Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are designed to control cell microenvironments and maintain tissue-specific functions. Combining advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication, OoCs have gained interest as a next-generation experimental platform to investigate human pathophysiology and the effect of therapeutics in the body. There are as many examples of OoCs as there are applications, making it difficult for new researchers to understand what makes one OoC more suited to an application than another.
mHealth Israel_Dr. Marvin Slepian_ Innovation: A Vital Ingredient for the Ad...Levi Shapiro
To remain as an effective leading force in the US, world-wide and society in general, Medicine has to actively adopt Innovation in its teaching and culture, rather than letting it occur passively. Dr. Slepian discusses Innovation Thinking and Science for addressing the enormous healthcare challenges facing the US.
Innovation is needed to overcome the many stresses that exist
on Medicine today - increased prevention, better Dxics and Txics
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Biomedical Signal Processing / Biomedical Signals/ Bio-signals/ Bio-signals C...Mehak Azeem
These amazing and highly informative slides presented to the IEEE Signal Processing Society of IEEE MESCE Student Branch. These slides aim to provide basic knowledge about biosignals, their classification, examples and their working.
For more information, please contact:
[mehakazeem@ieee.org]
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The basics of the biomedical equipments, ECG, EMG, EEG, Pace maker, Defibrillator, Lasik, Robotics Surgery, ICU, Bio-Telemetry system, Plasma Medicine, etc are discussed and the video link of the topics are also given.
The measurements related to cardiovascular, plethysmography, blood pressure measurements, volume measurements, blood flow measurements, echo cardio, doppler and its block diagrams are discussed. Supporting video links are also attached with.
The anatomy of heart, ECG, sensors, transducers, heart sound, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, circulatory systems are discussed related to engineering concepts.
The signals classified as symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (Odd), energy, power signals are discussed. The definition is shown for the signal and systems fundamentals.
The working of diffrent transducers and its priciples are discussed. The various types of sensors, transducers for the biopotential detections are also discussed with necessary diagrams.
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentation
1. Compiled By: Prof. G B Rathod
EC department-BVM EngineeringCollege,
Email: ghansyam.rathod@bvmengineering.ac.in
INTRODUCTION OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
www.gbrathod.co.in
3. Biomedical Instrumentation
www.gbrathod.co.in
The average body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C). But normal body
temperature can range between 97 F (36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) or more. Your body
temperature can vary depending on how active you are or the time of day. Generally, older
people have lower body temperatures than younger people have
4. Biomedical Instrumentation
www.gbrathod.co.in
Oximeter
Small beams of light pass through the blood in the finger,
measuring the amount of oxygen. It does this by
measuring changes of light absorption in oxygenated or
deoxygenated blood. This is a painless process. The
pulse oximeter will thus be able to tell you
your oxygen saturation levels along with your heart
rate.
5. TOPIC OUTLINES…
THEAGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
BIOMETRICS
INTRODUCTIONTO MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF BODY
TOPIC OUTCOME
QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
www.gbrathod.co.in
6. THE AGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
It is a technology of this era. Near to 1970s,was the decade when
this field get rapid progress.
We can define it such that, Bio means its related to life. There are
many inter disciplines also. E.g. Biochemistry,
Biophysics,Biomechanics,Bioelectronics, Bioinstrumentations
etc…
committees have been form to define this terms
The different committees provided various definitions of this
field..
One of the definition is …..
www.gbrathod.co.in
7. THE AGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
“Bioengineering “ be defined as application of the
knowledge gained by a cross fertilization of
engineering and the biological sciences so that both
will be more fully utilized for the benefit of
man(woman or human).
Association for the Advancement of Medical
Instrumentation ( AAMI).
Biomedical equipment technician(BMET)
The other titles have been used, hospital engineer and
medical engineer.
Biomedical instrumentation is the methods of
measurement within the filed.
Other problem is communication gape between the
engineers and the doctors.( Appendix are given in the
book)
www.gbrathod.co.in
8. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
At the early as
the nineteenth
century-
Einthoven used
first time a ECG.
Due to lake of
instruments such
as amplifiers and
recorders the
progress so slow
during 1950s.
www.gbrathod.co.in
9. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
Physiological parameters can not be measure as physical
parameters.
During next decade the because of high cost of instruments and
also medical staff were suspicious of the new equipments and
often uncooperative.
During the Mercury , Gemini and Apollo program of NASA,
Large help was provided to design such medical instruments.
After that universities, hospitals, colleges and researchers are
started more working in this field.
www.gbrathod.co.in
10. BIOMETRICS
The branch of science that includes the measurement of
physiological variables and parameters is known as biometrics.
Sensors and Transducers are useful for making of measuring
instruments related to body.
For designing of medical instrumentation systems, few factors are
to be considered.
(1) Range, (2) Sensitivity, (3) Linearity, (4) Hysteresis,
(5) Frequency Response, (6) Accuracy, (7) Signal to Nosie Ratio,
(8) Stability, (9) Isolation, (10) Simplicity.
www.gbrathod.co.in
11. Generalized Medical Instrumentation
systems
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Measurand:
Physical quantity, property,
or condition that the system
measures
Accessibility: internal,
body surface, emanation
from the body, or tissue
sample
Category: Bio-potential,
pressure, flow, dimensions,
displacement, impedance,
temperature, and chemical
concentration
Localization: organ or
anatomical structure
13. Generalized Medical Instrumentation
systems
www.gbrathod.co.in
Signal Conditioning
Amplification, filtering,
impedance matching,A/C
conversion, DSP, etc.
Output Display
Visual sense
Numerical or graphical
Discrete or continuous
Permanent or temporary
Auditory sense
Tactile sense
15. Classifications of Biomedical Instruments
www.gbrathod.co.in
Quantity that is sensed: pressure, flow, temperature, etc.
Principle of transduction: resistive, inductive, capacitive,
ultrasonic, electrochemical,etc.
Organ system: cardiovascular, pulmonary, nervous,
endocrine, etc.
Clinical medicine specialties: pediatrics, obstetrics,
cardiology, radiology, etc
16. Interfering and Modifying Inputs
www.gbrathod.co.in
Desired input: Vecg
Interfering input: 60-Hz noise
Modifying input: orientation of
the patient cables
Two possible interfering inputs
are stray magnetic fields and
capacitive coupled noise.
Orientation of patient cables and
changes in electrode-skin
impedance are two possible
modifying inputs. Z1 and Z2
represent the electrode-skin
interface impedances.
17. Compensation Techniques
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Inherent Insensitivity
Make all components inherently sensitive only to desired
inputs
Twisting the lead wires in last Figure.
UseAg/AgCl electrode to reduce motion artifact
19. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
The biochemical system: The human body has within it an
integrated conglomerate of chemical systems that produce
energy for the activity of the body, messenger agents for
communication, materials for body repair and growth, and
substances required to carry out the various body functions.
The cardiovascular system: Heart( Hydraulic system)
The respiratory system: Pneumatic system
The nervous system
www.gbrathod.co.in
20. Overview Cell Structure
All mammals, including humans, are made up of basic building blocks
called cells.
The different types of cells perform different jobs and so have different
gross structures.
The size of cells also varies, ranging from 200 nm to several centimeters
in length. Most cells, however, fall within the range of 0.5 to 20
micrometer.
The cell is surrounded by semipermeable membrane.
The structure of most cells includes a nucleus inside of the cell,
separated from the surrounding cytoplasm by its own membrane. The
nucleus contains the genetic coding of reproducible cells.
www.gbrathod.co.in
22. Overview Cell Structure
Cells in the human body are quite numerous. It has been
estimated that there are approximately 75 trillion cells in the
body, of which one third (25 trillion) are red blood cells.
All cells in a many celled animal retain certain powers or
characteristics, such as organization, irritability (i.e.,
response to external stimuli), nutrition, metabolism,
respiration and excretion.
www.gbrathod.co.in
23. Body Fluids
The body is almost two thirds fluid ( Actually, approximately
56%).
Intracellular fluids contains large concentration of potassium,
magnesium and phosphate ions;
Extracellular fluids contains significant concentrations of
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, oxygen, amino acids,
fatty acids, glucose, and carbon dioxide.
Lets see different types of tissues of human body: Click Here
www.gbrathod.co.in
24. Major Systems of the body
Musculoskeletal system
The muscles and bones of the body provide locomotion.( i.e. the ability
to move around and manipulate our surroundings).
If it were not for locomotion, human would be more dependent on the
local environment.
Human would not be able to move to avoid danger, find food and water,
or erect shelter from the elements.
Fig. 1.2 shows the principal structure of the musculoskeletal system.
The bones are joined together to form articulations and joints and so are
able to move with respect to each other.
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25. Major Systems of the body
Fig.1.3: Musculoskeletal system
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Let’sTake a look at the system:
Click here
26. Major Systems of the body
Respiration System
The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body
and gives off carbon dioxide waste products from the
cells.
The respiratory system includes the mouth; nose;
trachea, or windpipe; bronchi; and lungs.
Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
passes trough the lungs: only 0.4 to 2.0 micrometer
of membrane separate the air carrying alveoli from
the pulmonary capillaries.
Gaseous oxygen diffuses across this membrane into
the blood stream, while carbon dioxide comes out of
the blood, into the alveoli, to be exhaled into the
atmosphere.
Lets see how the system is working: Click here
www.gbrathod.co.in
27. Major Systems of the body
Gastrointestinal system
The GI system takes in raw materials in the
form of food and liquids and process them
so that they are absorbed into the body.
The system includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine.
Digestion of food is the process of breaking
down, liquefying and chemically processing
food stuffs so that they cab be used by the
body.
Both mechanical mixing and chemical
breakdown occurs in the stomach. See the
figure
Lets see how the system works: Click here
www.gbrathod.co.in
28. Major Systems of the body
Nervous system
The nervous system is essential to the functioning of the human organism.
It regulates our automatic control systems, integrates and assimilates data
from the outside world and our internal organs, and regulates and controls
the locomotors system.
The automatic nervous system is responsible for regulating the automatic
function of the body- heartbeat, glad secretions, GI system, and so forth.
The automatic nervous system operates at a subconscious level- you are not
aware of its functioning.
www.gbrathod.co.in
29. Major Systems of the body
The sensory nervous system receives data from the
outside world and certain internal organs through cells
that function as sensory receptors.(i.e.., transduces, in
electrical terminology).
The eyes and ears are sensory receptors for light and
sound, respectively. But there are also other sensory
structures that are sensitive to pain, heat and pressure.
The central nervous system (CNS) gathers, as similates,
and integrates data from the outside world, information
on the state of internal organs, etc.
The brain is the principal organ of the CNS, and , like
computer, it can store, process, and generate information
and react to stimuli. The CNS also includes the spinal
cord.
Lets take a look: Click here
www.gbrathod.co.in
30. Major Systems of the body
Endocrine System
Central Nervous system is an electrical communications and
control system within the body, the endocrine system is a
chemical communication/control system and aids in the
regulation of internal body states.
Chemicals called hormones are secreted by the eight major
endocrine glades into the bloodstream, in which they act as
control agents to regulate various organic functions.
www.gbrathod.co.in
31. Major Systems of the body
The Circulatory system
The circulatory system transports body fluids around the body from one organ
to another.
Figure1.4 shows a schematic representation of the blood circulatory system.
The transport of blood is caused by a pressure built up when the heart, a pump,
contracts.
Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped throughout the body
delivering oxygen to the various organs and tissues.
It is claimed that the human blood circulatory system is so extensive that no cell
in the body is farther than one cell’s diameter from a small vessel, or capillary.
www.gbrathod.co.in
32. Major Systems of the body
The oxygenated blood flows in arteries to the organs. The blood flowing
into the vessels of the GI tract picks up nutrients and water.
The portion of the blood flows into the kidneys is cleaned of impurities
and waste products, which are excreted through the bladder urethra.
The kidney act as blood filter.
The blood gives up much of its oxygen to the tissues, and the
deoxygenated blood returns to the heart in the veins.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart at the right
atrium. It is then pumped into the right ventricle and out of the heart to
the lungs. In the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and takes on
a fresh supply of oxygen.
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33. Major Systems of the body
Fig.1.4: Circulatory system.
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Lets take a look at the system:
Click here
Click here for 3d animated video
Click here to see how ECG Generated
34. TOPIC OUTCOMES
We come to know the necessity of this technology. The field
with great research opportunity.
The benefits of the biomedical engineering and in that the
understanding of the various instrument’s parameters.
The basic understanding of human body and the various
parameters that can be measure using this technology.
www.gbrathod.co.in
36. List of reference books:
1. Leslie Cromwell, Fred J.Weibell, ErichA. Pfeiffer,“Biomedical
Instrumentation and Measurements”,PHI Private Limited,2nd
Edi, 2012.
2. John G.Webster,“Medical InstrumentationApplication and
Design”,WSEWiley India Private Limited, 3rd Edition, 2012.
3. Joseph J. Carr, John M. Brown,“Introduction to Biomedical
EquipmentTechnology”, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, 2012.
4. R S. Khandpur,“Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”,Tata
McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2002
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