
ENDOCRINE
HORMONES:
Eg: Insulin, Epinephrine
PARACRINE
HORMONES (LOCAL
MEDIATORS)
Eg: IL-1 from macrophages
that stimulates the bound
T cell to proliferate and
Differentiate
AUTOCRINE
HORMONES
Eg: Autostimulatory release
of IL-2 enhances the
response of a T cell to IL-1

22. SAUD NASEEM
(DE_076)

23. Types of glands
 There are two types of gland on the basis of hormone
secretion
 Endocrine gland
 Exocrine gland

24. Endocrine Gland
 Endocrine glands are the glands of endocrine systems that
secrets their products, hormones, directly into the blood,
stream rather than through a duct.

25. The Major Glands Of The
Endocrine System

26. MAJOR INTEGRATING LINK BETWEEN NERVOUS AND
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

27. Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Gland
 Both are master endocrine glands since their hormones control other
endocrine glands
 Hypothalamus is a section of brain above where pituitary gland is
suspended from stalk
 Hypothalamus receives input from cortex, thalamus, limbic system
& internal organs
 Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland with different releasing &
inhibiting hormones
 (gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing
hormone, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)

28. The location and roles of the
hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

29. Hypothalamus Gland
The hypothalamus
contains neurons that
control releases from the
anterior pituitary.
• Seven hypothalamic
hormones are released
into a portal system
connecting the
hypothalamus and
pituitary, and cause targets
in the pituitary to release
eight hormones.

30. PITUITARY HORMONE
MASTER GLAND
• Anterior and
posterior portions
1. Posterior connected
to hypothalamus by
infundibulum
2. 2. Anterior
connected via blood
stream

31. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
•It release many
hormones
1. GnRH
2. ACTH
3. FSH
4. LH
5. GH

32. .Human Growth Hormone
(HGH)
 Somatotropic hormone release by anterior pituitary
 Within target cells increases synthesis of insulin like
growth factors that act locally or enter bloodstream
– common target cells are liver, skeletal muscle,
cartilage and bone
– increases cell growth & cell division

33. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
• GnRH from hypothalamus controls gonadotrophs
 Gonadotrophs release FSH
 FSH functions
– initiates the formation of follicles within
the ovary
– stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
– stimulates sperm production in testes

34. .Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 GnRH from hypothalamus stimulate gonadotrophs
 Gonadotrophs produce LH
 In females, LH stimulates
– secretion of estrogen
– ovulation of oocyte from ovary
– secretion of progesterone
 In males, stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

35. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
(ACTH)
 • Corticotrophin-RH stimulate corticotrophs
 • Corticotrophs secrete ACTH & MSH
 • ACTH stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex that
produce glucocorticoids

36. Posterior Pituitary Gland
 It is also Called Neurohypophysis
 Does not synthesize hormones
• Release two Hormone
– antidiuretic hormone
– oxytocin

37. Posterior Pituitary Hormones
 • Manufactured in Hypothalamus, released from Post. Pit.
 • Oxytocin – Target = smooth ms. Uterus and Breast
(&brain) – Function = labor and delivery, milk ejection
 • ADH (Vasopressin AVP) – Target = kidneys – Function =
water reabsorption

38. .Oxytocin
 two target tissues both involved in neuroendocrine reflexes
 During delivery
– baby’s head stretches cervix
– hormone release enhances uterine muscle contraction
– baby & placenta are delivered
• After delivery
– suckling & hearing baby’s cry stimulates milk ejection
– hormone causes muscle contraction & milk ejection

39. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 • Known as vasopressin
 • Functions
– decrease urine production
– decrease sweating
– increase BP by retaining water

40. .Prolactin (PRL)
 Hypothalamus regulates lactotroph cells (PRH)
 • Lactotrophs produce prolactin
 • Under right conditions, prolactin causes milk production
 • Suckling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition and
prolactin levels rise along with milk production

41. Pineal Gland The pineal gland, or the pineal body is in the middle of the brain.
 It secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates when you sleep at night and
wake up in the morning
 Pineal gland is a small, cone shaped gland found in the roof of the third
ventricle of the brain.
 Melatonin hormone appears to be secreted in substantial amounts.
 It is believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility and to inhibit the
reproductive system (especially the ovaries of females)
 so that sexual maturation is prevented

42. .Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)
 Secreted by corticotroph cells
 Its release from the anterior pituitary
 In humans responsible for Skin Colour. (increase skin
pigmentation in frogs )

44. THYROID
GLAND:
15-20 g
• Located in front of the trachea
• Secretes
1. Thyroxine [T4]
2. Tri-iodo thyronine [T3]
3. Calcitonin [by the parafollicular
cells/ C-cells]
• T3 and T4 secretion are controlled
primarily by TSH [Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone] from the
anterior pituitary.
• Calcitonin- Calcium metabolism

45. Actions of Thyroid
Hormones
• T3 & T4 = thyroid
hormones responsible for
our metabolic rate,
synthesis of protein,
breakdown of fats, use of
glucose for ATP production
• Calcitonin= responsible for
building of bone & stops
reabsorption of bone (lower
blood levels of Calcium)

46. Chemistry of Thyroid Hormones
T4:
T3:
rT3:

47. Thyroid Hormones Increase
Cellular Metabolic Activity
 • Thyroid hormones increase the number and activity of
mitochondria
 • Increase the rate of ATP formation
 • Thyroid hormones increase active transport of ions through cell
membranes
Na+-K+ ATPase activity is increased
More energy utilization and heat production

48. Parathyroid Gland:
•There are usually four small parathyroid
glands so closely associated with the thyroid
gland.
•Parathyroid consists of chief cells and
oxyphil cells.
•Parthyroid hormone PTH consists of 84
amino acids
•It is secreted by the chief cells in the four
parathyroid glands
•Plasma ionized Ca+ acts directly on the
parathyroid glands in a feedback manner to
regulate the secretion of PTH
•In hypercalcemia, secretion is inhibited, and
the Ca+ is deposited in the bones
•In hypocalcaemia, parathyroid hormone
secretion is stimulated

49. Role of parathyroid hormone(PTH)
 The actions of PTH are aimed at raising serum calcium.
 Increases bone reabsorption by activating osteoclastic activity
• Increases renal calcium reabsorption by the distal renal tubules.
• Increases renal phosphate excretion by decreasing tubule phosphate reabsorption
 Increases the formation of 1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol by increasing the activity of
alpha-hydroxyls in the kidney
 A large amount of calcium is filtered in the kidney, but 99% of the filtered calcium
is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and the remainder in the ascending limb of the
loop[ of henle and the distal tubule. Distal tubule absorption is regulated by
parathyroid gland hormone.

51. Thymus Gland:
Located in the upper thorax region.
• Large in infants and children, it decreases in size
throughout adult hood.
• By old age, it is composed mostly of fibrous connective
tissue and fat.
• Thymus produces a hormone called thymosin.
• During childhood, it acts as an incubator for the maturation
of a special group of whiteblood cells(T lymphocytes or T
cells).
• T cells are play a great role in immune respose.

52. Adrenal Gland
Adrenal gland located atop
kidney
• Outer part = cortex –
Secretes Cortisol (stress),
Androgens, Aldosterone
(electrolytes)
• Inner part = medulla – SNS
control – Secretes EPI &
NEPI (fight or flight)

53. Adrenal Cortex
Hormones produced by adrenal cortex are referred to as Corticiosteroids.
These comprise mineralocorticoids, Glycocorticoids and androgens.
The cortex is divided into three regions;
•Zona glomerulosa
•Zona fasiculata
•Zona reticularis

54. TWO DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ADRENAL CORTEX:
1. Cushing’s Disease :
Cushing's disease
refers to a pituitary-dependent
cause of Cushing's syndrome:
a tumor (adenoma) in the
pituitary gland produces large
amounts of ACTH, causing
the adrenal glands to produce
elevated levels of cortisol
SYMPTOMS:
• Weigt Gain
• Hair loss
• hyperfpigmentation

55. 2. Addison’s disease
•Endocrine disorder in which the
adrenal glands do not produce
sufficient steroid hormones
(glucocorticoids and often
mineralocorticoids).
•It is characterised by a number of
Relatively nonspecific symptoms,
such as abdominal pain and
weakness….
SYMPTOMS:
NAUSEA
FEVER
VOMITING
FATIGUE

56. HYPER SECRETION OF ADERNAL GLAND:

57. PANCREAS
 The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the
back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
 The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions.
 One part of the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes
digestive enzymes.
 The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas,
secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These
hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the
blood.

59. PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE HORMONES AND THEIR
PURPOSE
 GLUCAGON :
Assist insulin in regulating blood glucose
(sugar) in the normal range (actions are opposite of
insulin)
 DISEASE DUE TO DEFICIENT ACTION:
Some times nothing, sometimes hypoglycemia
 DISEASE DUE TO EXCESS ACTION: Hyperglycemia
 SOMATOSTATIN:
Regulate the production and excretion of other endocrine tumors
Disease due to excess action: Diabetes (inhibits
insulin production), gallstones, and dietary fat intolerance.

60. Diabetes results from inadequate
levels of insulin.
 Type I diabetes is characterized by inadequate levels of
insulin secretion, often due to a genetic cause.
 Type II usually develops in adults from both genetic
and environmental causes.
 Loss of response of targets to insulin rather than lack of
insulin causes this type of diabetes.
 Diabetes causes impairment in the functioning of the
eyes, circulatory system, nervous system, and failure of
the kidneys.
 Diabetes is the second leading cause of blindness in the
US.
 Treatments involve daily injections of insulin,
monitoring of blood glucose levels and a controlled diet.

61. Regulation of Glucagon & Insulin
Secretion
•Low blood glucose
stimulates release of
Glucagon
•High blood glucose
stimulates secretion
of
insulin

62. Steroid Hormones
• Hydrophobic/Lipophilic
• Travel in blood
w/carrier
• Cytoplasmic or nuclear
receptors
• change protein
synthesis
• Example: estradiol

63. Reproductive Glands
 The reproductive glands are the main source of sex hormones.
 In males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones
called androgens; the most important of which is testosterone.
 These hormones affect many male characteristics (for example,
sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) as well
as sperm production.
 In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus,
produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs.
 These hormones control the development of female
characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also
involved in reproductive functions (for
 Example, menstruation, pregnancy).

65. Gland Hormone Chemical
Class
Representati
ve
Actions
Regulated
By
Hypothalamu
s
Pituitary
gland
Oxytocin Peptide Stimulates
contraction of
uterus
and
mammary
gland cells
Nervous system
Posterior
pituitary
(releases
hormones
made by
hypothalamus
)
Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Peptide Promotes
retention of
water
by kidneys
Water/salt
balance

66. Gland Hormone Chemical
Class
Representativ
e
Actions
Regulated
By
Anterior
pituitary
Prolactin (Pith) Protein Stimulates milk
production
and secretion
Hypothalamic
hormones
Follicle—
stimulating
hormone )FSII)
Luteinizing
hormone
(LH)
Glycoprotein
Glycoprotein
Stimulates
production of
ova and sperm
Stimulates
ovaries and
testes
Hypothalamic
Hormones
Hypothalamic
hormones
Thyroid-
stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
Glycoprotein Stimulates
thyroid gland
Thyroxine in
blood;
hypothalamic
hormones
Adrenocorticot
ropic
hormone
(ACTH)
Peptide Stimulates
adrenal cortex
to secrete
glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
;
hypothalamic
hormones

67. Gland Hormone Chemical
Class
Representa
tive
Actions
Regulated
By
Thyroid
gland
Triiodothyro
nine
(T3)
and
thyroxine
(T4)
Amine Stimulate
and
maintain
metabolic
processes
TSH
Calcitonin Peptide Lowers
blood
calcium
level
Calcium in
blood
Parathyroid
glands
Parathyroid
hormone
(PTH)
Peptide Raises blood
calcium
level
Calcium in
blood

68. Gland Hormone Chemical
Class
Representative
Actions
Regulated
By
Pancreas Insulin
Glucagon
Protein
Protein
Lowers blood
glucose
Level
Raises blood
glucose
level
Glucose in blood
Glucose in blood
Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine
Amine Raise blood
glucose level;
increase
metabolic
activities;
constrict certain
blood
vessels
Nervous system
Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Steroid Raise blood
glucose level
ACTH

69. Actions
Gonads
Testes
Androgens Steroid Support sperm
formation;
promote
development
and
maintenance of
male
secondary
FSH arid LH
Ovaries Estrogens
Progesterone
Steroid
Steroid
Stimulate
uterine lining
growth;
promote
development
and
maintenance of
female
secondary sex
characteristics
Promotes
uterine lining
growth
ESH and LH
ESH and LH

70. Gland Hormon
e
Chemica
l
Class
Represent
ative
Actions
Regulated
By
Pineal
gland
Melatonin Amine Involved in
biological
rhythms
Light/dark cycles
Thymus Thymosin Peptide Stimulates
T
lymphocyt
es
Not known

71. IMPORTANCE OF HORMONE:
 Our bodies rely on hormones to function properly. Any problems affecting hormonal
balance will affect our lives. Some things hormones are responsible for include:
 simulation of growth,
 control of cell’s life span,
 control of immune system,
 metabolism regulation,
 control of phases of life,
 self preservation reactions,
 sexual functions,
 reproductive cycle.
 • Hormones are chemical messengers in the body which control certain processes in the
body, such as reproduction and homeostasis. For example, insulin is a hormone in
homeostasis which controls the concentration of glucose in the blood by causing its
conversion into a insoluble substance. Without it (as in Type 1 diabetes), the blood sugar
level would rise uncontrollably