For D.Pharmacy students. Unit - V Carminatives and G.I.Regulators. (As per PCI syllabus).

1. CARMINATIVES AND
G.I. REGULATORS
P r e p a r e d B y : M s . D i v y a K a n o j i y a
A s s i s t a n t P r o fe s s o r i n P h a r m a c o g n o s y
D e p a r t m e n t o f P h a r m a c y, S u m a n d e e p V i d y a p e e t h
D e e m e d t o b e U n i v e r s i t y, P i p a r i a , Va d o d a ra .
1

2. C O N T E N T :
 Coriander
 Fennel
 Cardamom
 Ginger
 Clove
 Black Pepper
 Asafoetida
 Nutmeg
 Cinnamon
 B i o l o g i c a l
s o u rc e ,
C h e m i c a l
c o n s t i t u e n t s
a n d T h e ra p e u t i c
e f f i c a c y o f t h e
fo l l o w i n g
c a te g o r y o f
c r u d e d r u g s :
2

3.  Synonyms: Fructus coriandri, Coriander fruits, Cilantro, Chinese parsley.
 Biological Source: Coriander consists of dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum
Linn., belonging to family Umbelliferae.
 Geographical Sources: It is Cultivated in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in
Russia, Hungary, in Africa and India. In India it is cultivated in Maharashtra, U.P.,
Rajasthan, Jammu, and Kashmir. It is also found in a antiwild state in the east of
England.
3

4. Morphology:
 Size: The size of the fruit is 3 to
4 mm in diameter
 Shape: Subspherical in shape
 Color: Yellowish-brown in
color
 Odor: Aromatic
 Taste: Spicy and aromatic
taste.
4
Figure: Coriandrum sativum

5.  A t.s. of the mericarp shows two prominent surfaces the commisural and the
dorsal.
 The commisural surface is flat with two vittae and carpophore in the middle. The
dorsal surface is ridged but with no vittae.
 Pericarp, testa and a kidney shaped endosperm are the important tissues of a
mericarp.
 PERICARP
 Epicarp of the pericarp consists of a single row of small but thick walled cells.
(Calcium oxalate crystals are seen when epidermal peelings are mounted.)
 Mesocarp can be differentiated into three zones -
5 Microscopy:

6.  (a) Outer loosely arranged tangentially elongated paren- chyma.
 (b) Middle compact sclerenchyma: outer region of this sclerenchymatous
band is represented by longitudinally running fibres (below the primary
ridges) whereas the inner region is made of tangentially running fibres
corresponding to secondary ridges). Vascular bundles crown the
sclerenchymatous region of mesocarp below the primary ridges, and
 (c) Inner, irregular, polygonal and lignified parenchyma.
 Endocarp or inner pericarp is made of typical parquetry layer.
 TESTA single layered and yellowish in colour.
 ENDOSPERM
 It is thick walled, polygonal, colourless parenchyma containing fixed oil
and aleurone grains. An embryo is seen only if t.s. is taken from the
apical region of mericarp.
6

7. 7
Figure: T.S. of Coriander fruit

8.  Coriander consist of about 1% of volatile oil the chief volatile components are D-(+)-
linalool (coriandrol), along with other constituents like, borneol, p-cymene,
camphor, geraniol, limonene, and alpha-pinenes.
 The fruits also contain fatty oil and hydroxycoumarins.
 The fatty oils include acids of petroselic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, whereas the
hydroxycoumarins include the umbelliferone and scopoletine.
8 Chemical constituents:

9.  Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, alterative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and
flavouring agent.
 It is also used as refrigerant, tonic, appetizer, diuretic, aphrodisiac, and
stomachic.
 Coriander can be applied externally for rheumatism and painful joints.
 The infusion of decoction of dried fruit of cardamom is useful for the treatment
of sore-throat, indigestion, vomiting, flatulence, and other intestinal disorders.
9 Uses:
Marketed Products:
 It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Cystone (Himalaya
Drug Company), Bilwadi churna (Baidyanath), and Sage massage oil (Sage
Herbals).

10. 10

11. Fennel
 Synonyms: Fructus foeniculli, Fennel
fruit, Fenkel, Florence fennel, Sweet
fennel, Wild fennel, Large fennel.
 Biological Source: Fennel consists of the
dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare
Miller., belonging family Umbelliferae.
 Geographical Sources: Fennel is
indigenous to Mediterranean countries
and Asia; it is largely cultivated in
France, Saxony, Japan, Galicia, Russia,
India, and Persia.
11

12. 12 Morphology:
 Size: The size of the fruit is 5 to
10 mm long, 2 to 4 mm broad.
 Shape: oval-oblong in shape
 Color: It has greenish-brown to
yellowish brown colour with five
prominent primary ridges and a
bifid stylopod at the apex.
 Odor: Sweet and aromatic
 Taste: Sweet, agreeable and
aromatic taste.
Figure: Foeniculum vulgare

13.  Fennel exhibits features of a typical umbelliferous fruit CREMOCARP.
When a schizocarp (a fruit which splits apart into parts without futher
dehiscion) is derived from a bicarpellary pistil, it is called a cremocarp.
 In otherwords, a cremocarp consists of two portions each of which is
called a mericarp connected by a central stalk called carpophore.
 A single seed is seen in each mericarp.
 T.S. of a mericarp shows two prominent surfaces-the commisural and the
dorsal. The commisural surface is flat with two pronounced ridges and
carpophore in the middle. The dorsal surface is also ridged (3 ridges).
Thus, in all, the mericarp shows 5 primary ridges.
13 Microscopy:

14.  Mericarp can broadly be divided into Pericarp, Testa and the bulky Endosperm.
 PERICARP:
 The Epicarp or the exocarp of the pericarp surrounding the entire mericarp
consists of a layer of polygonal, tangentially elongated cells with smooth cuticle.
 Mesocarp the bulk of mesocarp is made of parenchyma. Bicollateral vascular
bundles appear in the mesocarp below the primary fidges.
 Reticulate and lignified parenchyma, a characteristic feature of Fennel appears in
the mesocarp surrounding the vascular bundles.
 Besides, yellowish brown and elliptical vittae (schizogenous oil ducts), 4 on the
dorsal surface between the ridges and two on the commisural surface are also
important features of mesocarp.
14

15.  Endocarp:
 Another typical umbelliferous feature is the presence of parquetry arrangement
(groups of parallel cells arranged in different directions) of cells of endocarp which
however is seen as a single layer between mesocarp and testa.
 TESTA:
 Single layered and yellowish in colour.
 ENDOSPERM: Thick walled, polygonal colourless parenchyma containing oil
globules and aleurone grains. A crescent shaped embryo is seen in the sections
passing through the apical region of mesocarp.
 Raphe, a ridge of vascular strand, appears in the middle of commisural surface
just in front of carpophore, as the ovule is anatropous (inverted).
15

16. 16
Figure: Schematic representation of Fennel fruit

17. 17
Figure: T.S. of Fennel fruit

18.  The best varieties of Fennel contain 4 to 5% of
volatile oil.
 The primary constituents of volatile oil are 50 to
60% of anethole, a phenolic ester; and 18 to 22%
of fenchone, a ketone.
 Fenchone is chemically a bicyclic monoterpene
which is a colourless liquid and the odour and
taste is pungent and camphoraceous.
 The oil of Fennel has β-pinene, anisic acid,
phellandrine, and anisic aldehyde.
 Fennel also contains about 20% fixed oil and 20%
proteins.
18 Chemical constituents:

19.  Fennel is used as stomachic, aromatic, diuretic, carminative, diaphoretic, as a
digestive, pectoral, and flavouring agent.
 Anethole may have estrogen-like activity and inhibit spasms in smooth muscles.
 Fennel can increase production of bile, used in the treatment of infant colic, to
promote menstruation in women, can increase lactation, act as antipyretic,
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.
19 Uses:
Adulterant:
 Fennel is used as stomachic, aromatic, diuretic, carminative, diaphoretic, as a
digestive, pectoral, and flavouring agent.

20.  It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Abana, Shahicool, Anxocare
(Himalaya Drug Company), Aptikid (Lubin Herbal Laboratory), Jalifaladi bati
(Baidyanath), and Hajmola, Janum Gunti (Dabur).
20 Marketed Products:

21. 21

22.  Synonyms: Cardamom fruit,
Cardamom seed, Cardamomi
semina, Malabar cardamums,
Capalaga, Gujatatti elachi, Ilachi,
Ailum.
 Biological Source: Cardamom
consists of the dried ripe seeds of
Elettaria cardamomum Maton.,
belonging to family Zingiberaceae.
 Geographical Sources: It is
cultivated in South India and
Ceylon. Like Mysore, Kerala, etc.
22 Cardamom

23.  Size: The fruit is an inferior trilocular three-angled capsule, 1 to 2 cm
long.
 Shape: Ovoid or oblong shape, rounded at the base; the base has the
remains of stalk or the perianth.
 Color: upper surface is dark green and glabrous, whereas it is light green
and silky below.
 Odor: Aromatic.
 Taste: Aromatic.
23 Morphology:
Figure: Cardamom seeds covered by arrilus

24.  T.S. of a seed shows testa, perisperm and endosperm as important
tissues.
 TESTA
 The entire testa is covered on the external side by thin colourless,
flattened or collapsed parenchyma also called as 'membraneous
arillus'. Testa can be broadly divided into outer and inner
integuments.
24 Microscopy:

25. OUTER INTEGUMENT
a) Epidermis single layered, thick walled, narrow and axially elongated
cells.
b) Outer parenchymatous layer 1 or 2 layers, tangentially elongated
cells.
c) Oil cell layer single layered which however becomes 2-3 layered near
raphe, large rectangular thin walled parenchymatous cells containing
volatile oil.
d) Inner parenchymatous layer several layers of thin walled often
obliterated parenchyma.
25

26. INNER INTEGUMENT
(a) Sclerenchymatous layer dark brown, single layered bowl-shaped cells,
radially elongated with anticlinal and inner walls very strongly thickened
thus exhibiting a narrow lumen, in which are present nodules of silica.
(b) Parenchyma single layered flattened cells.
(c) PERISPERM several layered thin walled parenchymatous cells packed
with starch grains and single prisms of calcium oxalate.
(d) ENDOSPERM thin walled colourless parenchymatous cells containing
masses of protein.
(e) EMBRYO small cells containing aleurone grains.
26

27. 27
Figure: T.S of Cardamom seed
Figure: Schematic representation of Cardamom seed

28.  The seeds contain 3 to 6% of volatile oil along with fixed oil, salts of
potassium, a colouring principle, nitrogenous mucilage, an acrid resin,
starch, ligneous fibre, and ash.
 The active constituent of the volatile oil is cineole. Other aromatic
compounds present are terpinyl acetate, terpineol, borneol, terpinene,
etc.
 The oil is colourless when fresh, but becomes thicker, more yellow and less
aromatic on storage.
 It is soluble in alcohol and readily in four volumes of 70% alcohol,
producing a clear solution. Its specific gravity at 25°C is 0.924 to 0.927.
28 Chemical constituents:

29.  Cardamom is used as an aromatic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic,
expectorant, diaphoretic, digestive, appetizer, and flavouring agent.
 It is used in the treatment of respiratory disorders like asthma, bronchitis,
cough, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, headache, diarrhea, colds, for flatulence,
also used as a spice in cooking.
29
Uses:

30.  1. Elettaria cardamomum var. major: This species is the source of the long
wild native Cardamom of Sri Lanka. They are 4 cm long, pericarp is dark
brown and coarsely striated. Its volatile oil is used in liquors.
 2. Amomum aromaticum and A. subulatum: A. aromaticum: is obtained
from Bengal and Assam and is known as Bengal Cardamom. A. subulatum is
obtained from Nepal, Bengal, Sikkim, and Assam and known as Nepal or
Greater Cardamom. A. subutalum contains petunidin-3,5-diglucoside,
leucocyanidin-3-glucoside, cardamonin, alpinetin, and aurone glucoside
subulin.
 3. Malabar Cardamom: is characterized by a short leafy shoot, 3 m in height,
the fruit shape is roundish or elongated, smaller than the Mysore
Cardamom.
30
Allied drug:

31.  4. Mysore Cardamom: is a robust with leafy stem, up to 5 m
high. Mysore Cardamom fruits are elongated, 2–5 cm long,
yellowish green when ripe, slightly arched, and darkish brown
when dry; seeds are numerous, large, and less aromatic.
 5. Mangalore cardamom: resembles the Malabar but is more
globular and has a rougher pericarp.
31

32.  Cardamom fruits are often adulterated with orange seeds and
unroasted coffee grains.
 The adulterants of seeds are small pebbles and seeds of Amomum spp.
Powdered seeds are adulterated with the powder of husks.
32
Adulterants:
Marketed Products:
 It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Koflet, Renalka
syrup, Mentat and Anxocare (Himalaya Drug Company).

33. 33

34.  Synonyms: Rhizoma zingiberis,
Zingibere.
 Biological Source: Ginger consists
of the dried rhizomes of the
Zingiber officinale Roscoe,
belonging to family
Zingiberaceae.
 Geographical Sources: It is mainly
cultivated in West Indies, Nigeria,
Jamaica, India, Japan, and Africa.
34 Ginger

35.  Size: The rhizomes are 5 to 15 cm
long, 3 to 6 cm wide, and about 1.5
cm thick.
 Shape: Irregular in shape, branched
or palmate.
 Color: Outer surface has buff yellow
colour with longitudinally striated
fibres.
 Odor: Agreeable and aromatic.
 Taste: Pungent and agreeable.
35 Morphology:
Figure: Zingiber officinale

36.  CORK
 Outer cork few layered, dark brown in colour, made of irregular parenchymatous
cells.
 Inner cork few layered, colourless parenchymatous cells radially arranged in regular
rows.
 CORTEX
 Thin parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces containing abundant starch.
The starch grains are unique in the sense that they are sack shaped with terminal
beak like projection in which the eccentric hilum is situated.
 Distinct striations are very prominent on the grain. Interspersed with cortical
parenchyma are found numerous oleo-resin cells and as well vascular bundles. The
oleo-resin cells have suberized walls and contain yellowish matter.
36 Microscopy:

37.  ENDODERMIS
 It is single layered with radial walls thickened and with no starch grains.
 GROUND TISSUE
 It is large, parenchymatous (similar to that of cortex), with abundant starch,
oleo-resin cells and vascular bundles. The latter in general are collateral,
conjoint and closed. A group of sclerenchymatous fibres partially covers the
vascular bundles of cortex and also of central ground tissue and these bundles
are therefore called as Fibrovascular bundles.
 Just below the endodermal layer, that is, to the periphery of the ground tissue, a
ring of narrow zone of vascular bundles appear, which however are not covered
by sclerenchymatous fibres.
37

38.  While the Phloem presents the usual well developed sieve elements, xylem
elements are somewhat characteristic. Xylem consists of mainly vessels, some
tracheids which have annular, spiral or reticulate thickenings but without any
reaction for lignin. The fibres are also un-lignified, pitted and septate.
38

39. 39
Figure: Schematic diagram of Ginger rhizome
Figure: Transverse section of Ginger rhizome

40.  Ginger contains 1 to 2% volatile oil, 5 to 8% pungent resinous mass and
starch.
 The volatile oil is responsible for the aromatic odour and the pungency
of the drug is due to the yellowish oily body called gingerol which is
odourless.
 Volatile oil is composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbon like α-zingiberol;
α-sesquiterpene alcohol α-bisabolene, α-farnesene, α-
sesquiphellandrene.
 Less pungent components like gingerone and shogaol are also present.
 Shogal is formed by the dehydration of gingerol and is not present in
fresh rhizome.
40 Chemical constituents:

41. 41

42.  Ginger is used as an antiemetic, positive inotropic, spasmolytic, aromatic
stimulant, carminative and flavouring agent.
 It is prescribed in dyspepsia, flatulent colic, vomiting spasms, as an adjunct to
many tonic and stimulating remedies, for painful affections of the stomach,
cold, cough, and asthma. Sore throat, hoarseness, and loss of voice are
benefited by chewing a piece of ginger.
42 Uses:
Adulterants:
 Exhausted ginger, Capsicum powder and grains of paradise.

43.  It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Pain kill oil, J.P. Liver
syrup (Jamuna Pharma), Abana, Gasex (Himalaya Drug Company), Hajmola
(Dabur), Strepsils (Boots Piramal Healthcare), and Sage Massaj oil (Sage Herbals).
43 Marketed Products:

44. 44

45.  Synonyms: Clove buds, Clove flowers.
 Biological Source: Clove consists of the
dried flower buds of Eugenia
caryophyllus Thumb., belonging to
family Myrtaceae.
 Geographical Sources: Clove tree is a
native of Indonesia. It is cultivated
mainly in Islands of Zanzibar, Pemba,
Brazil, Amboiana, and Sumatra. It is also
found in Madagascar, Penang,
Mauritius, West Indies, India, and
Ceylon.
45 Clove

46.  Size: It has upper crown and a hypanthium.
The hypanthium is sub-cylindrical and
tapering at the end. The hypanthium is 10 to
13 mm long, 4 mm wide, and 2 mm thick and
has schizolysigenous oil glands and an ovary
which is bilocular.
 Shape: sub-cylindrical and tapering at the
end.
 Color: Reddish-brown in colour.
 Odor: Strong spicy and aromatic odour.
 Taste: Pungent and aromatic.
46 Morphology:
Figure: Clove bud

47.  Transverse sections should be taken both through the short upper
portion (immediately below the calyx) containing bilocular ovary
and as well through the long solid, subcylindrical lower portion
(hypanthium) of the bud.
 Herein a detailed descriptive account of the t.s. through
hypanthium only is given.
 T.S. through Hypanthium. Following are the important tissues from
the periphery to the centre: Epidermis, Cortex and Columella.
47 Microscopy:

48.  EPIDERMIS:
 Single layered small cells with straight walls and has a very thick cuticle.
Epidermal layer gets intercepted by Ranunculaceous type of stomata.
 CORTEX:
 3 distinct zones or regions can be made out.
 a) The peripheral region containing 2 to 3 layers of big ellipsoidal, schizo-
lysigenous oil glands embedded in the radially elongated parenchymatous
cells.
 b) The middle region containing 1 or 2 rings of bicollateral vascular bundles
associated with a few pericyclic fibres, embedded in thick walled
parenchyma and
 c) the inner region made of loosely arranged aerenchyma.
48

49.  COLUMELLA:
 It forms the central cylinder containing thick walled parenchyma with a
ring of bicollateral vascular bundles towards the periphery of the
cylinder. Numerous cluster crystals (sphaeraphides) are seen scattered
throughout the columella and to a certain extent in the middle cortical
zone.
 T.S. through the ovary region shows identical structures as that of
hypanthium but for the absence of the central columella This central
region here is occupied by a bilocular ovary with several ovules showing
an axile placentation.
49

50. 50
Figure: (a) T.S. passing through hypanthium (b) T.S. passing through ovary

51. 51
Figure: T.S. of Clove bud

52.  Clove contains 14–21% of volatile oil.
 The other constituents present are the
eugenol, acetyl eugenol, gallotannic acid,
and two crystalline principles; α- and β-
caryophyllenes, methyl furfural, gum, resin,
and fibre.
 Caryophyllin is odourless component and
appears to be a phytosterol, whereas
eugenol is a colourless liquid.
 Clove oil has 60–90% eugenol, which is the
cause of its anesthetic and antiseptic
properties.
52 Chemical constituents:

53.  Clove is used as an antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, aromatic, and as a
flavouring agent. It is also used as anodyne, antiemetic. Dentists use clove oil
as an oral anesthetic and to disinfect the root canals.
 Clove kills intestinal parasites and exhibits broad antimicrobial properties
against fungi and bacteria and so it is used in the treatment of diarrhea,
intestinal worms, and other digestive ailments. Clove oil can stop toothache.
 A few drops of the oil in water will stop vomiting, eating cloves is said to be
aphrodisiac.
 Eugenol is also used as local anaesthetic in small doses. The oil stimulates
peristalsis; it is a strong germicide, also a stimulating expectorant in bronchial
problems.
53 Uses:

54.  Exhausted cloves, Brown cloves, Mother cloves and Clove stalks.
54 Adulterants:
Marketed Products:
 It is one of the ingredients of the preparation
known as Himsagar tail (Dabur).

55.  Synonyms: Pepper, Cmman pepper, Kalamirch.
 Biological Source: It consists of dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. and P.
trioicum Roxb belonging to Family- Piperaceae.
 Geographical Sources: The plant is indigenous to South India. It is mainly
cultivated in Kerala and Karnataka. The plat is also grown in other tropical
countries like Indonesia, Malayasia, South America, Brazil.
55 Black Pepper

56.  Size: Length varies, diameter
upto 6 mm
 Shape: Globular
 Color: Brownish black
 Odor: Aromatic, pungent
 Taste: Aromatic, pungent
56 Morphology:
Figure: Clove bud

57.  (A) Major constituent- Piperine, perettine, perolein A and B, piperidine and chavicine
and are responsible for pungent taste of the drug.
 (B) Volatile oil constitutents- Phellandrene, caryophyllene, citronellal, alpha-and beta-
pinenes, limonene etc.
 (C) Minor constituents- Vitamins, coluring pigments, starch, mineral matter
and amino acids.
57 Chemical constituents:

58.  Foreign organic matter-not more than 2.0%
 Ash- not more than 6.0%
 Acid-insoluble ash- not more than 1.0%
 Crude fibres- not more than 15.0%
58
Standards:
 1. It is used as aromatic, stimulant, stomachic and carminative.
 2. It is used in treatment of dyspepsia, flatulence, malarial fever and arthritis.
 3. Locally, it is applied for sore throat, piles and skin diseases, as the oleo-resin
has bacteriostatic and fungistatic.
 4. It retards development of rancidity in oils, fats, frozen pork, beef and lard,
because of presence of tocopherolin oleoresin.
Uses:

59.  1. Piper attenuatum H. found in tropical Himalaya.
 2. Long pepper- P. longum, available in Tamilnadu, A. P., and Ceylon,
known as Pipalmol in Hindi.
59 Substitutes:
Adulterants:
 1. Papaya seeds- (Carica papaya)
 2. Powder of peper is adulterated with powdered pepper shells and starchy
matter which can be detected with difficulty under microscope.
 3. The oil of pepper is occasionaly adulterated with low priced and readily
accessible terpenes and sesquiterpenes such as phellandrene, dipentene
and caryophyllene.

60.  It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as Kaeso salon spa
body sugar scrub and Kazima (black pepper massage oil).
60 Marketed Products:

61.  Synonyms: Devil’s dung; food of the gods; asafoda; asant; hing (Hindi).
 Biological Source: Asafoetida is an oleo-gum resin obtained as an exudation by incision
of the decapitated rhizome and roots of Ferula asafoetida L, F. foetida, Royel, F.
rubricaulis Boiss, and some other species of Ferula, belonging to family Apiaceae.
 Geographical Sources: The plant grows in Iran, Turkestan and Afghanistan (Karam and
Chagai districts).
61 Asafoetida

62.  Asafoetida occurs as a soft solid mass or
irregular lumps or ‘tears’, sometimes almost
semiliquid. Tears are rounded or flattened and
about 5–30 mm in diameter, grayish-white or
dull yellow or reddish brown in colour.
 Asafoetida mass is mixed with fruits,
fragments of root, sand and other impurities.
Asafoetida has a strong garlic-like (alliaceous)
odour and a bitter, acrid and alliaceous taste.
When triturated with water, it makes a milky
emulsion. It should not have more than 50%
of matter insoluble in alcohol (90%) and not
more than 15% of ash.
62 Morphology:
Figure: Ferula asafoetida

63.  Asafoetida contains volatile oil (4–20%), resin (40–65%), and gum (25%).
 The garlic-like odour of the oil is due to the presence of sulphur compounds.
 The main constituent of the oil is isobutyl propanyl disulphide (C6H16S2 ). The
three sulphur compounds, such as, 1-methylpropyl-1-propenyl disulphide, l-
(methylthio)-propyl-1-pro-penyl disulphide, and l-methyl-propyl 3-(methylthio)-
2-propenyl disulphide have also been isolated from the resin; the latter two
have pesticidal properties.
 The flavour is largely due to R-2- butyl-l-propenyl disulphide and 2-butyl-3-
methylthioallyl disulphide (both as mixtures of diastereoisomers).
63 Chemical constituents:

64.  The drug also contains a complex mixture of sesquiterpene umbelliferyl
ethers mostly with a monocyclic or bicyclic terpenoid moiety.
 Resin consists of ester of asaresinotannol and ferulic acid, pinene,
vanillin and free ferulic acid.
 On treatment of ferulic acid with hydrochloric acid, it is converted into
umbelliferone (a coumarin) which gives blue fluorescence with
ammonia.
 Asafoetida also contains phellandrene, sec-butylpropenyl disulphide,
geranyl acetate, bornyl acetate, α-terpineol, myristic acid, camphene,
myrcene, limonene, fenchone, eugenol, linalool, geraniol, isoborneol,
borneol, guaiacol, cadinol, farnesol, assafoetidin, foetidin, etc.
64

65. 65

66.  Asafoetida is used as carminative, expectorant,
antispasmodic, and laxative as well as externally to prevent
bandage chewing by dogs; for flavouring curries, sauces, and
pickles; as an enema for intestinal flatulence, in hysterical and
epileptic affections, in cholera, asthma, whooping cough, and
chronic bronchitis.
66 Uses:
Adulterants:
 Asafoetida is adulterated with gum Arabic, other gum-resins,
rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, barley or wheat flour, and slices
of potatoes.

67.  Galbanum and ammoniacum are oleo-gum-resins obtained, respectively, from
Ferula galbaniflua and Dorema ammoniacum. Galbanum contains umbelliferone
and umbelliferone ethers, up to 30% of volatile oil containing numerous mono-
and sesquiterpenes, azulenes, and sulphur-containing esters. Ammoniacum
contains free salicylic acid but no umbeiliferone.
 The major phenolic constituent is ammoresinol. An epimeric mixture of
prenylated chromandiones termed ammodoremin is also present. The volatile oil
(0.5%) contains various terpenoids with ferulene as the major component.
67 Allied Drugs:
 It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as Madhudoshantak
(Jamuna Pharma).
Marketed Products:

68. 68

69.  Synonyms: Semen myristicae, Myristica, Nux moschata, Myristica aromata.
 Biological Source: Nutmeg is the kernel of the dried ripe seed of Myristica fragrans
Houtten., belonging to family Myristicaceae.
 Geographical Sources: A native of Molucca islands in Indonesia. It is also cultivated
in West Indies, Banda Islands, Archipelago, Malayan, Sumatra, and in Guiana.
69 Nutmeg

70.  Size: 2 to 3 cm length and 1.5 to 2
cm wide.
 Shape: Ovoid or broadly
elongated shape.
 Color: The kernels are greyish
brown in colour, with numerous
reddish brown spots on them.
 Odor: Characteristics.
 Taste: Characteristics.
70 Morphology:
Figure: Myristica fragrans

71.  Nutmeg contains of 5 to 15% volatile oil, lignin, stearin, starch, gum, colouring
matter, and 0.08% of an acid substance.
 The volatile oil contains clemicine, myristicin, geraniol, borneol, pinene,
camphene, and dipentene. It also contains eugenol, safrol, p-cymene and
isoeugenol in small quantity.
71 Chemical constituents:

72.  Nutmeg is aromatic, carminative, flavouring agent. Both nutmeg and mace are
used for flatulence, in allay nausea and vomiting. Graded nutmeg along with
lard is used in ointment for piles.
 It has narcotic action and peripherally it irritates and produces anesthetics
action, since it irritates intestine and uterus it can cause abortion. Oil of
Nutmeg is used to conceal the taste of various drugs and as a local stimulant to
the gastrointestinal tract.
72 Uses:
 It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Diakof, Geriforte,
Mentat, Lukol (Himalaya Drug Company), and Kumaryasava (Dabur).
Marketed Products:

73. 73

74.  Synonyms: Cortex cinnamoni, Ceylon
cinnamon, Saigon cinnamon, Chinese
cassia, Cinnamomum aromaticum,
Cinnamomum laurus.
 Biological Source: Cinnamon is the
dried inner bark of the coppiced shoots
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees.,
belonging to family Lauraceae.
 Geographical Sources: Cinnamomum
zeylanicum is widely cultivated in
Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, West Indies,
Brazil, Mauritius, Jamaica, and India.
74 Cinnamon

75.  Size: 1 m length, 0.5 mm
thickness, and 6 to 10 mm
diameter.
 Shape: It is in single- or
double-compound quills.
 Color: outer surface has
yellowish brown colour
having longitudinal lines of
pericyclic fibre and scars.
 Odor: Aromatic.
 Taste: Sweet and aromatic.
75 Morphology:
Figure: Leaf and bark of Cinanamom zeylanicum

76.  The transverse section shows the presence of three to four layers of sclereids
which are horse shoe shaped consisting of starch grains.
 The pericyclic fibres (6 to 15) are present on the outer margin.
 It consists of sieve tubes which are completely collapsed and are arranged
tangentially; lignified phloem fibres, arranged as tangential rows of four to five
cells; biseriate medullary rays with needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals;
longitudinally elongated idioblast consisting of volatile oil; sub-rectangular
parenchyma cells with starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals.
76 Microscopy:

77. 77
Figure: Schematic representation of Cinnamon bark

78. 78
Figure: T.S of Cinnamon bark

79.  Cinnamon contains about 10% of volatile oil, tannin, mucilage, calcium
oxalate and sugar. Volatile oil contains 50 to 65% cinnamic aldehyde,
along with 5 to 10% eugenol, terpene hydrocarbons and small
quantities of ketones and alcohols.
79 Chemical constituents:

80.  It is used as an alterative, aromatic, carminative, flavouring agent,
analgesic, antiseptic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, demulcent,
digestive, expectorant, stomachic, diaphoretic, antibacterial,
antifungal, etc.
 It stops vomiting, relieves flatulence and is given with chalk and as
astringents for diarrhoea and haemorrhage of the womb.
 It is also used in the treatment of bronchitis, colds, palpitations,
nausea, congestion, and liver problems.
80 Uses:

81.  It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Rumalaya gel,
Koflet lozenges, Chyavanprash (Himalaya Drug Company), Garbhapal ras,
Sutsekhar ras (Dabur), and Sage Staminex capsules (Sage Herbals).
81 Marketed Products:

82. 82

83. T h a n k y o u ! !
83