3. ECMO - Definition
Temporarily partially or completely
replaces the circulatory and or the
respiratory systems.
Shifting part of the circulation outside the
body.
In Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
(ECMO) Blood is Actively oxygenated and
decarboxylated using a membrane lung.
An Extracorporeal life support system:
8. ECMO - History
1968: Kolobow and Zapol develop the first
membrane oxygenator permitting prolonged
extracorporeal oxygenation
1972: HILL – First Adult ECMO
1975: Bartlett – First successful neonatal ECMO
1986: Gattinoni - Adult ECCO2R
17. •Roller Pump
Positive displacement pump.
By compressing a segment of blood filled tubing .
Output of a roller pump is determined by
revolution per minute (rpm), the size of the
tubing, and the length of the raceway.
The roller pump belongs to the occlusive pump
units.
Disadvantage: Destruction of red blood cells
(hemolysis)
ECMO Challenges
20. No central shaft or
seals
Spiral flow channel
outlet continuously
increasing from 4mm
to 9,6mm
Rotor
Shrouded impeller
with 4 flow channels.
central open
1-point ball-bearing
Designed according the
Gyro Principle, bearing
made of an artificial
sapphir (Al2O3))
Permanent magnets (6pcs.)
for optimal drive and
stabilization;of the rotor
Housing
Due to the inclined
design, no stagnant
zones
DESIGN
•Centrifugal Pump
ECMO Challenges
21. A negative pressure is at the inlet,
positive pressure at outlet.
Less priming volume
NON occlusive pump units.
Advantage: Less Hemolysis
•Centrifugal Pump
ECMO Challenges
22. ECMO - Circuit (Pump)
Electrical.
Centrifugal pump
0 - > 4000 RPM.
Can deliver flows
up to 8 L/min.
Very reliable
Up to 21 days.
48. Pulsatile Blood Flow
ECLS circuit produces non-
pulsatile flow:
Pulsatility diminished
with VA ECLS.
Inadequate flow (< 40 –
60) results in organ
dysfunction and shock.
Pulsatility is protective
when compared with
non-pulsatility but only
at low flow.
50. LV support:
Pulse pressure.
Arterial waveform (dicrotic notch).
Echocardiography (TTE, TEE).
CXR.
• If pulmonary involvement, may need decompression
or hybrid support.
RV support:
PA tracing (+/-) [pressure = flow vs resistance].
Liver and renal function.
Splanchnic and peripheral congestion: edema, ascites,
Echocardiography.
Determining Adequacy of Cardiac Rest
51. ECLS system drains ~ 80% from RA, 20% or more goes
to lungs and LA.
Inadequate LV function with inability to eject against
systemic pressure results in distension of LA and LV:
Cardiac support with severe LV dysfunction.
Respiratory support with myocardial stunning.
PDA can decompress LV in neonates.
LV decompression may be required.
Left Ventricular Function in VA ECLS
56. Murray Score
Mortality > 80%3-4
PaO2/FIO2 in mmHg.
PEEP in cm H2O.
Lung Compliance, TV/(PIP-PEEP), in ml/cm
H2O.
Number of quadrants with infiltration on
chest X-ray.
Total score = ∑ 4 parameters / 4.
57. ECMO - Other Respiratory
Indications
Vasculitis.
Post traumatic ARDS.
Severe Pneumonia.
Waiting lung
transplantation.
Air leak syndromes.
Pulmonary Embolism? VA
60. To Identify the patients who will likely
survive on ECMO.
Used by most centers to select patients
that need to be supported and to exclude
futile patients.
Many ethical considerations specially
regarding disconnection.
VV ECMO - Mortality Predictors
73. Take Home Message
• There are patients with cardiogenic shock and
respiratory failure who are refractory to
conventional intensive care measures.
• ECMO support can serve as a bridge for recovery
for these patients provided initiated within a
suitable time before multi-organ failure.
• ECMO-CPR in certain patients may provide hope if
available.