The document provides an outline for a lecture on organ systems. It begins with an introduction to organ systems, describing them by their main functions of body covering, support and movement, integration and coordination, transport, absorption and excretion, reproduction, and protection. It then provides more details on each major organ system, including their main organs and functions. It concludes with descriptions of anatomical position, directional terms, and anatomical planes used to describe body structures and movements.

1. Lecturer: AssistAnt Prof.
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
AnAtomy & And HumAn
AnAtomy & And HumAn
orgAn
orgAn PHysiology
PHysiology
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
Lecture 2
Mee
Mee221
221

2. Quiz time
Quiz time
Quiz time
Quiz time
2

3. 1- Which of the following describes
anatomy?
(a) Study of the structure of human body
(b) What is anatomy called Pathology
(c) Answer (a) and answer (b)
2- Which of the following would likely
require the use of a microscope?
2- Which of the following would likely
require the use of a microscope?
(a) Histology
(b) Cytology
(c) Gross anatomy
(d) All of these
(e)(a) and (b) only 3

4. Part B: Write the scientific term against
Part B: Write the scientific term against
the following phrases/questions
the following phrases/questions
1- The study of the structure and function of
cells (…………………………)
2- Study of tiny anatomical structures
2- Study of tiny anatomical structures
(………………………………………)
3- It is the study of tissues (………………….)
4

5. outline of lecture 2
outline of lecture 2
1- Introduction to Organ
Systems
2- Anatomical position
2- Anatomical position
3- Anatomical planes
5

6. introduction to orgAn systems
introduction to orgAn systems
6

7. orgAn systems/
orgAn systems/ by function
by function
body covering
body covering
a. The Integumentary
system, including skin, hair,
nails, and various glands,
nails, and various glands,
covers the body, senses
changes outside the body,
and helps regulate body
temperature.
7
Integumentary system

8. integumentAry system
integumentAry system
Major Organs:
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
Functions
•Protects against environmental
hazards.
•Helps regulate body temperature.
•Vitamin D production.
•Provides sensory information.

9. suPPort And movement
suPPort And movement
a. The skeletal system is made up of bones and
ligaments. It supports, protects, provides frameworks,
stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming
tissues.
tissues.
b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that
provide body movement, posture (status, situation,
position) , and body heat.
9

10. 10

11. Skeletal system
Skeletal system Muscular system
Muscular system

12. skeletAl
skeletAl system
system
Major Organs:
Bones
Cartilages‫ﻏﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬
Associated ligaments
‫اﻻرﺑﻄﺔ‬
12
‫اﻻرﺑﻄﺔ‬
Bone marrow ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎع‬
Function
• Provides support and protection
for other tissue.
•Stores calcium and other minerals
•Forms blood cells

13. musculAr system
musculAr system
Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and
associated tendons
Function
13
Function
• Provides movement
• Provides support and protection
for other tissue.
•Generates heat that maintains
body temperature.

14. integrAtion And coordinAtion
integrAtion And coordinAtion
a. The nervous system consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It
integrates incoming information from
receptors and sends impulses to muscles and
integrates incoming information from
receptors and sends impulses to muscles and
glands.
b. The endocrine system, including all of the
glands that secrete hormones, helps to
integrate metabolic functions. 14

15. orgAn systems..
orgAn systems..
Nervous system Endocrine system
15

16. nervous system
nervous system
Major Organs:
Brain
Spinal cord‫اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﻞ‬
Peripheral nerves ‫اﻻﻋﺼﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬
Sense organs
16
Sense organs
Function
•Directs immediate response to
stimuli.
•Coordinates activities of other
organ systems.
•Provides and interprets sensory
information about external
conditions.

17. endocrine system
endocrine system
Major Organs:
Pituitary gland‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
Thyroid gland‫اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬
Pancreas
Adrenal glands‫اﻟﻜﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
Gonads glands‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬
Endocrine tissues in other systems
17
Endocrine tissues in other systems
Function
•Directs long-term changes in the
activities of other organ systems.
•Adjusts metabolic activity and
energy use by the body.
•Controls many structural and
functional changes during
development.

18. trAnsPort
trAnsPort
a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and
blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout
the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and
includes cells of immunity.
18

19. orgAn
orgAn systems..
systems..
Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
19

20. cArdiovAsculAr system
cArdiovAsculAr system
Major Organs:
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Function
20
Function
•Distributes blood cells, water,
and dissolved materials including
nutrients, waste products,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
•Distributes heat and assists in
control of body temperature.

21. lymPHAtic
lymPHAtic system
system
Major Organs:
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels ‫اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ‬
Lymph nodes ‫اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺪد‬
Tonsils ‫اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﯿﻦ‬
21
Function
•Defends against infection and
disease.
•Returns tissue fluids to the
bloodstream.

22. AbsorPtion
AbsorPtion And
And excretion
excretion
a. The digestive system is made up of the mouth, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and
absorbs nutrients.
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood
and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways.
c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps
to maintain water and electrolyte balance.
22

23. orgAn
orgAn systems
systems
Digestive system
Respiratory Urinary system
23

24. digestive
digestive system
system
Major Organs:
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬
Esophagus ‫اﻟﻤﺮئ‬
24
Esophagus ‫اﻟﻤﺮئ‬
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

25. digestive
digestive system…. con
system…. con
Function
•Processes and digests food.
•Absorbs and conserves (save) water.
25
•Absorbs and conserves (save) water.
•Absorbs nutrients (ions, water and the
breakdown products of dietary sugars,
proteins and fats)
•Stores energy reserves.

26. resPirAtory
resPirAtory system
system
Major Organs:
Nasal cavities
Sinuses ‫اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﯿﻮب‬
Larynx ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬
Trachea ‫اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ‬
Bronchi ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺘﯿﻦ‬
Function
26
Bronchi ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺘﯿﻦ‬
Lungs
Alveoli
Function
•Delivers air to alveoli (sites
in lungs where gas exchange
occurs).
•Provide oxygen to blood-
stream.
•Removes carbon dioxide
from bloodstream.
•Produces sounds for
communication.

27. urinAry
urinAry system
system
Major Organs:
Kidneys
Ureters ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺒﯿﻦ‬
Urinary bladder‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬
Urethra ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬urine
Function
27
Function
•Excretes waste products from the blood.
•Controls water balance by regulating
volume of urine produced.
•Stores urine prior to voluntary
elimination.
•Regulates blood ion concentrations and
pH.

28. a. produces new
organisms.
Two main systems:-
i. The male
Male reproductive system
reProduction
reProduction
i. The male
reproductive system
ii. The female
reproductive system
28
Female reproductive system

29. mAle reProductive system
mAle reProductive system
Major Organs:
Testes
Seminal vesicles
Penis
Scrotum
29
Scrotum
Function
•Produces male sex cells (sperm)
and hormones.

30. femAle
femAle reProductive
reProductive
system
system
Major Organs:
•Ovaries
•Uterus
•Vagina
•Mammary glands
30
•Mammary glands
Function
•Produces female sex cells (Oocytes).
•Supports developing embryo (‫ﺟﻧﯾن‬
from conception to delivery.
•Provide milk to (feed) newborn
infant.

31. 
AnAtomicAl Position
AnAtomicAl Position
31

AnAtomicAl PlAnes
AnAtomicAl PlAnes

32. AnAtomicAl Position
AnAtomicAl Position
(figure)
(figure)
Tuesday, January 31,
2023
32

33. AnAtomicAl Position
AnAtomicAl Position
(
(descriPtion)
descriPtion)
• Anatomical Position:
standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at
the sides, palms facing
the sides, palms facing
forward and thumbs
out
• Anatomic position – refers to a
person standing erect with face
forward, upper limbs hanging to
the sides and palms forward.
Tuesday, January 31,
2023
33
Integumentary system

34. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
1. Superior –
replaces ‘above’ or
‘up’, means
toward the head
2. Inferior –
replaces ‘below’
or ‘down’, means
toward the feet
34

35. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
3. Anterior – also
called ventral on
animals, means
front
front
4. Posterior – also
called dorsal on
animals, means
back
35

36. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
5. Lateral – means
toward the side
6. Medial – means
6. Medial – means
toward the middle
7. Intermediate -
between two
structures.
36

37. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
8. Proximal – means
near or toward
the point of
attachment
9. Distal – means
distant or far from
the point of
attachment
37

38. Proximal vs. distal
Proximal vs. distal
38
*Proximal and distal mostly used for
extremities (arms and legs).

39. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
10. Superficial – means toward the
surface (nearer to the surface of the
body)
11. Deep – means away from the surface
or toward the inside (internal)
39

40. Superficial
Superficial vs. Deep
vs. Deep
40

41. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
12. Prone - is a body position in which
the person lies flat with the chest down
and the back up. In anatomical terms
of location, the Posterior ( dorsal )side
is up, and the Anterior (ventral) side is
is up, and the Anterior (ventral) side is
down.
41
Face and hands facing downward

42. DirectionAL terMs
DirectionAL terMs
13. Supine - means lying horizontally with
the face facing up, as opposed to the
prone position, which is face down.
Using anatomical terms of location, the (
Posterior) dorsal side is down, and the
Posterior) dorsal side is down, and the
(Anterior)ventral side is up.
42
Face and hands facing upward

43. AnAtoMicAL PLAnes
AnAtoMicAL PLAnes
Anatomical planes:
are hypothetical plane used
to transect (cut) the body, in
order to describe the
order to describe the
location of structures or the
direction of movements.
In human and animal anatomy,
three principal planes are
used: Frontal (coronal),
Sagittal, Transverse.
43

44. AnAtoMicAL PLAnes
AnAtoMicAL PLAnes (descriPtion)
(descriPtion)
1. Frontal (coronal) – divides the body into
anterior and posterior
2. Sagittal – divides the body into right and left
– midsagittal divides body into equal right and
left halves
– midsagittal divides body into equal right and
left halves
3. Transverse (horizontal) – divides the body
into superior and inferior

45. (coronal) – divides the
body into anterior and
posterior (horizontal

46. 46

47. 1/31/2023 47
IN THE CELL