1. The document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its history, principles, objectives, modes, settings, complications, and clinical applications. 2. Key points include the various modes of mechanical ventilation like volume controlled, pressure controlled and pressure support. It also outlines objectives, settings, and safety principles of mechanical ventilation. 3. Complications discussed are ventilator-induced lung injury, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and physiological and artificial airway complications. Clinical applications include indications, contraindications and criteria for use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation.

1. Dr. MAGDY KHAMES
INTENSIVIST
ZMH AL BATAYEH

2. 1. Understand causes of respiratory failure
2. Have the knowledge to institute mechanical
ventilation safely
3. Understand the principles that guide
mechanical ventilation
4. Be able to apply these principles in clinical
practice

3. ICU with patients receiving mechanical ventilation via an iron lung.
Source: Reprinted by permission from the hospital archives, the Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto.

4. The Drinker and Shaw tank-type ventilator of
1929 was one of the first negative-pressure
machines widely used for mechanical ventilation.
Better known as the iron lung, this metal cylinder
completely engulfed the patient up to the neck.

6. M.
Ventilation
Positive
Volume
modes
Pressure
modes
Negative History

7.  Hypoxic and/or hypercabnic Respiratory failure.
 Alveolar filling processes eg: pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
Alveolar proteinosis.
 Pulmonary vascular disease eg: PE
 Diseases causing airways obstruction central, Distal
 Hypoventilation Central or Peripheral
 Increased ventilatory demand acidosis, sepsis
 During general anesthesia.

8. Physiologic objectives
Support pulmonary gas exchange based on alveolar ventilation and arterial
oxygenation
Reduce the metabolic cost of breathing by unloading the ventilatory muscles
Minimize ventilator-induced lung injury
Clinical objectives
Reverse hypoxemia
Reverse acute respiratory acidosis
Relieve respiratory distress
Prevent or reverse atelectasis
Reverse ventilatory muscle fatigue
Permit sedation and/or neuromuscular blockade
Decrease systemic or myocardial oxygen consumption
Stabilize the chest wall

9.  Mode: is a combination of certain group of setting of MV
machine.
 Trigger: the way to initiate a ventilator-delivered breaths
(machine, patient)
 Target: a certain value you want to reach ( flow, pressure,
volume)
 Termination or cycle: the way the ventilator end the
delivered breath( time, volume, flow)
 Invasive: intubated patient.
 Noninvasive: via sealed face or nasal mask

11.  There are four distinct phases of ventilator breath
• cyclingInspiration to
expiration
• BaselineExpiration
• TriggerExpiration to
inspiration
• Targetinspiration

12.  Volume controlled: (volume targeted, machine
triggered, (volume, time, flow) cycled)
 Volume assist: ( volume targeted, patient triggered,
(volume, time, flow) cycled)
 Pressure controlled: ( pressure targeted , machine
triggered, (volume, time, flow) cycled)
 Pressure assist: ( pressure targeted , patient triggered,
(volume, time, flow) cycled)
 Pressure support:( pressure targeted , patient triggered,
flow cycled) used to augment patient breath.

13. Mode
Breath
strategy
(target)
Trigger Cycle
(breath
termination)
Types of breaths
Ventilator Patient Mandatory Assisted Spontaneous
CMV
Volume-
limited
Yes No Volume Yes No No
Pressure-
limited
Yes No Time Yes No No
AC
Volume-
limited
Yes Yes Volume Yes Yes No
Pressure-
limited
Yes Yes Time Yes Yes No
IMV
Volume-
limited
Yes Yes Volume Yes Yes* Yes*
Pressure-
limited (also
called
APRV)
Yes Yes Time Yes Yes* Yes*
PSV
Pressure-
limited
No Yes
Flow,
pressure, or
time
No Yes No
CPAP No Yes Flow No Yes No
Tube
compensatio
n
No Yes Flow No No Yes
Types of breaths:
Mandatory: Breaths are initiated by the ventilator and the ventilator performs the work of inspiration during those breaths
Assisted: Breaths are initiated by the patient, but the ventilator performs at least some of the work of inspiration for those patient
initiated breaths
Spontaneous: Breaths are initiated by the patient and the patient performs the entire work of inspiration for those patient initiated
breaths

14.  Volume assured pressure support (VAPS)
 Volume support (VS)
 Pressure regulated volume controlled (PRVC)
 Automode
 Automatic Tube Compensation (ATC)
 Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
 Proportional Assist Ventilation (PAV)
 Biphasic positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
 Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA)

16. Indications:
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
 After discontinuation of mechanical ventilation
 Community-acquired pneumonia
 Asthma
 Immunocompromised state
 Postoperative respiratory distress
 Do-not-intubate status
 Neuromuscular respiratory failure
 Decompensated obstructive sleep apnea/
cor pulmonale
 Cystic fibrosis
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
 Mild Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia

17. Absolute contraindications
 Coma
 Cardiac arrest
 Respiratory arrest
 Any condition requiring immediate intubation

18. Advantages and disadvantages
- Avoids complications associated with endotracheal
tube
- Lower rate of nosocomial infections and
pneumonias
- Shorter duration of mechanical ventilation
But
- High workload on personnel
- Patient selection and tolerance are critical

19. Criteria for patient selection
of NPPV(patient should be)
 Alert and cooperative (except COPD with CO2
coma)
 Haemodynamic stability
 No need for endotracheal intubation to
protect airways
remove excessive secretions
 No need for high PEEP
 No acute facial trauma, skull base fracture,
recent upper GI surgery

20. Criteria for discontinuing NPPV
 Inability to tolerate the mask
 Inability to improve gas exchange and dyspnia
 Need for endotracheal intubation
 Haemodynamic instability
 Signs of ischaemia on ECG
 Failure to improve mental status within 30 min
in CO2 coma or in hypoxaemic agitated
patients

21.  Verify the indication
 Determine invasive or noninvasive
 Select the ventilator mode
 Make ventilator setting
 Monitor your patient

22. MV basic setting:
Tidal volume(VT): 6 to10ml/IBW(kg) always consider it 70kg in average
adult.
Breathing Frequency(F): start with 15 b/m.
Positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP): 5 H2O is the physiological value.
Flow Rate: around 60L/minute.
I:E normal adult has 1:2.
FiO2: start by 100% the decrease according to SPO2.

26. MV setting in NPPV:
PS: begin with 10 H2O increase gradually to desired tidal volume and
tolerance of the patient
PEEP: begin with 5 H2O
FiO2: 100% then decrease as patient saturation permit target to be less than 50%

33.  FIO2
 PEEP
 INSPIRATORY TIME (IRV)
 POSITION

34.  RR
 VM
 EXPIRATORY TIME
 FLOW RATE

35.  Airway Complications.
 Mechanical complications.
 Physiological Complications.
 Artificial Airway Complications.

36. 1- Aspiration
2- Decreased clearance of secretions
3- Nosocomial or ventilator-acquired
pneumonia

37. 1- Hypoventilation with atelectasis with respiratory
acidosis or hypoxemia.
2- Hyperventilation with hypocapnia and respiratory
alkalosis
3- Barotrauma
a- Closed pneumothorax,
b- Tension pneumothorax,
c- Pneumomediastinum,
d- Subcutaneous emphysema.
4- Alarm “turned off”
5- Failure of alarms or ventilator
6- Inadequate nebulization or humidification
7- Overheated inspired air, resulting in hyperthermia

38.  Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)
Induced by excessive pressure (barotrauma)
Induced by excessive Volume (volutrauma)
 Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Most
commonly Pseudomonas, Gram Negative Bacilli,
and staphylococci.

39. 1- Fluid overload with humidified air and
sodium chloride (NaCl) retention
2- Depressed cardiac function and
hypotension
3- Stress ulcers
4- Paralytic ileus
5- Gastric distension
6- Starvation
7- Dyssynchronous breathing pattern

40.  Tracheal stenosis or tracheomalacia
 Mainstem intubation with contralateral (located on
or affecting the opposite side of the
lung) lung atelectasis
 Cuff failure
 Sinusitis
 Otitis media
 Laryngeal edema

41. High pressure alarm
 Increased secretions
 Kinked ventilator tubing or endotracheal tube
(ETT)
 Patient biting the ETT
 Water in the ventilator tubing.
 ETT advanced into right mainstem bronchus.

42. Low pressure alarm
 Disconnected tubing
 A cuff leak
 A hole in the tubing (ETT or ventilator tubing)
 A leak in the humidifier

43. Oxygen alarm
 The oxygen supply is insufficient or is not properly
connected.

44. High respiratory rate alarm
 Episodes of tachypnea.
 Anxiety.
 Pain.
 Hypoxia.
 Fever.

45. Apnea alarm
 During weaning, indicates that the patient has a
slow Respiratory rate and a period of apnea.

46.  Mechanical ventilation is an indispensable tool for
the ER physician
 Whether or not the patient requires ventilator
support is a crucial decision to make
 Proper understanding of ventilator function and
modes are vital to provide individualized therapy
to a wide range of patients
 Ventilator graphics can provide valuable
information regarding settings and pulmonary
characteristics
 Patient care during critical illness is vital – proper
co-ordination between machines, nurses and
doctors
 VILI and VAP are dreaded complications -
prevention is better than cure

47. 1. Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation – David W Chang, 4th
Edition
2. Mechanical Ventilation – Vijay Deshpande, 2nd Edition
3. The ICU book – Paul L. Marino, 4th edition
4. Chatburn RL. Classification of Ventilator Modes. Respir Care 2007;
52(3)
5. www.ardsnet.org
6. www.frca.co.uk – Anaesthesia Tutorial of the Week
7. www.wikipedia.org
8. Ventilator Waveforms – Graphical representation of ventilatory data.
Puritan Bennett
9. Lindgren VA et al. Care for patients on mechanical ventilation. AJN
2005;105
10. Grossbach I et al. Overview of mechanical ventilatory support, and
managent of patient and ventilator related responses. Critical Care
Nurse 2011
11. Girard TD et al. Mechanical ventilation in ARDS – A state of the art
review. CHEST 2007; 131

48. THANK
YOU