The document outlines the types of fibers used in fabric production, categorizing them into natural fibers (like cotton, wool, and jute) and synthetic fibers (such as nylon and polyester). It explains the processes involved in turning raw materials into clothing, including ginning, spinning, and weaving for natural fibers, and the chemical processing of synthetic fibers. Additionally, it discusses the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of both fiber types.

1. FIBRE TO FABRIC
CHAPTER-3
SCIENCE
Class-VI
CBSE
Mrs.NANDITHA AKUNURI

2. FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is
called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands
called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre

3. TYPES OF FIBRES
Natural Fibre: The fibres which are obtained from pland and animals are called
Natural Fibres.
Example: Cotton Wool, Jute & Silk
Cotton
Wool
Silk
Jute

4. Man-Made or Synthetic Fibres: The fibres that are synthesized in laboratory are
called Man-Made or Synthetic Fibres.
Example: Nylon, Polyester, Makmal, Fur etc.
Polyester
Makmal
Fur

5. Natural Fibres
COTTON:
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case,
around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow
family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions,
the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.

6. The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft,
breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric
times; fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been
found in the Indus Valley Civilization.

7. Process of Making Cotton: From field to fabric
The process of making cotton transforms the raw fibers into threads, yarn and
fabric in three steps: Preparation, Spinning, and Weaving.

8. Preparation: To be used for thread or fabric, raw seed cotton must
cleaned and free of debris. Seeds, burrs, dirt, stems and leaf
material are removed from the cotton during ginning (The process
of separating cotton from seed).

9. Spinning
A Yarn is usually of substantial length & of small cross section. In the
cross section of a yarn there are usually a multiple number of Staple
fibers (short fibers) or Filaments (long fibers) of unlimited length.

10. Yarn made out of Staple fiber is known as Spun Yarn, because the
staple fibers should undergo number of process stages so that a yarn
can be made out of them. This procedure or process stages in correct
sequence is called “Spinning”.

11. Staple Spun Yarn:
Those are made by Twisting Staple Fibres together into a Strand.
The length of the Fibre is limited. Given are some of the spun yarns.
1. Mono Yarn:
Solid, Single Strand of Unlimited Length.
2. Multi Filament:
Many continuous filaments with some twist.
3. Staple Yarn:
Many short fibers twisted together tightly.
4. Two Plied Yarn:
Two single yarn twisted together.
5. Multi Plied Yarn:
Plied Yarns twisted together.
6. Thread:
Hard, Fine, Plied Yarn.
7. Cord or Cable:
Many plied yarns twisted into a course structure.

12. Weaving
Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of
yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting.
The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are
the weft or filling.

13. SLIK
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into
textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is
produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons.

14. There are different types of silk worm produce different silks in terms of
luster and textile. Example: tassar silk, mooga silk, kosa silk etc. are
produced by different types of silk moth. Mulbery silk is the most
common silk moth.

15. Life cycle of silkworm

16. Silk moth to silk: After they are laid by the silk moth; eggs are stored
over a clean cloth or paper strips. When larvae are hatched from eggs,
they are kept in clean bamboo trays with fresh leaves of mulberry.
Larvae feed on mulberry leaves for about 20 to 25 days.

17. Process of silk: The process of obtaining silk from silk moth involves-
1) Rearing of silkworms
2) Reeling and
3) Dyeing
This followed by spinning and weaving.

18. WOOL
•Wool is obtained from the fleece (hair) of sheep, sheep, goat, camel,
yak, llama, alpaca and other animals.
•These animals have thick coat hair on their body because the hair traps
the air and air is poor conductor of heat.
•So thick layer of hair keep their body warm and protect them from
harsh cold.

19. Rearing and breeding of sheep
Sheep are reared in many parts our country like Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat etc.

20. Processing of making wool
The major steps necessary to process wool from the sheep to the fabric
are: shearing, cleaning and scouring, grading and sorting, carding,
spinning, weaving, and finishing.

21. Shearing: Sheep shearing is the process by which the woollen fleece
of a sheep is cut off. The person who removes the sheep's wool is
called a shearer.

22. Cleaning and scouring: scouring is a way of cleaning textile fibres.
Wool that's been shorn from a sheep is known as greasy, or
raw wool

23. Grading and sorting: Grading should not be confused with wool
classing: sorting fleeces into various lines according to fineness,
length, strength, yield, color, and style.

24. Carding: Short-stapled pieces of wool which result from the
carding process, spun and woven to make standard-quality
fabrics.

25. Spinning: Spinning is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of
fibers to form yarn, and is a major part of the textile industry.

26. Dyeing: After sorting and picking out of burrs, these are dyed in
desired colors.

27. Weaving: The process of arranging two sets of yarn together to
make a fabric is called weaving.

28. JUTE
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads. It is produced primarily from plants in the genus Corchorus, which was
once classified with the family Tiliaceae, and more recently with Malvaceae. Jute
was used for making textiles in the Indus valley civilization since the 3rd
millennium BC.

29. Process of making jute:
They are: Batching, Carding, Drawing, Spinning, Winding. They are
the main process, either there are sub process to manufacture jute
yarn. There are two types of yarn are produced from jute spinning;
sacking yarn and hessian yarn. The manufacturing process of
raw jute are mentioned below.

30. MAN MADE OR SYNTHETIC FIBRE
These are also known as man-made fibers. Synthetic fibers are
obtained by chemical processing of petrochemicals. The synthetic
fibers can be woven into a fabric, just like natural fiber.

31. Synthetic fibers have a wide range of use ranging from household
articles like ropes, buckets, furniture, containers, etc. to highly
specialized uses in aircrafts, ships, spacecrafts, health care, etc.

32. Synthetic fibers and plastics are made up of molecules called
polymers. A polymer is a large molecule formed by combination of
many small molecules, each of which is called a monomer.

33. Properties of synthetic fibers
•The properties of synthetic fibres are as follows- They quickly dry
up. It means that synthetic fiber dries easily after washing. They are
durable.
2. It means that they can be used for a longer period of time.
They are less expensive. They are readily available. They are easy to
maintain and do not need extra care.

34. Kinds of Synthetic Fibers
There are different kinds of synthetic fibers which are as follows-
Rayon, Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic & Plastic

35. Rayon
•This is a type of synthetic fibre obtained from wood pulp.
•Rayon is soft, absorbent and comfortable.
•It is easy to dye in wide range of colors.
•Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bedsheets.
•Rayon is mixed with wool to make carpets.

36. Nylon
This type of synthetic fibre is obtained from coal, water and air.
Nylon is very lustrous, easy to wash and elastic.
It dries quickly and retains its shape.
Nylon finds its application in seat belts of car, sleeping bags, socks,
ropes, etc.
Nylon is also used in ropes for rock climbing, making parachutes and
fishing nets.

37. Polyester
This type of synthetic fibre is obtained from coal, water, air and
petroleum.
Polyester is made from repeating units of chemical known as esters.
Polyester is easy to wash and it remains wrinkle free and it is quite
suitable in making dress material.
Polyester retains its shape and remains crisp.
Polyester is used in making ropes, nets, raincoats, jackets, etc.

38. Acrylic
It is warm and lightweight.
It is soft and flexible.
Acrylic fiber is often used for making sweaters, blankets, cashmere,
jackets, shawls, and tracksuits.
It is also used as linings for boots and gloves as well as in furnishing
fabrics and carpets.
It is used in craft yarns, boat sails and vehicle covers.

39. Advantages of synthetic fibres
•Synthetic fibres are very durable and do not wrinkle easily
•They are elastic and can be easily stretched out
•They are strong and can sustain heavy load.
•It is soft and hence it is used in clothing material.
•It is cheaper as compared to natural fibres.

40. Disadvantages of synthetic fibres
•Most synthetic fibres do not absorb moisture.
•Synthetic fibre can be affected if washed using hot water.
•It catches fire easily as compared to natural fibre.