This document discusses cell membrane transport mechanisms. It begins by explaining that plasma membranes are selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion while requiring special transport proteins for others. It then examines different transport mechanisms in detail. These include passive transport processes like diffusion and facilitated transport via channel or carrier proteins, as well as active transport processes. Osmosis is discussed as a type of diffusion dependent on a water concentration gradient. The concepts of tonicity, osmolarity, and their effects on cell volume are also covered. The document seeks to explain the key functions and factors involved in transport across the cell membrane.
Transport across cell membrane, CELL MEMBRANERajshri Ghogare
Transport across cell membrane, Active transport, Active transport,
Types of passive transport-Diffusion, Filtration, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion , Types of active transport antiport and symport
Transport across cell membrane, CELL MEMBRANERajshri Ghogare
Transport across cell membrane, Active transport, Active transport,
Types of passive transport-Diffusion, Filtration, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion , Types of active transport antiport and symport
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomoleculesAJAYSOJITRA6
TOPIC WILL BE CONSIDER…..
TRANSPORT MECHANISM ; TYPES
PASSIVE PROCESS: DIFFUSION,OSMOSIS,PASSIVE TRANSPORT, FACILLATED TRANSPORT
ACTIVE PROCESS: ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS: PINOCYTOSIS,ENDOCYTOSIS
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomoleculesAJAYSOJITRA6
TOPIC WILL BE CONSIDER…..
TRANSPORT MECHANISM ; TYPES
PASSIVE PROCESS: DIFFUSION,OSMOSIS,PASSIVE TRANSPORT, FACILLATED TRANSPORT
ACTIVE PROCESS: ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS: PINOCYTOSIS,ENDOCYTOSIS
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
10. Membrane Transport
o Plasma membranes are selectively permeable.
o This transport may happen passively, as certain
materials move back and forth, or the cell may
have special mechanisms that facilitate
transport.
11. Selective Permeability
o Plasma membranes are asymmetric: the
membrane's interior is not identical to its
exterior.
o Peripheral proteins bind extracellular elements,
carbohydrates complex help the cell bind
required substances. This adds considerably to
plasma membranes selective nature.
12. Selective Permeability
o Plasma membrane are amphiphilic.
o This characteristic helps move some materials
through the membrane and hinders the
movement of others.
o Non-polar and lipid-soluble material with a low
molecular weight can easily slip through. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide molecules have no charge
and pass through membranes by simple diffusion
13. Selective Permeability
o Polar substances present problems for the membrane.
o Even though small ions can easily pass through (sana),
their charges prevent them from doing so.
o Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride
must have special means of penetrating plasma
membranes.
o Simple sugars and amino acids also need the help of
various transmembrane proteins (channels) to transport
themselves across plasma membranes.
15. Diffusion
• Diffusion is a passive process of transport.
• A single substance moves from a high
concentration to a low concentration area until
the concentration is equal across a space.
• Diffusion expends no energy. On the contrary,
concentration gradients are a form of potential
energy, which dissipates as the gradient is
eliminated.
16.
17. Factors that affect Diffusion
• Extent of the concentration gradient.
• Mass of the molecules diffusing.
• Temperature
• Solvent density.
• Solubility
• Surface area and plasma membrane thickness.
• Distance travelled
19. Facilitated Transport
• Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of
membrane proteins.
• Material attached to a protein or glycoprotein substances
then pass to specific integral proteins that facilitate their
passage.
• Have two components: the channel proteins and carrier
proteins
20. Channels
• Transmembrane proteins
• Channels are specific for the transported substance.
• They have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and
extracellular fluids. In addition, they have a hydrophilic channel
through their core that provides a hydrated opening through the
membrane layers.
• Channel allow polar compounds avoid the non-polar central
layer of the membrane.
• Aquaporins are channel proteins that allow water to pass
through the membrane at a very high rate.
21.
22. Channels
• Either open at all times or they are “gated”.
• When a particular ion attaches to the channel protein it may
control the opening, or other mechanisms or substances may
be involved.
• Some tissues, sodium and chloride ions pass freely through
open channels; whereas, in other tissues a gate must open to
allow passage
• Cells involved in transmitting electrical impulses, such as nerve
and muscle cells, have gated channels for sodium, potassium,
and calcium in their membranes.
23. Carrier Proteins
• Binds a substance=triggers a change of its own shape=move
the bound molecule from outside to inside.
• Depending on the gradient, material may move in opposite.
• Each carrier protein = one specific substance. Then the amount
of carrier protein in any membrane is finite.
• This cause problem when transporting material because when
all proteins are bound to their ligands, they are saturated and
the rate of transport is maximum. Increasing the gradient will
not result to increase transport rate.
24.
25. Rate of transport
• Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different
rates.
• Channel proteins transport more quickly.
• Channel proteins facilitate diffusion at a rate of tens of millions
of molecules per second
• Carrier proteins work at a rate of a thousand to a million
molecules per second.
26. OSMOSIS
• Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the
water's concentration gradient across the membrane, which is inversely
proportional to the solutes' concentration.
• Osmosis transports only water across a membrane, membrane limits the
solutes diffusion in the water.
• Aquaporins that facilitate water movement play a large role in osmosis,
most prominently in red blood cells and the membranes of kidney tubules.
27. OSMOSIS Mechanism
• Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
• Water tends to move from high concentration to low concentration.
• Principle of Diffusion = molecules move around and spread evenly
throughout medium.
• Solutes cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane, only water
can pass. This will create a concentration gradient of water in both sides of
semipermeable membrane.
• This diffusion of water through the membrane—osmosis—will continue
until the water's concentration gradient goes to zero or until the water's
hydrostatic pressure balances the osmotic pressure. Osmosis proceeds
constantly in living system.
28.
29. TONICITY
• Describes how an extracellular solution can change a cell's volume by
affecting osmosis.
• Tonicity directly correlates to Osmolarity.
• Osmolarity describes the solution's total solute concentration.
• Solution with low osmolarity = greater number of water molecules relative
to its solute and vice versa.
• Water will move from a part with low osmolarity to the part with high
osmolarity.
30. Tonic Solutions
• Hypotonic Solution – extracellular fluid has a lower solute
concentration, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.
• Hypertonic Solution - extracellular fluid has a high solute
concentration, or a higher osmolarity than the cell’s
cytoplasm.
• Isotonic Solution – Extracellular Fluid and Cell’s Cytoplasm
have same osmolarity. Same osmolarity = no net movement
of water.
31.
32. GUIDE QUESTIONS
A doctor injects a patient with what the doctor
thinks is an isotonic saline solution. The patient
dies, and an autopsy reveals that many red
blood cells have been destroyed. Do you think
the solution the doctor injected was really
isotonic? What is the concentrations
osmolarity? How about the solute to solvent
ratio?
34. Activity 1
G1: Discuss why the following affect the rate of
diffusion: molecular size, temperature, solution density,
and the distance that must be traveled.
G2: Why does water move through a membrane?
35. Activity 1
G3: Both of the regular intravenous solutions
administered in medicine, normal saline and lactated
Ringer’s solution, are isotonic. Why is this important?
G4: Describe two ways that decreasing temperature
would affect the rate of diffusion of molecules across a
cell’s plasma membrane
39. What part of the cell facilitate the cell trasnport
A. Plasma membrane
B. Plasma Brain
C. Cell Wall
D. Plasma TV
40. What describes the solution’s total solute
concentration?
A. Osmorality
B. Osmolality
C. Osmolarity
D. Osmalority
41. The relationship between tonicity and osmolarity
is what?
A. Direct
B. Inverse
C. Adverse
D. Converse
42. What is the relationship of Osmolarity to the
amount of solvent relative to its solute?
A. Direct
B. Inverse
C. Adverse
D. Converse
43. How do you describe a hypotonic situation?
A. Water has low concentration that of the solute
B. The osmolarity of extracellular matrix is lower
than the cytoplasm of the cell
C. The concentration of solute inside the cell is
greater than of the extracellular matrix
D. The w/w percent concentration of solute
relative to its solvent is lower inside the cell
cytoplasm.
44. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik
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Editor's Notes
The higher the density the slower the diffusion;
, nonpolar or lipid-soluble materials pass through plasma membranes more easily than polar materials, allowing a faster diffusion rate
This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
An example of this process occurs in the kidney. In one part, the kidney filters glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids that the body requires. This filtrate, which includes glucose, then reabsorbs in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and the body excretes this through urine. In a diabetic individual, the term is “spilling glucose into the urine.” A different group of carrier proteins, glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body.
An example of this process occurs in the kidney. In one part, the kidney filters glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids that the body requires. This filtrate, which includes glucose, then reabsorbs in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and the body excretes this through urine. In a diabetic individual, the term is “spilling glucose into the urine.” A different group of carrier proteins, glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body.
