This document provides information on various types of resins obtained from plants. It discusses natural resins like benzoin, asafoetida, ginger, colophony and myrrh. It describes their biological sources, physical characteristics, chemical constituents and uses. It also covers classification of resins into types like oleoresins, gum resins, oleo gum resins and balsam resins. Additionally, it summarizes information on tannins, pterocarpus, catechu and uses of resins as flavoring agents, medicines and in industries.

1. Pharmacognosy & phytochemistry
b.Pharma 3rd YeAr UNIT-2NDpart-ii
V/S
Mr. Bulet Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor
Sai College of Pharmacy, Mau

2. Resins
• Resin is a material that is extracted from the secretions of plants and trees.
• Resin is a type of secondary metabolite.
• It is a solid or semisolid amorphous fusible flammable natural organic substances
that are usually transparent or translucent and yellowish to brown are formed
especially in plant secretions are soluble in organic solvents but not in the water.
Types of Resins
Resin can be divided into two types, depending on the nature of synthesis.
1) Natural Resin
2) Synthetic Resin

3. 1. Natural Resin
• These types of Resin have a natural source.
• They are obtained from nature, Mostly they originate from the plants. Therefore,
it is known as plant Resin.
• It can be isolated by the whole plant, specific part, or exuded by plants because of
injury/incision.
• Rarely, some natural Resin is obtained from the animal.
• Examples of plants from which Resin can be obtained-: Benzoin, Ginger,
Podophyllum, Asafoetida, and Capsicum.
• Examples of the animal from which Resin can be obtained:- Shellac and fossils.

4. 2. Synthetic Resin
These types of Resin are produced in the industry.
Synthetic Resins are produced by the curing of the rigid polymer. It can be of
various types:
1. Thermoplastic Resins
2. Epoxy Resins
3. Casting Resins
4. Epoxy Resins
5. Ion exchange Resins
6. Acetal Resins

5. Classification of Resin
Classification of Resin is based on the nature of occurrence with other secondary
metabolites. They are classified as below:
1.Oleoresin-
These are naturally occurring Resin, which is a mixture of Resin and volatile oil.
Examples of such types of Resins are capsicum, ginger, and copaiba.
2.Gum Resin-
These types of Resins are associated with the gum. Examples of such types of
Resins are colophony and cannabis.

6. 3.Oleo Gum Resins- These types of Resins are a mixture of volatile oil, gum, and
Resin. Examples of such types of Resins are guggul, asafoetida, and myrrh.
4.Balsams Resin- These types of Resin are a mixture of benzoic acid and cinnamic
acid or esters of these acids. It can occur in free or combined form.
Examples of such types of Resins are benzoin, tolu balsam, Peru balsam.
5.Glyco Resin- This type of Resin occurs in combination with sugar. These Resins
are linked with the sugar molecule by the glycosidic linkage.
Examples of such types of Resins are jalap and podophyllum.

8. Uses
•These are used as flavoring agents.
•Natural Resins are used as a carminative agent.
•It is used as an expectorant.
•It is used as a stimulant or diuretic agent.
•It is used as an anticancer drug.
•It shows a cathartic property & also used as adhesive.
•It is used as an anti-inflammatory property.

9. BENZOIN
Synonyms: Sumatra benzoin, loban, siam benzoin
Biological source: Balsamic resin obtained from the incised stem of syntax benzoin
or styrax Paralleloneurus, S.tonkinensis belongs to family styraceae.
Physical characteristics:
Colour: greyish brown or grey masses
Odour: agreeable and balsamic
Taste: sweetish and slightly acrid
Size: varying in size
Uses: Expectorant

10. Physical Characteristics:
Odour- Greyish brown
Odour- Aromatic
Taste- Slightly acrid
Solubility- Soluble in Alcohol
Chemical constituents- Free balsamic acids (benzoic and cinnamic acid),
Triterpenoid

12. ASAFOETIDA
Synonyms: Devil’s drug, Hing, Gum asafoetida
Biological source: It is an oleo-gum resin of living root and rhizomes of Ferula
foetida, F.rubicals, F. asafoetida etc and other spices of Ferula belongs to family
Umbelliferae.
Physical Characteristics:
Colour: yellowish brown to reddish brown
Odour: Intense, penetrating
Taste: Bitter, acrid,
Solubility: Partly soluble in alcohol

13. Chemical constituents: Resin(40 to60%) mainly Asaresinotannol in free or
combined form with ferulic acid, Pinene, Vanillin and Asaresene; Gum (20 to 25%)
and volatile oil(4 to 20%) contains isobutyl propanyl disulphide which gives
alliaceous odour to drug.
Uses: Carminatives, laxative, antispasmodic, Nervine tonic, anthelmintic and
digestive.
It is used to treat flatulence colic, constipation, asthma, bronchitis, whooping
cough and
epilepsy.
It is also used as flavouring agent in sauces, pickles and curries.

15. Guggul
Botanical Name:- Commiphora wightii
Family: Burseraceae
Common Names:- Indian bdellium-tree,
gugal, guggul, gugul, or Mukul myrrh tree.
Parts Used:- Resin exuded by plant.
Introduction: Guggul is obtained from Indian Bdellium or Gum Guggul tree. It is an
oleo gum 'resin' exuded by plant during summer months (April to May in India).
To obtain resin, circular incisions
should be made on the main stem.

16. Constituents: Guggul is the mixture of ketonic steroids from the gummy yellowish
oleoresin of the plant extract from India.
Mainly resin, volatile oils, and gum E & Z Guggulusterones 2 - 5%, Guggul sterols,
Diterpenoids, Terpene, Cambrene, Myrcene, Dimyrcene and Poly- myrcene.
Guggul has excellent medicinal properties and used to treat many disorders.
Health Benefits:
1) It improves digestion and appetite.
2) It is useful in activating thyroid function.
3) It is useful drug to treat high cholesterol.

17. 4) It also helps eliminate and expel dead tissues,
wastes, and toxins from the body.
5) It breaks down clot and prevents platelet aggregation.
6) It fights obesity and stimulates weight loss. Due to this property it is used in
preparation of many weight loss herbals such as Himalaya Ayur slim capsules.
7). It boosts immune system by stimulating the activity of white blood cells.
8). It stimulates regeneration of nerve tissues, bones and joints.
9). It uterine stimulant and helps in regulating menstruation.
10). Other medicinal uses include skin diseases, anaemia, liver disease and
respiratory illness.

18. MYRRH
Synonym: Myrrha, Gum-myrrh, Loban.
Biological source: Myrrh is the oleo-gum-resin obtained from incision from the stem of
commiphora molmol belonging to
Family: Burseraceae.
Physical characteristics:
Colour: externally reddish internally brown
Odour: Agreeably aromatic
Taste: Aromatic, bitter, acrid
Size: 1.5-3.0 cm in diameter
Solubility: Partly soluble in alcohol and ether
Insolubility: Water

19. Chemical constituents: volatile oil (10%) which are terpenes, cuminic aldehyde, eugenol, gum
(60%), resin (25 to 40%) which contains ether soluble resin acids, α,β, and γ commiphoric acid.
Uses:
It is use as a Carminatives & antiseptic.
It is uses as a uterine stimulant.
It is use as a protective.
It is used in gargles and mouth wases.

20. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale.) is an important commercial crop grown for its aromatic rhizomes
which is used both as a spice
and a medicine.
Ginger is one of the five most important
major spices of India. India is the largest
producer of dry zinger in the world,
accounting for more than 60% of world production.
Kerala is the largest producer of ginger accounting for more than 40% of the total countries
production.
The following are some of the varieties grown in different states of
India– Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Assam, Andhra Pradesh.

21. Botanical name: Zingiber officinale
Family: Zingiberaceae
Origin: South East Asia
Chemical Constituents

22. Uses
• Ginger is used as a spice.
• It is used in the preparation of Ginger oil and oleoresin.
• It is used in the preparation of soft drinks, alcoholic beverages.
• Green Ginger is used in the culinary preparations.
• Preserved Ginger is used for the manufacture of processed food.
• It is used as carminative and stimulant.
• Anti bacterial used in contiments
• Decrease cholesterol level
• Decrease joint pain from arthiritis anti inflammatory
• anti emetic effects.

23. COLOPHONY
Synonym: Rosin, Rosina, colophonium, Amber resin, resin
Biological source: colophony is the solid residue obtained after distilling the oleo-resin from
various species of pinus.
Family: Pinaceae
Physical characteristics:
Colour: amber or pale yellow
Odour: turpentine like
Taste: slightly bitter
Solubility: alcohol, ether, chloroform, and light petroleum
Insolubility: water

24. Chemical constituents: colophony contains 90% of abietic aid (resin acid), 5 to 6 %
of resene, and 0.5% of volatile oil. Other acid present are sapinic acid, pimaric acid.
Uses:
• Colophony posses stimulant and diuretic properties.
• It is commonly used as ingredients of plasters and ointment.
• Industrially it is used in manufacturing of varnishes, pint driers, printing ink,
soaps, wood, polishes, cements, paper, plastics and fire works.
Storage: colopony should be stored in large pieces in well closed containers away
from the light.

26. TANNINS
Tannins are polyphenolic substances found in many plants product of secondary
metabolism.
Its water-soluble nature allows easy extraction and is useful in various applications
in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.

28. 1) Hydrolysable tannins:
• These tannins are hydrolysed by acids, or enzyme and produce gallic acid and
ellagic acid.
• The gallic acid is found in rhubarb, clove and ellagic acid is found in eucalyptus
leave and myrobalans and pomegranate bark.
2) Condensed tannins: These tannins are resistant to hydrolysis and they derived
from the flavonols, catechins and flavan-3, 4-diols.
• On treatment with acids or enzymes they are decomposed into phlobaphenes
(give characteristic red colour to many drugs).

29. • On dry distillation condensed tannin produce catechol. These tannins are called
as catechol tannins.
• These tannins are found in cinchona bark, male fern, areca seeds, tea leaves
and wild cherry bark, bahera fruits, Amla, etc.
• These tannins treated with ferric chloride to produce blue or black colour.

30. 3) Pseudo tannins:
They are phenolic compound of lower molecular weight, and do not show the
Goldbeater’s skin test.
They are mainly found in Catechu & Nux-Vomica.
A) Catechin found in the Catechu & Cocoa.
B) Ipecacuanhic acid found in Ipecacuanha.
C) Chlorogenic acid found in Coffee & Nux-Vomica.
Test for Catechin (Matchstick Test):
Phenazone Test:
Vanillin-hydrochloric acid test:

33. PTEROCARPUS
Synonyms- Bijasal, Indian kino tree, Malbar kino.
Biological Source- It consists of dried juice obtained by making vertical incisions
to the stem bark of the plant Pterocarpus marsupium Linn., belonging to family
Leguminosae.
Geographical source- It is found in hilly regions of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa. It is also found in forests of Karnal, Kerala, West
Bengal, and Assam.

34. Macroscopic Characters
Its contains about 70–80% of kinotannic acid, kino-red, catechol, resin and gallic
acid.

35. Chemical test
1. When the solution of drug is treated with ferrous sulphate, green color is
produced.
2. With alkali (like potassium hydroxide) violet color is produced.
3. With mineral acid, a precipitate is obtained.
Marketed Products-
It is the one of the components of the
preparation known as Gludibit
(Lupin Herbal Laboratory) and Diabecon
(Hima-laya Drug Company) for diabetes mellitus.

36. Pale Catechu
Synonyms- Gambier, pale catechu, catechu.
Biological Source
Gambier or pale catechu is a dried aqueous extract
produced from the leaves and young twigs of
Uncaria gambier Roxburgh. belonging to family Rubiaceae.
Geographical Source
It is cultivated in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sumatra, Bornea, and Singapore at elevation
up to 150 m. the plant is used mostly for the production of the drug,
which is marketed through Singapore.

40. USES OF BLACK CATECHU USES OF PALE CATECHU
Cutch is used in medicine as astringent. Pale catechu is medicinally used as local
astringent.
It cures troubles of mouth, diseases of the throat
and diarrhoea.
In diarrhoea,
It also increases appetite. it is used as general astringent.
In India and eastern countries, it is used in betel
leaves for chewing.
It is largely used in various countries of east for
chewing with betel leaf.
In dyeing industries, cutch I used for dyeing
fabrics brown or black.
Large proportion of gambier is used in dyeing
and tanning industries.
It is also used in printing. It is used for tanning of animal hides to convert
it to leather.