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passive-transport.pptx
- 1. —the procrastinator “Sige lang,bawi ako this quarter”
- 2. Review What is CellMembrane? Give the at least 1 component of a cell membrane
- 3. Analysis Give an insighton what is happening
- 5. Question What particular functionof cell membrane are shown in the previous slide
- 6. OBJECTIVE • Explain transportmechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport, active transport)
- 7.
- 8. What do youthink Cell transport is?
- 9.
- 10. Membrane Transport o Plasmamembranes are selectively permeable. o This transport may happen passively, as certain materials move back and forth, or the cell may have special mechanisms that facilitate transport.
- 11. Selective Permeability o Plasmamembranes are asymmetric: the membrane's interior is not identical to its exterior. o Peripheral proteins bind extracellular elements, carbohydrates complex help the cell bind required substances. This adds considerably to plasma membranes selective nature.
- 12. Selective Permeability o Plasmamembrane are amphiphilic. o This characteristic helps move some materials through the membrane and hinders the movement of others. o Non-polar and lipid-soluble material with a low molecular weight can easily slip through. Oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have no charge and pass through membranes by simple diffusion
- 13. Selective Permeability o Polarsubstances present problems for the membrane. o Even though small ions can easily pass through (sana), their charges prevent them from doing so. o Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride must have special means of penetrating plasma membranes. o Simple sugars and amino acids also need the help of various transmembrane proteins (channels) to transport themselves across plasma membranes.
- 14. Membrane Transport Passive Transport: Diffusion 01
- 15. Diffusion • Diffusion isa passive process of transport. • A single substance moves from a high concentration to a low concentration area until the concentration is equal across a space. • Diffusion expends no energy. On the contrary, concentration gradients are a form of potential energy, which dissipates as the gradient is eliminated.
- 17. Factors that affectDiffusion • Extent of the concentration gradient. • Mass of the molecules diffusing. • Temperature • Solvent density. • Solubility • Surface area and plasma membrane thickness. • Distance travelled
- 18. Membrane Transport Passive Transport: Facilitated Transport 03
- 19. Facilitated Transport • Materialsdiffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins. • Material attached to a protein or glycoprotein substances then pass to specific integral proteins that facilitate their passage. • Have two components: the channel proteins and carrier proteins
- 20. Channels • Transmembrane proteins •Channels are specific for the transported substance. • They have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids. In addition, they have a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening through the membrane layers. • Channel allow polar compounds avoid the non-polar central layer of the membrane. • Aquaporins are channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a very high rate.
- 22. Channels • Either openat all times or they are “gated”. • When a particular ion attaches to the channel protein it may control the opening, or other mechanisms or substances may be involved. • Some tissues, sodium and chloride ions pass freely through open channels; whereas, in other tissues a gate must open to allow passage • Cells involved in transmitting electrical impulses, such as nerve and muscle cells, have gated channels for sodium, potassium, and calcium in their membranes.
- 23. Carrier Proteins • Bindsa substance=triggers a change of its own shape=move the bound molecule from outside to inside. • Depending on the gradient, material may move in opposite. • Each carrier protein = one specific substance. Then the amount of carrier protein in any membrane is finite. • This cause problem when transporting material because when all proteins are bound to their ligands, they are saturated and the rate of transport is maximum. Increasing the gradient will not result to increase transport rate.
- 25. Rate of transport •Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different rates. • Channel proteins transport more quickly. • Channel proteins facilitate diffusion at a rate of tens of millions of molecules per second • Carrier proteins work at a rate of a thousand to a million molecules per second.
- 26. OSMOSIS • Movement ofwater through a semipermeable membrane according to the water's concentration gradient across the membrane, which is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. • Osmosis transports only water across a membrane, membrane limits the solutes diffusion in the water. • Aquaporins that facilitate water movement play a large role in osmosis, most prominently in red blood cells and the membranes of kidney tubules.
- 27. OSMOSIS Mechanism • Osmosisis a special case of diffusion. • Water tends to move from high concentration to low concentration. • Principle of Diffusion = molecules move around and spread evenly throughout medium. • Solutes cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane, only water can pass. This will create a concentration gradient of water in both sides of semipermeable membrane. • This diffusion of water through the membrane—osmosis—will continue until the water's concentration gradient goes to zero or until the water's hydrostatic pressure balances the osmotic pressure. Osmosis proceeds constantly in living system.
- 29. TONICITY • Describes howan extracellular solution can change a cell's volume by affecting osmosis. • Tonicity directly correlates to Osmolarity. • Osmolarity describes the solution's total solute concentration. • Solution with low osmolarity = greater number of water molecules relative to its solute and vice versa. • Water will move from a part with low osmolarity to the part with high osmolarity.
- 30. Tonic Solutions • HypotonicSolution – extracellular fluid has a lower solute concentration, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm. • Hypertonic Solution - extracellular fluid has a high solute concentration, or a higher osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm. • Isotonic Solution – Extracellular Fluid and Cell’s Cytoplasm have same osmolarity. Same osmolarity = no net movement of water.
- 32. GUIDE QUESTIONS A doctorinjects a patient with what the doctor thinks is an isotonic saline solution. The patient dies, and an autopsy reveals that many red blood cells have been destroyed. Do you think the solution the doctor injected was really isotonic? What is the concentrations osmolarity? How about the solute to solvent ratio?
- 33. Activity 1 03 Sana allmay BRAIN cells
- 34. Activity 1 G1: Discusswhy the following affect the rate of diffusion: molecular size, temperature, solution density, and the distance that must be traveled. G2: Why does water move through a membrane?
- 35. Activity 1 G3: Bothof the regular intravenous solutions administered in medicine, normal saline and lactated Ringer’s solution, are isotonic. Why is this important? G4: Describe two ways that decreasing temperature would affect the rate of diffusion of molecules across a cell’s plasma membrane
- 36.
- 37. Summary Make a Graphic Organizeron what we learned today
- 38.
- 39. What part ofthe cell facilitate the cell trasnport A. Plasma membrane B. Plasma Brain C. Cell Wall D. Plasma TV
- 40. What describes thesolution’s total solute concentration? A. Osmorality B. Osmolality C. Osmolarity D. Osmalority
- 41. The relationship betweentonicity and osmolarity is what? A. Direct B. Inverse C. Adverse D. Converse
- 42. What is therelationship of Osmolarity to the amount of solvent relative to its solute? A. Direct B. Inverse C. Adverse D. Converse
- 43. How do youdescribe a hypotonic situation? A. Water has low concentration that of the solute B. The osmolarity of extracellular matrix is lower than the cytoplasm of the cell C. The concentration of solute inside the cell is greater than of the extracellular matrix D. The w/w percent concentration of solute relative to its solvent is lower inside the cell cytoplasm.
- 44. CREDITS: This presentationtemplate was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik THANKS! Do you have any questions?
Editor's Notes
- #18 The higher the density the slower the diffusion; , nonpolar or lipid-soluble materials pass through plasma membranes more easily than polar materials, allowing a faster diffusion rate
- #20 This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
- #21 This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
- #23 This arrangement gives the overall molecule a head area (the phosphate-containing group), which has a polar character or negative charge, and a tail area (the fatty acids), which has no charge. . The head can form hydrogen bonds, but the tail cannot
- #24 An example of this process occurs in the kidney. In one part, the kidney filters glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids that the body requires. This filtrate, which includes glucose, then reabsorbs in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and the body excretes this through urine. In a diabetic individual, the term is “spilling glucose into the urine.” A different group of carrier proteins, glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body.
- #26 An example of this process occurs in the kidney. In one part, the kidney filters glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids that the body requires. This filtrate, which includes glucose, then reabsorbs in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and the body excretes this through urine. In a diabetic individual, the term is “spilling glucose into the urine.” A different group of carrier proteins, glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body.
- #29 Give an Example
- #32 Give an Example