Spandex (also known as Lycra or elastane) and T400/PES are two widely used fibers in textiles. Spandex is an elastic synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity, able to stretch over 500% without breaking. T400/PES is an elastomultiester fiber made of a combination of polyesters, which gives elastic properties to fabrics. Dual-core yarns combining Spandex with T400/PES or other fibers provide fabrics with high stretch, excellent recovery, dimensional stability, and low shrinkage for a custom fit that lasts.
The document provides solutions to mathematical problems about calculating fabric weight and production rates. It calculates:
1) The weight of 1000m of fabric with specifications of 60" x 50 PPI x 70 EPI is 1073.98 pounds or 487.72 kg.
2) The production rate per hour of this fabric at 180 PPM is 6 yards/hour or 5.50 meters/hour.
3) It provides the calculations and solutions for additional fabric specification problems to practice the techniques.
This document discusses warp stop motion, which is a mechanism that stops the loom immediately when a warp thread breaks during weaving. There are two main types: mechanical and electrical. The mechanical type uses drop wires and reciprocating bars to obstruct loom movement if a thread breaks. The electrical type uses drop wires to complete or break an electrical circuit, activating a solenoid that stops the loom. Both aim to prevent faults from occurring in the fabric if a thread breaks by halting the loom quickly.
This document provides formulas for calculating various textile manufacturing metrics. Some key formulas include:
1. Reed Count, which is the number of dents in 2 inches of a stock port system. It is calculated as Ends Per Inch (EPI) divided by 1 plus the weft crimp percentage.
2. Reed Width, which is the cloth width multiplied by 100 plus the weft crimp percentage, all divided by 100.
3. To change the yarn count or threads per inch while maintaining fabric density, the EPI in the new fabric is calculated as the EPI in the original fabric multiplied by the new yarn count, divided by the original yarn count.
This document provides information about fancy yarns from Amsler Tex. It defines fancy yarn as having varied characteristics like thickness, color, and raw material that give fabrics a unique aesthetic. It then lists and describes different types of fancy yarns that can be produced using Amsler devices, including slub yarn, multi-count yarn, and multi-twist yarn. The document also explains concepts like the working principles of drafting and twisting systems, yarn measurement, effect coding, and how to simulate fabrics digitally before production.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
The document discusses fractionation at combers and methods for measuring fractionating efficiency. It provides the following key points:
1. Fractionation aims to remove short fibers from long fibers with minimum loss of good fibers. The percentage of fibers removed as waste ("noil") impacts fractionating efficiency.
2. Two common methods for measuring fractionating efficiency are the Simpson & Ruppenicker method and the Parthsarathy method, which calculate indexes based on fiber length distributions in the lap, sliver, and noil.
3. Factors like waste extraction levels, feed type (forward vs. backward), mean fiber length, lap preparation, and top comb settings influence fractionating efficiency. Backward feed
This document summarizes man-made fiber spinning technology. There are three main types of spinning - melt, dry, and wet spinning. Melt spinning involves melting the polymer and extruding it through spinnerets. Dry spinning uses a volatile solvent to dissolve the polymer before extrusion. Wet spinning extrudes the polymer solution into a coagulating bath. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to investment cost, hazard level, heat requirement, and production speed. The document also discusses properties required for fiber-forming polymers and the basic spinning system components like spinnerets.
This document provides information about operating and setting heat parameters for a stenter machine at MAA Garment & Textiles Factory in Ethiopia. It discusses the objective of using a stenter machine to control fabric dimensions, apply heat setting and finishing chemicals. It then lists functions of the stenter machine like heat setting, width control, and moisture control. Details are given about a specific stenter machine brand and its specifications. The document concludes with standard heat setting parameters for different buyers and fabric types.
The document provides solutions to mathematical problems about calculating fabric weight and production rates. It calculates:
1) The weight of 1000m of fabric with specifications of 60" x 50 PPI x 70 EPI is 1073.98 pounds or 487.72 kg.
2) The production rate per hour of this fabric at 180 PPM is 6 yards/hour or 5.50 meters/hour.
3) It provides the calculations and solutions for additional fabric specification problems to practice the techniques.
This document discusses warp stop motion, which is a mechanism that stops the loom immediately when a warp thread breaks during weaving. There are two main types: mechanical and electrical. The mechanical type uses drop wires and reciprocating bars to obstruct loom movement if a thread breaks. The electrical type uses drop wires to complete or break an electrical circuit, activating a solenoid that stops the loom. Both aim to prevent faults from occurring in the fabric if a thread breaks by halting the loom quickly.
This document provides formulas for calculating various textile manufacturing metrics. Some key formulas include:
1. Reed Count, which is the number of dents in 2 inches of a stock port system. It is calculated as Ends Per Inch (EPI) divided by 1 plus the weft crimp percentage.
2. Reed Width, which is the cloth width multiplied by 100 plus the weft crimp percentage, all divided by 100.
3. To change the yarn count or threads per inch while maintaining fabric density, the EPI in the new fabric is calculated as the EPI in the original fabric multiplied by the new yarn count, divided by the original yarn count.
This document provides information about fancy yarns from Amsler Tex. It defines fancy yarn as having varied characteristics like thickness, color, and raw material that give fabrics a unique aesthetic. It then lists and describes different types of fancy yarns that can be produced using Amsler devices, including slub yarn, multi-count yarn, and multi-twist yarn. The document also explains concepts like the working principles of drafting and twisting systems, yarn measurement, effect coding, and how to simulate fabrics digitally before production.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
The document discusses fractionation at combers and methods for measuring fractionating efficiency. It provides the following key points:
1. Fractionation aims to remove short fibers from long fibers with minimum loss of good fibers. The percentage of fibers removed as waste ("noil") impacts fractionating efficiency.
2. Two common methods for measuring fractionating efficiency are the Simpson & Ruppenicker method and the Parthsarathy method, which calculate indexes based on fiber length distributions in the lap, sliver, and noil.
3. Factors like waste extraction levels, feed type (forward vs. backward), mean fiber length, lap preparation, and top comb settings influence fractionating efficiency. Backward feed
This document summarizes man-made fiber spinning technology. There are three main types of spinning - melt, dry, and wet spinning. Melt spinning involves melting the polymer and extruding it through spinnerets. Dry spinning uses a volatile solvent to dissolve the polymer before extrusion. Wet spinning extrudes the polymer solution into a coagulating bath. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to investment cost, hazard level, heat requirement, and production speed. The document also discusses properties required for fiber-forming polymers and the basic spinning system components like spinnerets.
This document provides information about operating and setting heat parameters for a stenter machine at MAA Garment & Textiles Factory in Ethiopia. It discusses the objective of using a stenter machine to control fabric dimensions, apply heat setting and finishing chemicals. It then lists functions of the stenter machine like heat setting, width control, and moisture control. Details are given about a specific stenter machine brand and its specifications. The document concludes with standard heat setting parameters for different buyers and fabric types.
The document discusses the key processes that take place in the blowroom of a yarn production facility. These include opening bales of fiber, cleaning the fiber through pre-cleaning and fine cleaning, removing dust, blending different fiber types, and evenly feeding the prepared fiber to the carding process. The goal of blowroom processes is to prepare fibers for subsequent processing while minimizing fiber loss and maintaining fiber quality.
The compact spinning is a process where fiber strand drawn by drafting system is condensed before twisting it.Following methods are used by machine manufacturers to condense the fiber strand.
1. Aerodynamic condensing.
2. Mechanical condensing.
3. Magnetic condensing.
Compact spinning has a promising future because of the higher production and improved quality of compact yarns
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
The document discusses the blow room process in the textile industry. The blow room's main tasks are to open raw material into fine tufts, remove most impurities and dust, and provide a good blend. This must be done with careful treatment of the raw material, maximum material utilization, and optimum quality. The blow room consists of a sequence of different machines for opening, cleaning, and blending arranged in series. Each machine provides optimal performance for its position in the line. Proper machine selection and treatment of raw material in the blow room are important as errors cannot be corrected downstream.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
The document discusses the process of mercerizing cotton fabrics. Mercerizing involves treating cotton yarns or fabrics with a cold or hot solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under tension to improve properties like strength, luster, and dye affinity. Specifically, swelling the cotton fibers in the caustic soda solution changes their cross-sectional shape and increases luster when the tension is maintained during washing. There are different methods for mercerizing yarns, knits, and woven fabrics either as batches or continuously. The advantages of mercerizing include brighter dye colors, better color retention after washing, and increased strength, smoothness, and resistance to damage.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the cotton yarn strength and cotton yarn strength product (CSP) using a lea strength tester.
2. The lea strength tester measures the force required to break a 120-yard cotton yarn sample, and the CSP is calculated as the product of the yarn strength in pounds and the yarn count.
3. Twenty cotton yarn samples were tested, with the average CSP found to be 2397.16 and a CV% of 4.16%, indicating the yarn has good strength above the standard of 2200.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The document discusses the High Volume Instrument (HVI) machine, which provides automated fiber testing to determine cotton quality. It can test up to 180 samples per hour with only 2 operators. The HVI measures key fiber properties like micronaire, length, strength and trash content. Major manufacturers of HVI machines include Uster Technologies and Premier Evolvics. The Uster HVI 1000 is a commonly used model that can test 700 samples in an 8-hour shift. It measures 10 different fiber quality parameters and has various components like a balance, barcode reader and computer.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
This document discusses jet weaving processes. In jet weaving, a fluid such as air or water is used to insert the weft yarn through the shed. For air jet weaving, compressed air is accelerated through a nozzle to provide the force to insert the weft. For water jet weaving, water is pressurized using pumps. Key factors that influence the tractive force on the weft include the velocity and viscosity of the fluid, the roughness of the weft yarn, and temperature. Modern jet looms can operate at high speeds up to 1500 picks per minute for water jet and even higher for air jet looms.
The document provides an overview of the finishing processes at a textile company. It describes the slitting machine, which cuts fabric from tube form to open form. It then discusses the santax machine, which dries fabric using steam. Finally, it outlines the stenter machine, which controls width, GSM, and shrinkage of fabric during drying and allows for final softener applications. The stenter machine has multiple heating chambers and functions to maintain quality parameters during drying.
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
Effect of core draft on the properties of core spun yarnashfaq91
1. The document discusses the effect of core draft on the properties of core spun yarn. It defines core spun yarn and describes different production methods including ring, rotor, and friction spinning.
2. Key process variables that affect properties are identified as core sheath ratio, pre-tension of the core material, spinning draft, number of roving feeds, and twist level. An optimal draft range is recommended based on yarn count.
3. Problems of core spinning like sheath stripping are discussed. End uses of core spun yarns include lingerie, swimwear, socks, and sportswear due to improved properties.
The document discusses the key processes that take place in the blowroom of a yarn production facility. These include opening bales of fiber, cleaning the fiber through pre-cleaning and fine cleaning, removing dust, blending different fiber types, and evenly feeding the prepared fiber to the carding process. The goal of blowroom processes is to prepare fibers for subsequent processing while minimizing fiber loss and maintaining fiber quality.
The compact spinning is a process where fiber strand drawn by drafting system is condensed before twisting it.Following methods are used by machine manufacturers to condense the fiber strand.
1. Aerodynamic condensing.
2. Mechanical condensing.
3. Magnetic condensing.
Compact spinning has a promising future because of the higher production and improved quality of compact yarns
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
The document discusses the blow room process in the textile industry. The blow room's main tasks are to open raw material into fine tufts, remove most impurities and dust, and provide a good blend. This must be done with careful treatment of the raw material, maximum material utilization, and optimum quality. The blow room consists of a sequence of different machines for opening, cleaning, and blending arranged in series. Each machine provides optimal performance for its position in the line. Proper machine selection and treatment of raw material in the blow room are important as errors cannot be corrected downstream.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
The document discusses the process of mercerizing cotton fabrics. Mercerizing involves treating cotton yarns or fabrics with a cold or hot solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under tension to improve properties like strength, luster, and dye affinity. Specifically, swelling the cotton fibers in the caustic soda solution changes their cross-sectional shape and increases luster when the tension is maintained during washing. There are different methods for mercerizing yarns, knits, and woven fabrics either as batches or continuously. The advantages of mercerizing include brighter dye colors, better color retention after washing, and increased strength, smoothness, and resistance to damage.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the cotton yarn strength and cotton yarn strength product (CSP) using a lea strength tester.
2. The lea strength tester measures the force required to break a 120-yard cotton yarn sample, and the CSP is calculated as the product of the yarn strength in pounds and the yarn count.
3. Twenty cotton yarn samples were tested, with the average CSP found to be 2397.16 and a CV% of 4.16%, indicating the yarn has good strength above the standard of 2200.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The document discusses the High Volume Instrument (HVI) machine, which provides automated fiber testing to determine cotton quality. It can test up to 180 samples per hour with only 2 operators. The HVI measures key fiber properties like micronaire, length, strength and trash content. Major manufacturers of HVI machines include Uster Technologies and Premier Evolvics. The Uster HVI 1000 is a commonly used model that can test 700 samples in an 8-hour shift. It measures 10 different fiber quality parameters and has various components like a balance, barcode reader and computer.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
This document discusses jet weaving processes. In jet weaving, a fluid such as air or water is used to insert the weft yarn through the shed. For air jet weaving, compressed air is accelerated through a nozzle to provide the force to insert the weft. For water jet weaving, water is pressurized using pumps. Key factors that influence the tractive force on the weft include the velocity and viscosity of the fluid, the roughness of the weft yarn, and temperature. Modern jet looms can operate at high speeds up to 1500 picks per minute for water jet and even higher for air jet looms.
The document provides an overview of the finishing processes at a textile company. It describes the slitting machine, which cuts fabric from tube form to open form. It then discusses the santax machine, which dries fabric using steam. Finally, it outlines the stenter machine, which controls width, GSM, and shrinkage of fabric during drying and allows for final softener applications. The stenter machine has multiple heating chambers and functions to maintain quality parameters during drying.
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
Effect of core draft on the properties of core spun yarnashfaq91
1. The document discusses the effect of core draft on the properties of core spun yarn. It defines core spun yarn and describes different production methods including ring, rotor, and friction spinning.
2. Key process variables that affect properties are identified as core sheath ratio, pre-tension of the core material, spinning draft, number of roving feeds, and twist level. An optimal draft range is recommended based on yarn count.
3. Problems of core spinning like sheath stripping are discussed. End uses of core spun yarns include lingerie, swimwear, socks, and sportswear due to improved properties.
This document provides recommendations and control points for a core yarn system. It outlines parameters that should be monitored such as yarn count range, draft range, and lycra Dtex. It describes proper steaming procedures if necessary and control points for lapping lycra on rollers, centering lycra, filament production year, humidity keeping, traveller speed and life cycle, blower position, front roller and lycra roller speeds, operator control points, lapping, and proper grounding. The recommendations are intended to ensure quality of the core yarn system.
The document discusses various spinning techniques, including rotor spinning. It provides a history of rotor spinning, describing its development from early prototypes in the 1950s to widespread commercial use by the 1970s. It explains the basic operational sequence of rotor spinning, which involves feeding a sliver of fibers into a rapidly rotating rotor that separates, compacts, and twists the fibers into yarn. The document compares properties of rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns.
1. The document provides an overview of spandex or elastane fiber, including its history, production process, properties, and uses.
2. Spandex is a synthetic fiber known for its elasticity, made from a polymer of polyurethane. It was developed in the 1950s and revolutionized the clothing industry.
3. The production process involves mixing prepolymers like a flexible macro-glycol and stiff diisocyanate, then spinning and curing the polymer solution to form elastic fibers.
The document describes 5 case studies showing the value of different LYCRA fiber types in various applications:
1. LYCRA fiber Type 166L provided a Chinese denim mill better stretch recovery and chlorine resistance for mid-high stretch denim.
2. LYCRA BLACK fiber Type 275Z eliminated grinning and glittering in black yoga fabrics compared to other fibers.
3. LYCRA fiber Type 902C improved fit and comfort in hosiery waistbands over generic spandex fibers.
4. LYCRA EASY SET fiber Type 562B enabled deeper molding of cotton bras at lower temperatures than other fibers.
5. Technical support from
LYCRA® F!TFinder - A Solution to Find the Optimal Size for Hosiery - Richard ...LYCRAbrand
Consumer insights have shown that a high percentage of women have difficulty finding hosiery that fits and feels comfortable. This insight led INVISTA to develop a trial app called LYCRA® F!T FINDER to help customers find the right size based on their body measurements and digital body scans. Guests at last week’s LYCRA® FIBER MOVES event were invited to test the app and commented on how user-friendly it is. Previous research demonstrated that more than 75% of women surveyed found it engaging and user-friendly with more than 90% saying they would recommend it to friends.
LEVIS FABRIC PRESENTATION FOR ADD PERFLEXSelim Sadi
An evolution of Reform technology offers a fabric called A.D.D.PERFLEX with the highest level of elasticity created. It ensures freedom of movement and flexibility without losing shape. It is available in lighter and medium weights. The fabric uses Lycra as the corespun fiber, with polyester in the middle and cotton on the outside to give a denim look. The cotton and polyester protect the Lycra from damage during washing so the stretch is maintained.
Secondary Brand Associations: The Ingredient Branding WayNishant Hirani
This document discusses ingredient branding as a strategy for building brand equity. It provides examples of successful ingredient branding partnerships like Intel Inside. It also summarizes DuPont's use of ingredient branding by promoting materials like Kevlar and Teflon. The key aspects of a successful ingredient branding strategy are selecting an ingredient with high awareness and strong attributes, ensuring visibility of the ingredient brand, and mutually beneficial financial agreements. Ingredient branding can increase sales, bargaining power, and brand loyalty when executed properly.
This document appears to be a presentation on different types of yarn and fabric effects, including ring effects, OE effects, slub effects, and injected effects. There are over 60 slides with images showing these effects on yarn boards and in fabric samples. The presentation discusses applying various effects to fabrics for items like shirts, jeans, and home textiles. It aims to showcase the possibilities of special effect yarns and how they can be used to create textiles with unique textures and patterns.
Ingredient branding is a marketing strategy that promotes a company's core products or services as the key ingredients that empower customers. The website ingredientbrands.com provides branding and marketing services to help businesses grow by identifying and promoting their unique value propositions to attract new customers. They can be reached at (704) 875-0806.
The document discusses the concept of ingredient branding. It begins by defining ingredient branding and understanding its implementation and management. Some key points made include that ingredient branding can enhance the differentiation and competitiveness of host brands. Examples are given of well-known ingredient brands like Intel, GoreTex, and Dolby. The document also discusses conditions that make ingredients suitable for branding and challenges in managing ingredient brands. It concludes by discussing new applications and open research questions around ingredient branding.
The document discusses drafting in textile manufacturing. It defines drafting as reducing the mass per unit length of sliver by passing it over rotating rollers of increasing speed. The drafting process involves three stages - break draft, main draft, and tension draft. In the main draft stage, where the bulk of drafting occurs, methods like aprons and pressure bars are used to control fibers. A roving frame inserts twist and winds the roving onto bobbins after drafting. Calculations are provided to determine the ratch, or distance between rollers, based on parameters like roller diameter, winding rate, and angular velocity. Drafting results in fibers becoming more compact and chemically stable with improved strength and lower moisture absorption.
Intel launched its successful "Intel Inside" ingredient branding campaign in 1991 to promote its microprocessors. The campaign involved convincing computer manufacturers to display the Intel Inside logo in their marketing materials. This helped address consumer uncertainty about microprocessor quality and established Intel as a symbol of reliability. By collaborating with partners and reducing costs through volume discounts, Intel was able to substantially increase its brand awareness and market share while maintaining high advertising exposure. The campaign proved highly successful for Intel, growing its market capitalization five-fold by 2003 and ranking as the sixth most valuable brand in the world by 2001.
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
Spandex is a synthetic fiber made of polyurethane. It is stronger, lighter, and more versatile than rubber, and can be stretched up to 500% of its length. There are different types of spandex yarn including bare yarn, covered yarn, core spun yarn, and blend spun yarn. Spandex was invented in 1959 and is produced using one of four manufacturing processes, most commonly dry-spinning. It has properties such as being lightweight, elastic, abrasion resistant, and able to recover its original length after stretching. Spandex is used in clothing, swimwear, exercise wear, and other garments where fit and comfort are important.
This document discusses different types of spinning systems used to process staple fibers into yarns. It describes the main types as ring spinning, compact spinning, open end spinning, and air jet spinning. For each type, it provides information on the typical yarn count ranges, fiber properties required, and basic processing steps. It also compares the production efficiency and quality differences between conventional and modern spinning systems. Finally, it discusses important factors to consider regarding fiber quality and its impact on yarn quality and production costs.
This document discusses and compares the tensile properties of different textile fibers. It provides definitions for key tensile properties such as elasticity, elastic limit, plasticity, stress, strain, and breaking extension. Data tables show the tensile properties of various natural, regenerated, and synthetic fibers, including their stress-strain curves. The tensile properties of specific fibers like cotton are examined in more detail, with its properties found to correlate with factors like molecular orientation and fiber length.
TYPES OF YARNS & APPLICATION& PROPERTIESTina Dhingra
This document provides information on different types of yarns including their physical properties, advantages, disadvantages, and end applications. It discusses jute, acrylic, nylon, spandex, and cotton. For each yarn type, it outlines properties like tenacity, density, elongation at break, burning characteristics, and more. It also lists common end uses for each yarn such as bags for jute, clothing for acrylic and nylon, hosiery for nylon, exercise clothing for spandex, and more.
There are two main types of textile fibers: natural fibers and man-made fibers. Natural fibers include those from animals (wool, silk), plants (cotton, flax, jute), and minerals (asbestos). Man-made fibers are produced from synthetic materials like petrochemicals or natural polymers like cellulose. For a fiber to be suitable for textiles, it must have certain properties - it must be long enough to spin into yarn, strong enough to withstand mechanical forces, and flexible. Key properties include length, strength, elasticity, fineness, moisture content, and luster. Fibers are also characterized by their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties.
Fibers are the basic units that are woven together to form fabrics. There are natural fibers like cotton, jute and linen that come from plants and animals like wool and silk. There are also synthetic fibers like rayon, nylon and polyester that are man-made. Synthetic fibers are polymers made by joining monomers through polymerization. Rayon was the first synthetic fiber and is made from cellulose, while nylon and polyester are fully synthetic fibers made through chemical processes. These synthetic fibers have properties like strength, elasticity and wrinkle resistance that make them popular for various applications.
All basics about synthetic fibers and different types of synthetic fibers & characteristics of each synthetic fibers we are using in our day today life .
The document discusses properties of several natural and synthetic fibers including acrylic, coir, cotton and wool. Acrylic is a synthetic fiber made from polyacrylonitrile and was first created in 1941. It has properties such as warmth, light weight, elastic recovery and resistance to moths and mildew. Coir is obtained from coconut husks and used for products like floor mats, ropes and insulation. Cotton is a soft, breathable fiber that grows as a boll and is used widely in clothing. It absorbs water well but wrinkles easily. Wool insulates against heat and cold through its crimped structure and ability to absorb moisture without feeling damp.
The document discusses properties of several natural and synthetic fibers including acrylic, coir, cotton and wool. Acrylic is a synthetic fiber made from polyacrylonitrile and was first created in 1941. It has properties such as warmth, light weight, easy care and resistance to moths and mildew. Coir is a natural fiber obtained from coconut husks. It is strong, durable and thermally insulating. Cotton is a soft, breathable fiber that grows as a boll around cotton seeds. It is absorbent but wrinkles easily. Wool is obtained from sheep fleeces. It is insulating, moisture-wicking and helps regulate body temperature in both hot and cold weather. These fibers are used to make
This document provides information about textile fibers. It defines fibers as the basic units that make up textiles and are spun into yarns. It discusses the characteristics of different fibers and how they impact properties like strength, absorbency, and durability. The document separates fibers into two main groups: natural fibers from plants and animals, and manufactured fibers made from chemicals. Specific natural fibers like cotton, linen, wool, and silk are examined. Common manufactured fibers such as rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of weaving and knitting, the two main methods used to construct fabrics from yarns.
Polyester is a synthetic polymer made from petroleum-based raw materials through a process of polymerization. It is strong, wrinkle and stain resistant, and retains its shape well. Common forms of polyester include filament, staple, tow, and fiberfill. It is widely used in clothing, home furnishings like carpets and curtains, and other applications like tires and hoses due to its desirable properties. Researchers are working on developing more sustainable and biodegradable forms of polyester.
Man made fiber spinnning technology and commonly used man made fiber producti...Bademaw Abate
This document provides an overview of man-made fiber formation and regenerated fibers. It discusses the basic principles of fiber manufacturing including converting the fiber-forming substance into a fluid and extruding it through spinnerets. Melt spinning and solution spinning methods are described. Regenerated fibers like viscose rayon and cellulose acetate are discussed, including their manufacturing processes. Properties and uses of various fibers like polyester, nylon 6, and nylon 6,6 are also summarized.
Synthetic fibers are man-made polymers created by linking small chemical units called monomers into long chains called polymers. Common synthetic fibers include nylon, polyester, acrylic, acetate, spandex, aramid, and olefin. They are produced through processes like melt spinning, wet spinning, and dry spinning. Synthetic fibers have properties like high chemical resistance, strength, and availability but are flammable and do not absorb moisture well. They are widely used to make clothing, home textiles, and industrial materials due to their low cost and unique properties compared to natural fibers.
The document discusses textiles and textile fibers. It defines textiles as any material made of interlacing fibers or yarns produced by spinning raw materials like cotton, wool, or flax. Textiles are formed through processes like weaving, knitting, and felting. The document then discusses the classification of textile fibers, distinguishing between natural fibers from plants and animals, and man-made fibers which are modified during manufacturing. It provides examples of various natural and man-made fiber types and outlines some key properties of fibers like tensile strength, elongation, and effects of moisture, sunlight, acids, and alkalis.
This document discusses different types of fibers used in textiles, including their properties and classifications. It covers natural fibers like cotton, wool, silk; synthetic or man-made fibers like polyester, nylon; and their key characteristics. Natural fibers are biodegradable but vary by origin as animal, plant or mineral sources. Synthetic fibers are manufactured using petrochemicals or cellulose. The document also examines properties of specific fibers in more detail like cotton being absorbent and easy to care for, wool being warmer and more elastic, and silk having luster and strength.
Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber. It consists of pure cellulose and is produced in countries like China, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and the USA. Textiles refer to any material made of interlacing fibers or yarns, which are produced by spinning raw fibers like cotton into long strands. The production of textiles has been altered by industrialization through modern manufacturing techniques, though basic weaving methods remain similar to ancient methods.
This document discusses the fundamentals of textiles and classification of fibers. It covers natural, regenerated, and synthetic man-made fibers. The key fiber production processes of melt, dry, and wet spinning are compared. Melt spinning involves melting the polymer and extruding filaments. Dry spinning uses solvent evaporation. Wet spinning hardens the filaments through chemical coagulation in a bath. Viscose rayon and lyocell manufacturing processes are also outlined.
This document discusses textile fibers and fabric construction. It begins by defining fibers as the basic units that make up textiles and yarns. There are two main groups of fibers - natural fibers from plants and animals, and manufactured fibers made from chemicals. The document then examines characteristics, production processes and examples of various natural fibers like cotton, linen, wool and silk and manufactured fibers like rayon, nylon, polyester and acrylic. It concludes by exploring common methods of fabric construction including weaving, knitting and felting, and finishes like dyeing, printing and solutions dyeing that are applied to fabrics.
This document provides information on the physical properties of several natural and man-made fibers, including rayon, acrylic, nylon, polyester, acetate, polypropylene, polyethylene, silk, asbestos, cotton, linen, jute, wool. For each fiber, it describes composition, microscopic appearance, length, color, luster, strength, elasticity, resilience, moisture absorption, heat properties, flammability, electrical conductivity and specific gravity. The document is intended to educate the reader on how the physical characteristics of these fibers differ and impact their uses.
Fibre, Nylon & Polyester
The document discusses different types of fibres including natural, synthetic and regenerated fibres. It provides details on various natural fibres like cotton, linen and wool obtained from plants and animals. Synthetic fibres discussed include nylon and polyester which are manufactured by polymerization of monomers. The manufacturing process involves polymerization, spinning and drawing. Properties and uses of nylon and polyester are also highlighted. Issues with silk production and potential uses of artificial muscles created from common materials like fishing line are summarized.
garments---Effect of blent ratio on quality of polyester/cotton yarnsApurba Adhikary
This document provides an introduction and overview of a project presentation on the effect of blend ratio on the quality of polyester/cotton yarns. The project aims to compare different blend ratios in terms of yarn quality parameters to determine the best quality blended yarn. Literature on cotton, polyester, and blended fibers is reviewed, including properties, objectives of blending, and blending types. The document outlines the project structure, which involves testing polyester/cotton blend yarns against 100% cotton yarn across quality metrics like CVm%, strength, and hairiness.
This document provides an overview of different types of manmade fibers, including their classification and properties. It discusses regenerated cellulosic fibers like rayon and protein fibers. It also covers synthetic fibers including polyesters, nylons, acrylics, their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes inorganic fibers such as glass, metallic and carbon fibers and their uses.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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3. Types of Fibers and Yarns
* Fibers are spun into yarn
* Yarns are uninterrupted threads of textile fibers that are ready to be turned
into fabrics
Fiber Types
* Natural
- Originate from natural sources
- Plant (cellulosic) or animal (protein)
* Manufactured, synthetic, or man-made (terms interchangeable)
- Originate from chemical sources
- May also be from regenerated or recycled sources
4. Clasification of Fibers can be done by :
* Type ( Natural and Manufactured )
* Length ( Short staple, Long staple, Continuous Filament )
* Size ( Ultra fine, Fine, Regular, Course )
Staple and Filament Fibers
* Most Natural Fibers are Stable Fibers
* Staple fibers are rough
* Most Manufactured Fibers are Filament Fibers
* Filament fibers are smooth Durability
7. I will mention two widely used fiber and Spandex
* Cotton
* Polyester
8. Naturel Fiber
Cotton
* Cellulosic fiber
* It is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, Under natural conditions, the
cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersion of the seeds.
* “Environmentally friendly” cotton can be grown in a range of colors
* Main textile products of the world
* Made into a wide range of wearing apparel
Cotton Advantages: Disadvantages:
* Durable
* Comfortable * Shrinks in hot water
* Absorbent * Wrinkles easily
* Good color retention * Weakened by perspiration and sun
* Dyes & prints well * Burns easily
* Washable * Affected by mildew
* Strong * Cotton clothes will be to fade after a few
* Drapes well years, particularly if left in direct
* Easy to handle and sew sunlight
* Inexpensive * Cotton is not a very weatherproof
* Soft fabric. If left outside it is also likely to
* Environmentally friendly be damaged by mold and mildew.
9. * Cotton fiber is creamy white in color,
* Cotton fiber length varies from 1 cm 7,5 cm,
* The diameter is 6-25μm ,
* Density is between 1,50 to 1,55
* The absorption of moisture is 8.5% under standard conditions (20 ° C temperature and 65% humidity reagent),
Cotton easily absorbs The moisture from the air.
* Given the maximum amount of moisture is allowed in the Commerce 8.5%
* Cotton material absorbs 25-27% water under 100% reactive moisture,
* Elongation of the fiber is average 7-8%,
* There is no elastic properties. Return is 74% after 2% elongation and return is 45% after 5% elongation,
* As with all cellulosic fibers, Durability of cotton increases when wet. Resistance increase is around 30%
* Cotton material pulls water up to 70% of weight when wet.
Physical Properties of Cotton
10. Physical Properties of Cotton
Color White, creamy white, bluish white, yellowish white or
grey.
Textile Strength 3.5gm/den.
Elongation at break 5-10%.
Specific Gravity 1.54
Moisture Regain(MR%): Standard moisture regain is 8.5
Elastic Recovery It is inelastic and rigid fiber
Effect of Sunlight gradual loss of strength when cotton is exposed to
sunlight and the fiber turns yellow.
Effect of age It shows a small loss of strength when stored carefully
Effect of Heat cotton is severely damaged after few minutes at 240ºC
11. Man Made Synthetic Fibers
* Polyamides Nylon ,
* Polyester Terylene,Terene,Dacron
* Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride,Polyacrilonitrile,Polystyrene and Copolymers
* Polyolefins Polyethylene,Polypropylene
Methods for to make man made Fibers
* Solution Spinning
-- Dry Spinning ( Spandex , PVC , Lycra, Cellulose Acetate )
-- Wet Spinning ( Viscose rayon, Acrylic, Aromatic Polyamides, PVA )
* Melt Spinning
-- Nylon, PET ( polyester ) ,Polypropylene
13. Synthetic fibers: the polymer forming the basic
material of the fiber, the chemical
agents, were obtained through synthesis to
convert it into synthetic fibers case
Called fibers
Filament yarn and chips
Texturizing process imparts
* Permanent loop, curl or crimp to individual filament
* More opaque
* Have a different appearance or feel warmth
* More absorbent
* Non-pilling quality
* Greater durability
* Moisture absorbent
Polyester chips: Polyester yarn is a raw material, the
form of granules. Its chemical name is "polyethylene
terephthalate"
16. Synthetic Fiber
Polyester
Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester funtional group in their main
chain. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) melts at approximately 260ºC. Polyester fiber is
produced by melt spinning methods
Advantages: Disadvantages:
* Strong * Low absorbency
* Crisp, but soft hand * Static and pilling problems
* Resists stretching and shrinkage
* Washable or dry-cleanable
* Quick drying
*Resilient, resists wrinkles
* Abrasion resistant
* Resistant to most chemicals
* Colorfast
* Strong, durable
* Dyes well
17. Polyester Fiber :
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer
composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid (FTC definition).
The polymer is produced by the reaction of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid or its derivatives. Fiber
forms produced are filament, staple, and tow. The process of production resembles that of nylon.
Polymerization is accomplished at a high temperature, using a vacuum by one of two methods.
(1) The glycol and a terephthalate ester react to form a polymer chain, releasing methanol;
(2) The glycol and terephthalic acid react directly to form the polymer with water as the by-product. As
with nylon, the filaments are spun in a melt-spinning process, then stretched several times their
original length, which orients the long chain molecules and gives the fiber strength.
Characteristics:
Polyester fibers have high strength and are resistant to shrinking and stretching. Fabrics are quick drying
and tend to have wrinkle resistance and crease retention, wet and dry. Polyester is used alone and in
blends. It has been one of the first fibers to be developed in fabrics with durable-press features.
End Uses:
Polyester is widely used in many types of apparel fabrics such as textured knits and wovens, durable-
press blend fabrics,shirtings, dress goods, rainwear, worsted-blend summer suitings, sleepwear,
underwear, bloused, and lingerie. It is also used extensively in floor coverings and for tire cord and other
industrial uses such as sewing thread. Polyester fiberfill is used in filled items such as quilted
jackets, comforters, pillows, furniture cushions, and sleeping bags.
(Polyethyleneterephthalate)
(Polyethylene Naphthalate)
18. Polyester melt: Polyester Yarn is the raw material. Formation of terephthalic
acid + ethylene glycol + is titanium dioxide.
Flat: plums of polyester (polymer) is passed to give way under pressure
several filters are composed of sand and orifice plate assembly.
Man-elephant (Man-made fiber): filament yarn, staple fiber,
and is a generic name such as monofilament fibers and yarns them.
Filament yarn (filament yarn) formed of one
or more elements It called filament yarn of synthetic
fiber.
22. CORE SYSTEM
Core yarns are divided according to differences of feeding of Material.
Core yarn is consists of three categories,
1 - Elastic Core Yarn (elastic material such as Lycra )
2 - Semi - Rigid Core Yarn (materials such as Nylon , Poiester and Acrylic. )
3 - Rigid Core Yarn ( materials such as Metal and Aramid )
ELASTANE / Spandex / Lycra
An elastic fiber that is usually blended at low percentages ( between 2 % and 10 %
content) to achieve fabrics with strech properties. the higher the elastencontent is ,
more a fabric with strech and adapt to the wearer's body contours.
* Spandex or elastane or elastomeric fiber is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional
elasticity.
* The name "spandex" is an anagram of the word "expands". It is the preferred name in
North America; in continental Europe it is referred to by variants of "elastane",
23. ELASTANE-SPANDEX-LYCRA
* LYCRA was the first spandex fibre introduced into the clothing materials market – from
fashion ware to sports ware!
* Lycra is a commercial material specially designed to have special properties for a wide
variety of clothing articles.
* Lycra-Spandex polymer materials are strong fibres with elastic properties.
* The above diagram is an example of the molecular structure of 'Lycra-Spandex' type
molecules
* n = a very large number of repeating double 'molecular segments' in the polymer chain.
* x is the variable number of units in the 'elastic' molecular segment, this gives differing
degrees of 'stretchiness'.
* Therefore its molecules have a stretchy section that make it soft and rubbery, and a rigid
section that makes it tougher than rubber.
24. Spandex ( Lycra )
* Mono Filament yarn
* Developed in 1959 by DuPont
* Stretches over 500% without breaking
Advantages: Disadvantages:
* Light weight,Comfortable,Breathable * Whites yellow with age
* Retains original shape * Heat sensitive
* Abrasion Resistant * Harmed by chlorine bleach
* Stronger than rubber * Nonabsorbent
* Soft, smooth, supple
* Resists body oils, perspiration, lotions, detergents
* No static or pilling
* It is dries quickly,Moisture wicking and easy to dye
* Blocks ultraviolet rays
* Can be streched over 500 % without breaking
* Able to be streched repetitively and recover original length
25. Spandex ( Lycra ) Denim Yarns:
Core-spun yarns are produced conventionally
on ring-spinning machines by introducing a
spandex filament at the back of the front
drafting roll of the machine. The drafted cotton
fibers twist around the spandex core to
produce an elastic ring-spun type yarn.
26. Physical Properties of Spandex (Lycra )
Tenacity 0.7 gm/den
Density: 1.21-1.35 gm/cc
Elongation at break 400-700%
Elasticity Excellent
Moisture Regain(MR%) 0.6% - 1.2 %
Resiliency Very Good
Ability to protest friction Excellent
Color White or near white
Ability to protest heat Not good
Lusture Less bright
Cross section Extruded from circular orifices
Strength Low Strength
Heat Over 300 F
Absorbency Very low absorbency
28. When Lycra dtex change, LYCRA percentage is changing
* for good covering
Which yarn Count ?
Which Lycra dtex ?
29. Spandex to be considered before use
* Keep the core filament spools at 28 degree centigrade +/- 3 degree
* Centigrade and at 65% +/- RH + 5% RH.
* The life of the core filament should not exceed 3 months from the date of manufacturing.
Otherwise it will lead to Spandex breakage in Spinning & Stretch/Width Variation will come
in fabric.
* Avoid excess stock of Spandex. Place order for not more than the requirement of 4 to 6
weeks.
* Select the correct type of Spandex from its supplier.
Example: Creora has two types namely H-100 and H-350. While using H-350 Spandex
breakage is lower because this type is prepared for Core Yarn.
* As for as possible, don’t touch the core filament while handling it in spool form.
* Careful handling and storage of core filament material is to be ensured to prevent
damages.
30. Elastomultiester is mainly used in woven fabrics, usually on weft, in a quantity higher than
20 % by weight. It is used as an alternative to Elastane to give elastic properties to the final
product.
Elastomultiester’s main characteristic is that it is a multicomponent fibre; in fact it is made by a
combination of different polymers and not by a single one. Nowadays the chemical
composition of available commercial elastomultiester (T400), independently from its linear
density, is 40 % polyester (3-GT type) and 60 % polyester (2-GT type). Two different polyesters
are joined together within each fibre. When exposed to heat, each component shrinks to a
different degree, producing a smooth and regular crimp that is the cause of the elastic
properties shown by the fibre.
The T400 fiber has a unique, snowman-like cross-section that can improve fabric breathability
and moisture management.
T400 fiber is encased with high grade cotton rendering a unique fiber for a lasting fit.
T400 fiber allows us to improve the performance of cotton fabrics to enhance comfort, shape
retention, and durability.
T400
Fiber Cross-section
31. The elastomultiester (T400) is an advanced
double fibre originally developed for jeans. It
gently stretches and recovers in every direction
and creates a premium garment that retains its
fit, and moves with the user.
T400 fiber allows us to improve the performance of cotton fabrics to enhance comfort,
shape retention, and durability.
T400 fiber performance benefits include:
* Improved moisture management
* Outstanding comfort, stretch and recovery in all directions
* Better shape retention
* Higher durability to abrasion
* Wrinkle resistance
* Natural touch and appearance when used as a core-spun yarn
32. T400 fiber to provide better performance and style as compared to ordinary 100% cotton
denim fabrics and jeans.
Features:
* Twice as strong in weft as 100% cotton denim
* Freedom of movement
* High abrasion resistance
* Excellent garment Durability
* Long lasting fit
* Comfortable to wear
* Improve customer satisfaction
* Higher tear and tensile strength
33. Yarn and fabric with high elasticity but low recovering capability and limited dimensional
stability.
Difficulty to apply certain aggressive finishing processes (chemical, physical or mechanical).
Elastic Core yarns are suitable to work as weft but they can’t be used as warp
Combination of 2 filaments with differentiate elastic properties as a core in a single Core
Spun yarn.
Each filament is fed with its own pre draft and they are mixing just before its insertion in the
ring frame.
As they have different elasticity, filament with lower elasticity blocks the one with higher,
helping fabric recovering and avoiding its growth.
DuoCore / Mdraft / (Lycra + T400 )
SPANDEX & FILAMEN
The trend in denim segment is clearly pointing to a very important growth of high elastic
performances fabrics, with great recovering and dimensional stability.
DuoCore is the way to get the yarns required to produce these high performance fabrics.
34. Lycra + T400 Duo Core
Elasthan filament
HIGH ELASTICITY
(HIGH STRETCH)
Semi elastic filament
HIGH RECOVERING
(HIGH STABILITY)
LOW SHRINKAGE
DuoCore Yarn&Fabric
HIGH ELASTICITY
HIGH RECOVERING
(HIGH STABILITY)
LOW SHRINKAGE
(HIGH STRETCH)
SPANDEX + FILAMENT ( T400 or PES ) = Dual Core / fabric
High Strech + High Recovery, Low Shrinkage = High Strech,High Recovery,Low Shrinkage
LYCRA + T400 + COTTON = CORE SPUN YARN
=+
35. Three critical performance criteria are:
Fabric Elongation -- for comfort and freedom of movement; soft stretch and high
extension; low pressure against the body, making it easy to move with minimal
pressure changes during wear.
Fabric Growth -- to ensure fabrics have adequate and quick recovery power from
deformation during wear, thus maintaining the garments’ original shape and fit.
Fabric Shrinkage -- to prevent the shrinkage of garments during washing or dry
cleaning, thus maintaining size and shape of the original garments.
36. Features of dualCore ( Spandex+Filament ) fabrics:
* High Stretch
* High Recovery
* Low growth – great shape retention
* Excellent dimensional stability
* Low shrinkage
* Custom-like shape
* Wider window of fit
* Slender looks
* Authentic denim look and feel
* Keeps its shape
* Has freedom of movement
* Looks good on me
* Is comfortable
* Is washable without losing its properties
* Fits well
* Is fashionable
* Is high quality
* Doesn't shrink
* Is durable soft
Why do the end consumers prefer dualcore Fabrics?
38. LYCRA ELASTANE and T400 DTEX VALUE IN YARN COUNT RANGE
k
LYCRA ELASTANE and T400 % VALUE IN GARMENT TYPE
Yarn Count Range : Ne 6 - 100
Lycra Range : 11 - 156 Dtex
T400 Range : 22 - 330 Dtex
Lycra T400 Yarn
Dtex Draft range Dtex Draft Range Count
11 1,8 - 2,2 22
1,01 - 1,08
Ne 60 - 100
22 2 - 2,5 33 Ne 40 - 60
33 2,2 - 2,8 33 or 55 Ne 30 - 60
33 or 44 3,2 - 3,8 55 or 83 Ne 20 - 40
44 or 78 3,5 - 3,8 83 Ne 10 - 20
156 3,7 - 4 165 Ne 6
Garment Lycra Elastane Content T 400 Fiber Content
Jeans / Pants 2 to 7% 8 - 35%
Woven shirts 2 to 7% 8 - 35%
Knit Shirts 4 to 10% 15- 25 %
Swimwear 18 to 22% 45 – 50 %
Underwear 2 to 5 % 15 – 20%
Important Note :
The above data may vary according to customer requirements.
39. Fabric Elongation For Weft Stretch
Fabric Elongation >30 %
For Bi-Stretch Fabrics
In Warp direction > 20 %
In weft direction > 25 %
Fabric Growth =<6 % max
Fabric Wash Shrinkage
(After 3 wash – not cumulative ) < 3 %
DualCore Fabric Quality Recommendations
* Lycra elastane fiber dtex is recommended 55 dtex or less for knits and wovens
* T400 (Elastomultiester) fiber for wovens is recommended 78 dtex or less
* Max. Fabric weight 120 g/m^2 for Knits and 90 g/m^2 for Wovens
40. Corespun yarn for lycra and DualCore fabrics can be made
in a variety of ways:
Corespun Yarns
Lcyra + T400 fiber are fed into the core spun machine together with different drafts. At the
same time , they are covered and twisted with cotton
Airjet Covered Yarns / Intermingled
Lcyra + T400 fiber are interlaced together via air covering
the air covered fiber is then covered by cotton in corespinning
Covered Yarns
Lycra +T400 fiber are twisted together and then it is covered by cotton in corespinning
Corespun yarnIntermingled Yarn Covered Yarn
41. Lcyra + T400 fiber are interlaced
together via air covering
Lcyra + T400 fiber are fed into the
core spun machine together with
different drafts
Intermingled
42.
43. Cotton with Lycra ,98% cotton+2 %Lycra : 25 % stretch
Cotton with T400 ,77% cotton+23 % T400 : 20 % stretch
The Stretch tests ;
Komfort stretch = 12-18%
Stretch = 20-25%
Super stretch => 30%
Power stretch = +> 40%
The Growth test ;
M&S ----- max 7
Levis ----- max 9
As a manufacturer -------- max. 5
The Recovery test = Min 75
Strech
Shrinkage Growth
Changing one of the parameter of fabric, effects the others
44.
45.
46. Example of a DuoCore fabric
Fabric with 9% T400, 1% LYCRA and 90% cotton. It has a minimum growth and it is
possible to apply very aggressive finishing processes (abrasion, holes) without affecting
its elasticity because of durability of T400.
Weft Cotton Ne16 /
75D T400 /
40D LYCRA
Warp Ne14
Fabric counts (warp x weft) 109 x 58
Fabric weight (Oz/Yd²) 10.533
Fabric stretch (weft) (%) 27.8
Fabric growth (weft) (%) 1.6
47. It is not easy to produce high quality, high stretch fabrics using conventional methods:
– Cotton/elastane fabrics can have high stretch, but it is difficult to achieve low growth.
– Fabrics with elasterell-p have very good recovery and low shrinkage, but it is not easy to obtain high stretch levels.
– Polyester/elastane fabrics can have a synthetic look and hand.
– Garments can lose their shape during wear resulting in consumer dissatisfaction.
How important to you are these characteristics in a pair of denim jeans?
* Keeps its shape
* Has freedom of movement
* Is flattering
* Is easy to care for
* Looks good on me
* Is comfortable
* Is washable
* Fits well
* Is fashionable
* Has a custom-like fit
* Is high quality
* Doesn't shrink
* Is a good value
* Is durableIs soft
48. The benefits of T400 CSY in denim
• 100% nature fiber look and feel;
• Very strong chemical resistance,
including extreme CL bleach, stone wash,
sand blast, laser treatments;
• Surface is very smooth;
• Much improved durability, e.g.
tensile, tear, abrasion resistance;
• Very Low wash shrinkage and
shrinkage variation;
• Stable and wide fabric width;
• Much soft and high air permeability.
Denim Fabrics Comparison
Fabric A Fabric B Fabric D
Weft Yarn
20'cotton+150
D T400 CSY
300D T400
Filament
12'cotton/55D
Lycra CSY
Fabric Stretch % 19.6 33.6 31.8
Fabric Growth % 2.6 2.4 6.6
Fabric Shrinkage % 0 5 5
Finished Width inch 56.5 53 54
Weight OZ/Y^2 11.6 11.8 13.2
Cotton feeling ***** ** ****
Fabric Sell Price
$/Yard 3.47 3.79 3.09
48
54. Core spun yarn and filament yarns are the future of the textile industry because of
their versatility and durability, making them ideal raw materials.