This document provides information about the volatile oil peppermint. It discusses the botanical source as the oil obtained from Mentha piperita. The key chemical constituent is menthol, along with menthyl acetate and other compounds. Peppermint oil has uses as a carminative to relieve gas, as well as in treating conditions like colic, nausea, and dyspepsia. Adulterants include oils like camphor oil that are sometimes added to peppermint oil.
complete chapter of volatile oils that comes under the pharmacognosy. the ppt gives details study of all volatile oils in a particular manners which help the students to learn more in a simple way of learning.
Any substance which is made from natural or synthetic material or a combination of both used for creating pleasant odour or removed the undesired smell is known as perfumes.
The flavoring agents are the agents which are used to mask the unpleasant taste.
Drugs used for this purpose are Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Sandalwood.
complete chapter of volatile oils that comes under the pharmacognosy. the ppt gives details study of all volatile oils in a particular manners which help the students to learn more in a simple way of learning.
Any substance which is made from natural or synthetic material or a combination of both used for creating pleasant odour or removed the undesired smell is known as perfumes.
The flavoring agents are the agents which are used to mask the unpleasant taste.
Drugs used for this purpose are Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Sandalwood.
Herb or preparation intended to either prevent the formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. The crude drugs which act as carminatives are Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ajowan, Asafoetida, Ginger, Black pepper, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Introduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction, identification, occurrence in plants, role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in Kino, Myrobalan, Catechu, Nutgall, Castanea and krameria.
Herb or preparation intended to either prevent the formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. The crude drugs which act as carminatives are Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ajowan, Asafoetida, Ginger, Black pepper, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Introduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction, identification, occurrence in plants, role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in Kino, Myrobalan, Catechu, Nutgall, Castanea and krameria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Ms. Snehal S. Chakorkar
(M. Pharm.)
Unit II
Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander
For Third Year B. Pharm. Program as per PCI syllabus,
New Delhi
2. Introduction to Volatile oils :
Volatile oils are mixture of hydrocarbon terpenes,
sesquiterpenes and polyterpenes and their oxygenated
derivatives obtained from various parts of the plant.
Volatile oils evaporate on exposure to air at ordinary
temperature and are the odorous constituents.
The oil bears the name of the plant from which it is
derived;
for example, rose oil or peppermint oil.
Such oils were called essential because they were thought
to represent the very essence of odour and flavour.
3.
4. PEPPERMINT
Synonym: Brandy Mint.
Botanical Source:
It is the oil obtained by the distillation
of Mentha piperita,
belonging to family Labiatae.
Geographical Source:
It is mainly found in Europe, United States, and also in
damp places of England.
5. Cultivation and Collection:
Peppermint thrives best in a fairly warm, preferably moist
climate, with well-drained, deep soils rich in humus.
Peppermint will grow successfully, if once started into
growth and carefully cultivated. The usual method of
cultivation is to dig runners in the early spring and lay
them in shallow trenches, 3 feet apart in well-prepared
soil.
The growing crop is kept well-cultivated and absolutely
free from weeds and in the summer when the plant is in
full bloom, the mint is cut by hand and distilled in straw.
A part of the exhausted herb is dried and used for cattle
food.
6.
7. Characteristics:
The leaves are shortly and distinctly stalked,
2 inches long and 3/4 to 1.5 inches broad.
The margins are finely toothed, with smooth
upper and lower surfaces The stems are 2 to
4 feet high, frequently purplish in colour.
The flowers are reddish-violet in colour,
present in the axils of the upper leaves,
forming loose, interrupted spikes. The plant
has a characteristic odour and if applied to
the tongue has a hot, aromatic taste at first
and afterwards produces a sensation
of cold in the mouth caused by menthol
present in it.
8. Menthol Oil is colourless,
yellowish or greenish liquid,
with penetrating odour and a
burning, camphorescent taste.
The flavouring properties of
the oil are due to both the ester
and alcoholic constituents
On storage it becomes thick
and reddish but increases the
mellowness even if it is stored
for 14 years.
9. Chemical Constituents:
The chief constituent of Peppermint oil is Menthol, along
with other constituents like menthyl acetate, isovalerate,
menthone, cineol, inactive pinene, limonene, and other less
important bodies. The English oil (60 to 70%), the Japanese
oil (85%) , and the American (50%) of Menthol
Menthol
10. Uses:
It is stimulant, stomachic, carminative, inflatulence, and
colic; in some dyspepsia, sudden pains, for cramp in the
abdomen and also in cholera and diarrhoea.
Oil of peppermint allays sickness and nausea, as infants
cordial.
Peppermint is good to aid in raising internal heat and
inducing perspiration.
It is also used in cases of hysteria and nervous disorders.
11. Adulterants:
Camphor oil, Cedarwood oil, and oil of African Copaiba
are occasionally used as an adulterant of Peppermint oil,
the oil is also adulterated with one-third part of rectified
spirit.
If adulterated with rectified spirit it can be identified
by agitating it with water which produces milkiness.
Rosemary oil and Turpentine oil are also sometimes used
as adulterants.
12. Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as
Dabur lal tooth powder (Dabur).
13. CLOVE
Synonyms: Clove buds, Clove flowers.
Biological Source:
Clove consists of the dried flower buds
of Eugenia caryophyllus Thumb.,
belonging to family Myrtaceae.
Geographical Source:
Clove tree is a native of Indonesia. It is cultivated mainly
in Islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, Brazil, Amboiana, and
Sumatra. It is also found in Madagascar, Penang,
Mauritius, West Indies, India, and Ceylon.
14. Cultivation and Collection:
Clove tree is evergreen and 10 to 20
m in height. The plant requires
moist, warm and equable climate
with well distributed rainfall.
It is propagated by means of seeds.
The seeds are sown in well-drained
suitable soil at a distance of about
25 cm.
The plants should be protected against pests and plant
diseases as well as from sunlight. The drug can be collected
every year starting from 6 years old till they are 70 years
old.
15. Clove buds change the colour as they mature. (Rainy
season long greenish buds appear which change to a
lovely rosy peach colour and as the corolla fades the
calyx turns yellow and then red. The buds are collected
during dry weather in the month of August to December.)
Collection done by the trees are beaten using bamboo
sticks for the collection of the bud then separated from
the stalks and then placed on coconut mats for drying
under sun.
The buds loose about 70% of its weight, whereas drying
and change their colour to dark reddish-brown. The dried
clove is graded and packed.
16. Characterisitics
Clove is reddish-brown in colour, with
an upper crown and a hypanthium. The
hypanthium is sub-cylindrical and
tapering at the end. The hypanthium is
10 to 13 mm long, 4 mm wide, and 2
mm thick and has schizolysigenous oil
glands and an ovary which is bilocular.
The Crown region consists of the calyx, corolla, style and
stamens. Calyx has four thick sepals. Corolla is also known
as head, crown or cap; it is doine shaped and has four pale
yellow coloured petals which are imbricate, immature, and
membranous.
The ovary consists of abundant ovules. Clove has strong
spicy, aromatic odour, and pungent and aromatic taste.
17. Chemical Constituents
Clove contains 14–21% of volatile oil. Clove oil has 60–
90% eugenol responsible for anesthetic and antiseptic
action.
The other constituents are the eugenol (colourless liquid),
Caryophyllin(odourless ,phytosterol). acetyl eugenol,
gallotannic acid, and two crystalline principles; α- and β-
caryophyllenes, methyl furfural, gum, resin, and fibre.
eugenol Caryophyllin
18. Uses:
Clove is used as an antiseptic, stimulant, carminative,
aromatic, and as a flavouring agent.
It is also used as anodyne (drug used to lessen pain through
reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system)
,antiemetic, aphrodisiac (a food, drink, or other thing that
stimulates sexual desire.) and as local anaesthetic.
Dentists use clove oil as an oral anaesthetic and to disinfect
the root canals and can stop toothache.
Clove exhibits broad antimicrobial properties against fungi
and bacteria and so it is used in the treatment of diarrhea,
intestinal worms, and other digestive ailments.
The oil stimulates peristalsis; it is a strong germicide, also a
stimulating expectorant in bronchial problems.
19. Adulterants
The clove is generally adulterated by
exhausted clove, clove fruits, blown cloves
and clove stalks.
The exhausted cloves are those from
which volatile oil is either partially or
completely removed by distillation.
Exhausted cloves are darker in colour and
can be identified as they float on freshly
boiled and cooled water.
Clove fruits are dark brown in colour and
have less volatile oil content. These can be
identified by the presence of starch present
in the seed of the fruit.
20. Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as
Himsagar tail (Dabur).
21. CINNAMON
Synonyms
Cortex cinnamoni, Ceylon cinnamon,
Saigon cinnamon, Chinese cassia,
Cinnamomum aromaticum/ laurus.
Biological Source
Cinnamon is the dried inner bark of the
coppiced shoots
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees.,
belonging to family Lauraceae.
Geographical Sources
Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, West Indies, Brazil, Mauritius,
Jamaica, and India.
22. Cultivation and Collection
Cinnamon is cultivated by seed
propagation method, about four to five
seeds are placed in each hole at 2 m
distance between the plants.
It prefers shelter and constant rain to
rainfall. Cinnamon is an evergreen tree
grows from 20 to 30 feet high, has
thick scabrous bark, strong branches.
The plant is coppiced few inches above the ground, leaving
five to six straight shoots on them. The bark is loosened and
the longitudinal incisions are made using copper or brass
knife. The barks arc stripped off and made into bundles and
wrapped in Coir.
23. The bundles are kept aside for about 2 hours to facilitate
fermentation due to enzymatic action.
The fermentation helps in the loosening of the outer layer
up to pericycle.
Each strip is taken and then they are scraped using a knife
to separate the cork.
The pieces are dried and they are categorized and packed
one inside the other.
Then compound quills are made by packing the small,
quills into larger ones. They are cut into pieces of 1 m
length and dried first under shade and later under sun.
During drying, the original pale colour changes to brown
due to the presence of some pholobatannins in the bark
24. Characteristics:
Cinnamon are either in single- or double-
compound quills, with a size of 1 m
length, 0.5 mm thickness, and 6 to 10 mm
diameter.
The outer surface has yellowish brown
colour having longitudinal lines of
pericyclic fibre and scars and holes
representing the position of leaves or the
lateral shoots.
The inner surface is darker than the outer.
Cinnamon ha a fragrant perfume; taste
aromatic and sweet.
25. Chemical Constituents:
Cinnamon contains about 10% of volatile oil, tannin,
mucilage, calcium oxalate and sugar. Volatile oil contains
50 to 65% cinnamic aldehyde, along with 5 to 10%
eugenol, terpene hydrocarbons and small quantities of
ketones and alcohols.
Eugenol Cinnamic aldehyde
26. Uses:
It is used as an alterative, aromatic, carminative,
flavouring agent, analgesic, antiseptic, antirheumatic,
antispasmodic, demulcent, digestive, expectorant,
stomachic, diaphoretic flatulence.
It is given with chalk and as astringents for diarrhoea
and haemorrhage of the womb.
It is also used in the treatment of bronchitis, colds,
palpitations, nausea, congestion, and liver problems.
27. Other Species:
Cinnamon cassia is often used as a substituent. C.culiawan
is native ofAmboyna and the bark has the flavour of
clove, C. iners, Cassia burmarin, Saigon cinnamon, and
C. Nitidum are also used.
28. Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as
Rumalaya gel, Koflet lozenges, Chyavanprash (Himalaya
Drug Company), Garbhapal ras, Sutsekhar ras (Dabur),
and Sage Staminex capsules (Sage Herbals).
29. FENNEL
Synonyms:
Fructus foeniculli, Fennel fruit, Fenkel,
Florence fennel,Sweet fennel, Wild
fennel, Large fennel.
Biological Source:
Fennel consists of the dried ripe fruits
of Foeniculum vulgare Miller.,
belonging to family Umbelliferae.
Geographical Source:
Fennel is indigenous to Mediterranean countries andAsia;
it is largely cultivated in France, Saxony, Japan, Galicia,
Russia, India, and Persia.
30. History:
Fennel was well-known to the Ancients, and it was also
cultivated by the ancient Romans for its aromatic fruits and
edible shoots.
It is reported that during third-century B.C. Hippocrates
prescribed fennel for the treatment of infant colic, and later
on after 400 years Dioscorides called fennel as an appetite
suppressant and recommended the seeds for nursing
mothers to increase milk secretion.
Pliny suggested that fennel cured eye problems and
jaundice. Fennel seeds are commonly taken after meals to
prevent gas and stomach upset.
The use of fennel shoots and seeds are mentioned in
ancient record of Spanish agriculture datingA.D. 961.
31. Cultivation and Collection:
Fennel, a hardy, beautiful plant, perennial, umbelliferous
herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild
in many parts of the world.
Fennel is propagated by seeds during April in ordinary
soil. Fennel requires abundance sun light and is adapted to
dry in sunny situations, it does not call for heavily
manured ground but it will yield more on well-drained
calcareous soil.
The plants grow to a height of 2 m, erect and cylindrical
and take enough space in branching.
The plant bears fruits in the second year and the bright
golden flowers, flat terminal umbels bloom in July and
August. The fruits are collected by cutting the stems in
September and dried.
32. Characteristics
cremocarps
The fruit is an entire
with pedicels,
oval-oblong and 5 to 10 mm
long, 2 to 4 mm broad.
It has greenish brown to yellowish brown colour with five
prominent primary ridges and a bifid stylopod at the apex.
surface.
The commisural surface has a carpophore and two vittae,
and the dorsal surface has a total of five ridges.
The mericarp is divided into pericarp, consisting of the
epicarp and mesocarp; the testa and the endocarp. Epicarp
consists of polygonal cells of epidermis which are
tangentially elongatedand covered by the cuticle.
33. Mesocarp has parenchyma cells with five bicollateral
vascular bundles; below each primary ridge a lignified
reticulate parenchyma surrounds the vascular bundles.
There are four vittae on dorsal surface and two vittae on
commisural or the ventral surface. Inner Epidermis or
Endocarp shows parquetry arrangement (a group of four to
five cells arranged parallelly at acute angles with groups of
similar cells in different direction).
Testa is a single-layered tangentially elongated cell with
yellowish colour. Endosperm consists of thick-walled,
wide polyhedral, colourless cells. Cells contain fixed oil,
aleurone grains, and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
34. Chemical Constituents:
The Fennel contain 4 to 5% of volatile oil. The primary
constituents of volatile oil are 50 to 60% of anethole, a
phenolic ester; and 18 to 22% of fenchone, a ketone.
Fenchone is a bicyclic monoterpene which is a colourless
liquid and the odour and taste is pungent and camphoraceous.
The oil of Fennel has β-pinene, anisic acid, phellandrine, and
anisic aldehyde. Fennel also contains about 20% fixed oil and
20% proteins.
Anethole, Fenchone
35. Uses:
Fennel is used as stomachic, aromatic, diuretic, carminative
diaphoretic, as a digestive, pectoral, and flavouring agent.
Anethole may have estrogen-like activity and inhibit
spasms in smooth muscles.
Fennel can increase production of bile, used in the
treatment of infant colic, to promote menstruation in
women, can increase lactation, act as antipyretic,
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.
36. Adulterants:
Fennel is generally adulterated with exhausted fennel and
due to improper caring during harvesting they are also
adulterated with sand, dirt, stem, weed seeds, etc in which
part of volatile oil is removed either by extraction with
alcohol or steam distillation.
Fruits exhausted by water or steam are darker in colour,
contain less essential oil and sink in water, but those
exhausted by alcohol still hold 1 to 2% of oil in them.
37. Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as
Abana, Shahicool,Anxocare (Himalaya Drug Company),
Jalifaladi bati (Baidyanath), and Hajmola, Janum Gunti
(Dabur).
38. CORIANDER
Synonyms:
Fructus coriandri, Coriander fruits,
Cilantro, Chinese parsley.
Biological Source:
Coriander consists of dried ripe fruits
of Coriandrum sativum Linn.,
belonging to family Umbelliferae.
Geographical Sources:
Cultivated in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in
Russia, Hungary, inAfrica and India. In India it is cultivated
in Maharashtra, U.P., Rajasthan, Jammu, and Kashmir. It is
also found in a antiwild state in the east of England.
39. Cultivation and Collection:
The coriander seeds are sown in dry weather either in
March or in early autumn. Shallow drills, about 1/2 inch
deep and 8 inches apart are made and the seeds are sown
in it, the rate of germination is slow.
The plants are annual herb, which grow to a height of 1 to
3 feet high, slender, and branched.
The flowers are in shortly stalked umbels with five to ten
rays. The seeds fall as soon as ripe and when the seeds are
ripe (about August), the disagreeable +odour is produced.
Plant is then cut down with sickles; the fruits are collected
and dried. During drying fruits develop aromatic smell
and the unpleasant odour disappears.
40. Characteristics:
The fruit is a cremocarp, subspherical in shape, Yellowish
brown in colour. The size of the fruit is 3 to 4 mm in
diameter, with aromatic odour, and spicy, aromatic taste.
41. Chemical Constituents
Coriander consist of about 1% of volatile oil the chief
volatile components are D-(+)-linalool (coriandrol), along
with other constituents like, borneol, p-cymene, camphor,
geraniol, limonene, and alpha-pinenes. The fruits also
contain fatty oil and hydroxycoumarins.
The fatty oils include acids of petroselic acid, oleic acid,
linolenic acid, whereas the hydroxycoumarins include the
umbelliferone and scopoletine.
42. Uses:
Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, alterative, antispasmodic,
tonic, appetizer, diuretic, aphrodisiac,
and flavouring agent. It is also used as
and
diaphoretic
refrigerant,
stomachic.
Coriander can be applied externally for rheumatism and
painful joints.
The infusion of decoction of dried fruit of coriander is
useful for the treatment of sore-throat, indigestion, vomiting,
flatulence, and other intestinal disorders.
43. Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known
as Cystone (Himalaya Drug Company), Bilwadi churna
(Baidyanath), and Sage massage oil (Sage Herbals).
44. References Used:
1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition,
W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009.
2. MohammadAli. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS
Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
3.Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
(2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
4.Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn,
Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
5. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla
publications, New
Delhi, 2007