1. The extracellular environment surrounds cells and includes body fluids like blood plasma, tissue fluid, and lymph. It provides nutrients and a place for cells to exchange waste and signals.
2. The extracellular matrix is a network of connective tissue that binds cells together and to surrounding structures. It contains fibers like collagen and elastic fibers embedded in ground substance.
3. Transport across the cell membrane can occur through passive diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient using energy. Specific carrier proteins facilitate transport of some substances.
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
All about Neuromuscular junction...Structure,Steps involved,Drugs acting at neuromuscular junction , Clinical aspects (Myasthenia gravis and lambert eaton syndrome)
Objectives of the study:- Background of Action and Resting Potential, Procedure of the Experiment, Benefits and Findings of the Voltage Clamp Experiment, Variation of the Voltage Clamp Experiment.
Action potential By Dr. Mrs. Padmaja R Desai Physiology Dept
To study the Concept of Action Potential and describe the stages of action potential.
Ionic basis of Action Potential & its Propogation.
Properties of Action Potential.
Types action Potential
All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
All about Neuromuscular junction...Structure,Steps involved,Drugs acting at neuromuscular junction , Clinical aspects (Myasthenia gravis and lambert eaton syndrome)
Objectives of the study:- Background of Action and Resting Potential, Procedure of the Experiment, Benefits and Findings of the Voltage Clamp Experiment, Variation of the Voltage Clamp Experiment.
Action potential By Dr. Mrs. Padmaja R Desai Physiology Dept
To study the Concept of Action Potential and describe the stages of action potential.
Ionic basis of Action Potential & its Propogation.
Properties of Action Potential.
Types action Potential
All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
This is a casenote I wrote concerning the tenuous balance between public domain works and the Foreign Works Restoration Act, which essentially takes foreign works out of the public domain in the US and "re-copyrights" them, essentially upending the federal copyright regime.
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
Definitions of GI bleeding
GI Bleeding include Upper and Lower of GIB
Causes of GI bleeding
Pathogenesis of GI bleeding
Diagnosis of GI bleeding
Clinical of GI bleeding
Management of GI bleeding
Recommendation of GI bleeding
Clinical guideline of GI bleeding
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Extracellular Environment
• Includes all parts of the body outside of cells
▫ Cells receive nourishment
▫ Cells release waste
▫ Cells interact (through chemical mediators)
3. Body Fluids
• Two compartments
▫ Intracellular (~67% of body’s H20)
▫ Extracellular (~33% of body’s H20)
Blood plasma: about 20% of this
Tissue fluid (or interstitial fluid)
Includes extracellular matrix
Lymph
4. Extracellular matrix
• Connective tissue
▫ Fibers
Collegen
about 15 kinds
In the basal lamina bind to carbo on plasma
membrane
Then binds to matrix of CT
▫ Proteoglycans and glycoproteins
▫ Binds ET to CT
Elastin
5. Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Interstitial fluid is in the hydrated gel
Chemically complex
Molecules linked to the fibers
Carbohydrates on plasma membrane
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Integrins
Kind of glycoprotein
From cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix
“glue” cells to matrix
Relay signals between these compartments
6. Transport across cell membrane
• Plasma (cell) membrane
▫ Is selectively permeable
Generally not permeable to
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Selectively permeable to
Ions
Nutrients
Waste
▫ It is a biological interface between the two
compartments
7. Transport across cell membrane
• Plasma (cell) membrane
▫ Site of chemical reactions
Enzymes located in it
Receptors: can bond to molecular signals
Transporter molecules
▫ Recognition factors: allow for cellular adhesion
8. Transport across cell membrane
• Transport categories
▫ Based on structure
Carrier-mediated
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Non-carrier mediated
Diffusion
Osmosis
Bulk flow (pressure gradients)
Vesicle mediated
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
▫ Pinocytosis
▫ phagocytosis
9. Transport across cell membrane
▫ Based on energy requirements
Passive transport
Based on concentration gradient
Does not use metabolic energy
Active transport
Against a gragient
Uses metabolic energy
Involves specific carriers
10. Diffusion and Osmosis
• Cell membrane separates ICF from ECF.
• Cell membrane is selectively permeable.
• Mechanisms to transport molecules and ions
through the cell membrane:
▫ Carrier mediated transport
▫ Non-carrier mediated transport
11. Diffusion and Osmosis
• Energy requirements for transport through the
cell membrane:
▫ Passive transport:
Net movement down a concentration gradient.
▫ Active transport:
Net movement against a concentration gradient.
Requires energy.
12. Diffusion
• Physical process that occurs:
▫ Concentration difference across the membrane
▫ Membrane is permeable to the diffusing
substance.
• Molecules/ions are in constant state of random
motion due to their thermal energy.
▫ Eliminates a concentration gradient and distributes
the molecules uniformly.
17. Diffusion Through Cell
Membrane
• Cell membrane permeable to:
▫ Non-polar molecules (02)
▫ Lipid soluble molecules (steroids)
▫ Small polar covalent bonds (C02)
▫ H20 (small size, lack charge)
• Cell membrane impermeable to:
▫ Large polar molecules (glucose)
▫ Charged inorganic ions (Na+
)
18. Rate of Diffusion
• Dependent upon:
▫ The magnitude of concentration gradient.
Driving force of diffusion.
▫ Permeability of the membrane.
Neuronal cell membrane 20 x more permeable to
K+
than Na+
.
▫ Temperature.
Higher temperature, faster diffusion rate.
▫ Surface area of the membrane.
Microvilli increase surface area.
19. Osmosis
• Net diffusion of H20 across a selectively
permeable membrane.
• 2 requirements for osmosis:
▫ Must be difference in solute concentration on the
2 sides of the membrane.
▫ Membrane must be impermeable to the
▫ solute.
▫ Osmotically active solutes: solutes that
cannot pass freely through the membrane.
20. Effects of Osmosis
• Movement of H20
form high
concentration of H20
to lower
concentration of
H20.
21. H20 moves by osmosis into the lower H20 concentration until
equilibrium is reached (270 g/l glucose).
22. • The force that would have to be exerted to prevent osmosis.
• Indicates how strongly the solution “draws” H20 into it by
osmosis.
23.
24. Molality and Osmolality
• Ratio of solute to H20 critical to osmosis.
• Use molality (1.0 m):
▫ 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1 kg H20.
• Osmolality (Osm):
▫ Total molality of a solution.
• Plasma osmolality = 300 mOsm/l.
25. • NaCl ionized when dissolved in H20 forms 1 mole of Na+
and 1
mole of Cl-
, thus has a concentration of 2 Osm.
• Glucose when dissolved in H20 forms 1 mole, thus has a
concentration of 1 Osm.
26. Tonicity
• The effect of a solution on the
osmotic movement of H20.
• Isotonic:
▫ Equal tension to plasma.
▫ RBCs will not gain or lose H20.
27. Tonicity
• Hypotonic:
▫ Osmotically active solutes in a lower
osmolality and osmotic pressure than plasma.
▫ RBC will hemolyse.
• Hypertonic:
▫ Osmotically active solutes in a higher
osmolality and osmotic pressure than plasma.
▫ RBC will crenate.
29. Carrier-Mediated Transport
• Transport across cell membrane by protein
carriers.
• Characteristics of protein carriers:
▫ Specificity:
Interact with specific molecule only.
▫ Competition:
Molecules with similar chemical structures
compete for carrier site.
▫ Saturation:
Carrier sites filled.
31. Facilitated Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion:
• Passive:
▫ ATP not needed. Powered by thermal
energy.
▫ Involves transport of substance through
cell membrane from higher to lower
concentration.
36. Active Transport
• Movement of molecules and ions against their
concentration gradients.
▫ From lower to higher concentrations.
• Requires ATP.
• 2 Types of Active Transport:
▫ Primary
▫ Secondary
37. Primary Active Transport
• ATP directly required
for the function of the
carriers.
• Molecule or ion binds to
carrier site.
• Binding stimulates
phosphorylation
(breakdown of ATP).
• Conformational change
moves molecule to other
side of membrane.
38. Na+
- K+
ATP-ase Pump
• Primary active
transport.
• Carrier protein is
also an ATP
enzyme that
converts ATP to
ADP and Pi.
39. P
Extracellular fluid
1. Three sodium ions (Na+
) and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) bind to the carrier protein.
2. The ATP breaks down to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate (P)
and
releases energy.
3. The carrier protein changes shape, and the
Na+
are transported across the membrane.
4. The Na+
diffuse away from the carrier protein.
5. Two potassium ions (K+
) bind to the carrier
protein.
6. The phosphate is released.
7. The carrier protein changes shape,
transporting K+
across the membrane, and the
K+
diffuse away from the carrier protein. The
carrier protein can again bind to Na+
and ATP.
Cytoplasm Na+
ATP
K+
Breakdown of ATP
(releases energy)
Carrier protein changes
shape (requires energy) ADP
1
3
2
Carrier protein resumes
original shape
Na+
Na+ K+
P
K+
4
5
6
7
ATP binding site
Carrier protein
40. Extracellular fluid
Three sodium ions (Na+
) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bind to the
carrier protein.
Cytoplasm Na+
ATP
ATP binding site
Carrier protein
46. The carrier protein changes shape, transporting K+
across the membrane,
and the K+
diffuse away from the carrier protein. The carrier protein can
again bind to Na+
and ATP.
K+
Carrier protein resumes
original shape
47. Secondary Active Transport
• Coupled transport.
• Energy needed for
uphill movement
obtained from
downhill transport of
Na+
.
48. Secondary Active Transport
• Cotransport (symport):
▫ Molecule or ion moving in the same
direction.
• Countertransport (antiport):
▫ Molecule or ion is moved in the opposite
direction.
49. Membrane Transport of Glucose
• Glucose transport is
an example of:
▫ Cotransport
▫ Primary active
transport
▫ Facilitated diffusion
50. Bulk Transport
• Many large molecules are moved at
the same time.
▫ Exocytosis
▫ Endocytosis
51. Membrane Potential
• Proteins and phosphates are negatively
charged at normal cellular pH.
• These anions attract positively charged
cations that can diffuse through the
membrane pores.
• Membrane more permeable to K+
than Na+
.
▫ Concentration gradients for Na+
and K+
.
• Na+
/ K+
ATP pump 3 Na+
out for 2 K+
in.
• All contribute to unequal charge across the
membrane.
52.
53.
54. Equilibrium Potentials
• Theoretical voltage produced across the
membrane if only 1 ion could diffuse through the
membrane.
• Potential difference:
• Magnitude of difference in charge on the 2 sides
of the membrane.
56. Nernst Equation
• Membrane potential that would exactly
balance the diffusion gradient and prevent the
net movement of a particular ion.
• Equilibrium potential for K+
= - 90 mV.
• Equilibrium potential for Na+
= + 65 mV.
57. Resting Membrane Potential
• Resting membrane potential is less
than Ek because some Na+
can also
enter the cell.
• The slow rate of Na+
efflux is
accompanied by slow rate of K+
influx.
• - 65 mV