Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Liquorice or licorice is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Western Asia and southern Europe.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
Part Used:
The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
Liquorice or licorice is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Western Asia and southern Europe.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
Part Used:
The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
Volatile oil 1-2 % contains monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (e.g. zingiberene).
Gingerol: (Gingerols) which is an oily liquid consisting of homologous phenols and causes the pungency of ginger. The pungency of gingerol is destroyed by boiling with 2% KOH.
Zingerone ????: pungent but possesses in addition a sweet odour. Its pungency is destroyed by prolonged contact with 5% sodium hydroxide
Shogaol represents the compounds formed by loss of water from gingerol; it is an artifact of extraction.
Starch (Ginger bread)and mucilage.
The term ‘ alkaloid ’ was coined by MEISSNER,
a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated
narcotine . In the same year , morphine from
opium was isolated by Serturner .
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in
1817 and colchicine in 1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date,
it has to proved to be a perpetual work to
discover new alkaloids from plants and
animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the numbe of
known alkaloids had reached upto 4959,
amongst which, the structures of 3293
alkaloids were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered
has exceeded 6000.
The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit, with a pronounced physiological action.
The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist. The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in 1827.
These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal body.
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
Cardamom Drug Power Point Presentation by Ashish SinghAshishPanwar46
Hello everyone it is a short Presentation of Cardamom Drug which is presented by Ashish Singh D. Pharmacy Student 1st Year at Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Pharmacy & Research.
It's a Beautiful Topic Called ERGASTIC CELL CONTENT & METABOLITES, gives you information about metabolites, plant constituents, crystal system, crystal forms & a detail information abut primary & secondary metabolites.
GPAT
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General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
content
The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
content
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. HYDRASTIS الذهب خاتم
• Synonyms:Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
• Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam.
Ranunculaceae).
• Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine
and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
3. Morphological Description
• Rhizomes are horizontal or oblique, tortuous and yellowish brown in color.
• The surface is longitudinally wrinkled and marked by scale-leaf scars and root
scars.
• The fracture is short and resinous and internally, the rhizome shows a narrow
cortex and a ring of separated vascular bundles, surrounding wide pith.
• Roots are usually broken into pieces, they are thin,
• wiry and with a short fracture.
• Hydrastis has distinct, disagreeable odor and bitter taste.
4. Active Constituents
• Three isoquinoline alkaloids (hydrastine (1.5-4%), berberine, and
canadine).
• Resin and traces of volatile oil.
5. Therapeutic Actions and Uses
1- Immune system
It is also considered a natural antibiotic and is often combined with Echinacea in preparations designed
to strengthen the immune system (Immulant plus® cap)
Many professional herbalists recommend goldenseal in herbal remedies for hay fever (also called
allergic rhinitis), colds, and flu. (Allerease ® cap., Euphrasia Complex tab, Austral.)
2- Skin, eye, and mucous membrane
• Goldenseal is considered a useful antiseptic and astringent, and is commonly used to treat of skin,
eye, and mucous membrane inflammatory and infectious conditions (such as sinusitis, conjunctivitis,
and urinary tract infections). ( as berberine Visazul ® eye drops Neo Quimica, Braz.)
3-GIT
• As tonic to aid digestion and sooth upset stomach. (Digestive ® tab Dorwest, UK.)
4- peripheral vascular disorders (Climaxol ® tab Lehning, Fr.)
6.
7. Chemical Identification
• On microsublimation, powdered Hydrastis gives a yellow crystalline
sublimate of hydrastine.
• Shake 0.1 g of powdered Hydrastis with 2 mL CHCl3 for 5 minutes,
filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. To the residue, add 1-2 mL
sulfuric acid and a crystal of ammonium molybdate; a green color is
formed, which changes to blue.
• Boil a little of powdered Hydrastis (previously extracted with CHCl3)
with water, filter and evaporate to dryness. Moisten the residue with
sulfuric acid and a few drops of bromine T.S, a blood-red color is
produced
8. ECHINACEA purple coneflower اكيناسيا , الردبكية
• Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots, aerial parts or whole plants of Echinacea
purpurea Fam. Asteraceae (Compositae).
• Morphological Description:
• The root is a fibrous taproot, conical and pale yellow to light brown in color.
• It is odorless and produces a tingling sensation in the mouth.
9. Active Constituents
• Caffeic acid and its ester derivatives, possessing powerful bacteriostatic
activity.
• Flavonoids e.g. quercetin, isoquercetin and kaempferol.
• Glucuronic acid, inulin, iron, pentadecadiene, polyacetylene compounds,
potassium, protein, and resin.
• Sugars (rhamnose, sucrose, xylose and arabinose).
• Sulfur, tannins, and fatty acids.
• Polysaccharides e.g. echinacin B, which is a wound healing factor.
• Alkylamides and polyacetylenes.
• Vitamins A, C, and E.
10. Therapeutic Uses
1-immune booster:
• A powerful immunostimulant, due to certain polysaccharides and alkylamides
• It stimulates certain white blood cells and enhances immune and lymphatic
system.(immumvita® drops, Biofos syp ® Meprofarm, Indon, Immulone ® tab)
• decreasing the incidence and duration of the common cold , flu and cough. (Fluran ®
cap, Gartech ® tab Eagle, Austral.)
• As an antiseptic in various infectious diseases, particularly those of Respiratory tract ,
gastrointestinal, urinary tract (Kellagon ® Sach, Esberitox ® tab, Ger.) and Prostatitis.
• antiviral.
2-Oral hygiene (Parodontax mouth wash, toothpaste)
3-Anti-inflammatory
4-Topically for healing of wounds, due to its content of echinacin B that forms a
complex with hyaluronidase, thus acting as a wound-healing factor in inflammatory
skin diseases, eczema, burns and ulcers.
11.
12. VALERIANA ناردين-وليريانا-الهر حشيشة
• Synonyms: Rhizoma Valerianae, Valerian, Hashieshatul Herr, Rhaizomatul
Waliryana.
• Part Used: The rhizome, stolons and roots of Valeriana officinalis (Fam.
Valerianaceae), collected in the autumn and dried at a temperature below 40 C.
• Valeriana contains not less than 15% of extractable matters.
13. Morphological Description
• The rhizome occurs in entire form or in longitudinally cut slices, dull yellowish brown
or dark brown in color and bearing short horizontal branches and circular root scars.
• The fracture is short and horny. Internally, It has an irregular outline and shows a
relatively narrow bark separated by a dark line, the cambium, from a ring of small
xylem bundles surrounding central pith.
• The roots are slender, cylindrical, greyish brown to brownish yellow in color, with a
longitudinally striated surface and fibrous lateral rootlets.
• Internally, it shows a wide bark and a narrow central stele.
• Valerian has a distinctive, disagreeable odor and a camphoraceous, somewhat
pungent and bitter taste.
14. Histological Description
I. Rhizome: It shows the following layers:
• 1. The Epidermis:It is formed of polygonal cells, and cork immediately below the epidermis,
formed of several layers of suberised, large polygonal cells.
• 2. The Cortex: It is parenchymatous, with thick-walled parenchyma, containing numerous starch
granules. The endodermis consists of a single layer of tangentially elongated cells, containing
globules of volatile oil.
• 3. The Pericycle: It is parenchymatous.
• 4. The Vascular Bundles: Collateral, arranged in a ring and surrounding a very large,
parenchymatous pith, containing starch granule and scattered groups of sclereids, with thick,
pitted walls and narrow lumen.
• II. Root: It shows the following layers:
• 1. Piliferous layer:It is formed of papillosed cells, some of them extending into root hairs.
• 2. The Exodermis:It consists of single layer polygonal cells, with suberised walls and containing
globules of volatile oil.
• 3. The Cortex: It is parenchymatous, with numerous starch granules; the outermost cells show
globules of volatile oil. The endodermis consists of a single layer of cells with thickened radial
walls.
• 4. The Xylem: It surrounds parenchymatous pith, containing starch granules but no sclereids.
15. Microscopical Identification
• Powdered Valerian is characterized by its greyish brown color,
distinctive, disagreeable odor and its camphoraceous pungent and
bitter taste.
•
• Microscopically, it is characterized by:
• Numerous fragments of parenchyma cells, containing starch granules and
globules of volatile oil.
• Fragment of strongly lignified, narrow fibers, vessels and tracheids.
• Fragments of piliferous layer with root hairs.
• Simple and compound starch granules.
16. Active Constituents:
• Volatile oil (0.5-1%), containing esters, alcohols, terpenes and
sesquiterpenes.
• valepotriates ( epoxyiridoids esters) A mixture stated to contain acevaltrate,
didrovaltrate, and valtrate.
• Alkaloids (0.05-1%) (e.g. valerine).
• Therapeutic Uses:
1-As a sedative:
• in hysteria and other nervous disorders. It can be applied alone or with other
sedatives as bromides.
• In Insomnia cases and used to induce sleep.
2- cytotoxic properties in vitro due to presence of valepotriates.
3-Carminative.
Adverse effects. Liver damage and Cardiac complications caused by the
withdrawal of prolonged therapy with a valerian root extract preparation.
17.
18. RHUBARB الراوند
• origin :Dried rhizomes and big roots of Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale, or
of other species/hybrids of Rheum, except Rheum rhaponticum (Fam.
Polygonaceae).
• The drug grows in China and Tibet and deprived of most of its bark.
• Rhubarb contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters.
19. Morphological Description
• Rhubarb occurs in subcylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped or rectangular pieces.
• Externally, it is dusted with a brownish-yellow powder and shows longitudinal
reddish-brown lines and dots embedded in a greyish-white ground tissue and
occasional star spots.
• The fracture is granular and uneven. Internally, it shows numerous star spots,
scattered or in a diffuse ring, each with a central phloem and dark red lines
radiating from a common center.
• Rhubarb has a characteristic aromatic odor and a bitter astringent taste. It is
very gritty when chewed.
•
20. Histological Description
1. The Cortex: If present, very narrow and consists of polygonal cells containing starch
granules and idioblasts with large cluster crystals of calcium oxalate.
2. The Phloem: If present, parenchymatous traversed by medullary rays, showing
idioblasts with large cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. Parenchyma cells contain starch
granules.
3. The Xylem: It forms a narrow ring within the cambium and is traversed by
parenchymatous medullary rays.
4. The Pith: Mostly parenchymatous and traversed by star-shaped, amphivasal, abnormal
vascular bundles, consisting of dark reddish-brown medullary rays radiating through a
central greyish-white phloem and of xylem consisting of non-lignified vessels.
Microscopical Identification
• Powdered Rhubarb is characterized by its reddish-brown color, aromatic odor, and
bitter astringent taste.
• Microscopically, it is characterized by:
• Abundant fragments of parenchyma containing starch granules.
• Brownish masses of amorphous cell contents of medullary rays.
• Fragments of medullary ray cells, with brownish contents and fragments of non-lignified vessels.
• Numerous large cluster crystals of calcium oxalate and numerous starch granules, simple or
compound, with a central cleft hilum.
21.
22. Active Constituents
• Anthraquinone glycosides and their derivatives (sennosides A and B,
dianthrones and heterodianthrones, aloe-emodin, emodin, and rhein).
• Astringent compounds (tannins) e.g. glucogallin, gallic acid and its derivatives.
• Flavonoids (rutin).
• Pectin, phytosterol, and starch.
• Therapeutic Uses:
• In small doses as a bitter stomachic, indigestion, gastritis,……..(GIT troubles).
• In large doses as a purgative but the laxative effect is followed by an
astringent effect due to the tannins.
• It is recommended for: gallbladder, spleen, liver, constipation, malabsorption,
worm elimination, duodenal ulcers, and colon disorders.
• It can’t be used during pregnancy.
23. Adverse Effects
• Senna may cause mild abdominal discomfort such as colic or cramps. Prolonged use or
overdosage can result
in diarrhoea with excessive loss of water and electrolytes, particularly potassium; there is also
the possibility
of developing an atonic non-functioning colon. Anthraquinone derivatives may colour the
urine yellowish-brown at acid pH, and red at alkaline pH. Reversible melanosis coli has been
reported following chronic use.
Abuse
Prolonged use or abuse of senna laxatives has been associated with finger clubbing,
hypokalaemia and tetany, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, intermittent urinary excretion of
aspartylglucosamine, hypogammaglobulinaemia, reversible cachexia,3 and hepatitis6 or
hepatic failure.
In one case, nephrocalcinosis was attributed to hypercalcaemia caused by excessive ingestion
of calcium sennosides.
24. Chemical Identification
• On microsublimation, powdered Rhubarb gives a yellow needle-shaped
sublimate, which dissolves in KOH with a reddish coloration.
• Test for anthraquinones: Borntrager’s and modified Borntrager’s tests.
•Test for Purity
• On examination of powdered Rhubarb with a lens under UV light, no shining
violet spots are seen (c.f. Rhapontic Rhubarb).
• On a clean microscopic slide, place 2-3 drops of a freshly prepared solution of
furfural in alcohol (90%) and 3 drops of sulfuric acid, then sprinkle a little of
powdered Rhubarb and observe immediately under the microscope; no bluish-
violet color is produced (c.f. Rhapontic Rhubarb).
25. Adulterants
• Rhapontic Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum):
• It is characterized by:
• Morphology:
• It is much shrunken and pinkish in color.
• It is distinguished by having a diffused circle of isolated star spots.
• Chinese Rhapontic Rhubarb is darker and often hollow in the center.
• Chemistry:
• It doesn’t contain emodin, aloe emodin, or rhein. It also contains anthraquinone
derivatives, but they differ from those in the official drug.
• Its main constituent is a crystalline stilbene glycoside called rhaponticin, which
shows blue fluorescence when examined under ultraviolet light. Both rhaponticin
and deoxyrhaponticin are responsible for the difference in fluorescence between
official and rhapontic Rhubarb.