The following terms & definitions are used to describe and explain cotton fiber maturity.
Circularity :
The degree of thickening which is calculated by the cross sectional area of the fiber wall divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter.
Theta :
Average circularity of the matured fibers also described as the degree of thickening.
Fineness (mtex) : Average fiber fineness (weight per unit length) in millitex. 1000 meters of fibers with a mass of 1 milligram equals 1 millitex.
IFC (%) :
Immature fiber content in percent. Percentage of fibers with less than 0.25 circularity. The lower the IFC% the better the fiber is for dyeing.
Maturity Ratio :
Maturity Ratio is the ratio of fibers with a 0.5 (or more) circularity ratio devided by the amount of fibers with a 0.25 (or less) circularity. The higher the maturity ratio, the more mature the fibers are and the better the fibers are for dyeing.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Feeder stripe, Engineering stripe and Auto stripe mechanismAzmir Latif Beg
Auto stripe machine give stable structure with auto-stripper device, which could get various colors. Auto stripe & Engineering is commonly mark in use that does not goes with their definition. Today I will discuss regarding knit stripe patter.
The following terms & definitions are used to describe and explain cotton fiber maturity.
Circularity :
The degree of thickening which is calculated by the cross sectional area of the fiber wall divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter.
Theta :
Average circularity of the matured fibers also described as the degree of thickening.
Fineness (mtex) : Average fiber fineness (weight per unit length) in millitex. 1000 meters of fibers with a mass of 1 milligram equals 1 millitex.
IFC (%) :
Immature fiber content in percent. Percentage of fibers with less than 0.25 circularity. The lower the IFC% the better the fiber is for dyeing.
Maturity Ratio :
Maturity Ratio is the ratio of fibers with a 0.5 (or more) circularity ratio devided by the amount of fibers with a 0.25 (or less) circularity. The higher the maturity ratio, the more mature the fibers are and the better the fibers are for dyeing.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Feeder stripe, Engineering stripe and Auto stripe mechanismAzmir Latif Beg
Auto stripe machine give stable structure with auto-stripper device, which could get various colors. Auto stripe & Engineering is commonly mark in use that does not goes with their definition. Today I will discuss regarding knit stripe patter.
If we work with a cross section
of the color tree as CIELab space,
this space is divided by two
axes which intersect at a
grey neutral area in the centre.
“a” is the red-green axis which
is red on the positive side and
green on the negative side.
“b” is the yellow-blue axis which
is yellow on the positive end and
blue on negative end.
Yarn printing means the localized application of dyes or pigment and chemicals by any method which can produce particular effect of color on the yarn or onto a yarn package according to the design. Yarn printing is also known as “Space Dyeing”. Although the printing of yarns for true patterned effects proved very difficult tom control, the random space-dyed effects that can be more readily attained by a variety of yarn-printing methods have continued to be popular.
SoftWorks has vast experienced in developing integrated Management Information System for textile industries specially yarn dyeing and knit composite textile mills. The firm already covered the fields like Procurement, Inventory Control, Marketing, Planning, Production, Dyeline, Stores, LCs Management, Delivery & Shipment and Payroll etc. It also have mobile (iPhone/Android) version of dyeing software.
Clear concept on correct fabric consumption and costing is a primary requisite for a merchandiser as fabric cost bears the 40% to 45% of the total cost of any garments.
Costing is very important for getting an order as well as it focuses the future trends of any industry. To make a effective, profitable and competitive cost sheet one must know about all the processes involves in garments manufacturing very well. All the updated news and costs of fabric, CM of particular garments, trims, wash cost, embroidery cost, traveling cost, terms of payments must be known. Merchandiser is the key person who is responsible for the costing of any item. Now the world is becoming more competitive for garments market and manufacturing as well. So a competitive cost sheet of any item affect the growth of any company.While the industry recorded a remarkable growth in a protected market environment, it faces a series of challenges that have come to the fore in the post-quota situation, notably in many areas.
Major Formula on Garments for BeginnersShabuz Biplob
This article has been written for the beginners of garment / buying house. It will ask you question, prepare you for calculation & will give you solution. There are thousands of questions, I've given few answers. There are so many ways & formula to perform a task here. Through day by day practices, you will find the easiest way for you to do your job well.
This paper deals with the result of an investigation by using different count yarn but same
parameters of knitting machine to produce cotton-elastane single jersey fabric. Here,the all parameters of
knitting machine including gauge, dia ,Stitch length, rpm, machine tension etcare same. Dyeing process also
carried out at same parameter for all fabrics. Finishing process like Heat setting, Stentering, compacting are
done in same condition But we use different count cotton yarn. In this paper, we mainly deal with the physical
properties of single jersey cotton fabric. we try to identify how the properties of single jersey knitted fabric like
fabric diameter(gray& finished condition) ,WPI&CPI(gray& finished condition),Fabric GSM(gray& finished
condition),Shrinkage (%) length &width wise, spiralityare changing with Count .Finally the findings are as
expected with some variation with the result that are thought theoretically.
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
4. Basic Conversions (Spinning)
No Length Weight Time
1. 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 lb = 7000 gr 1 min = 60 sec
2. 1 yd = 36 in 1 lb = 16 oz 1 hr = 60 min
3. 1 m = 1.0936 yd 1 oz = 437.5 gr 1 shift = 8 hr
4. 1 Hk = 840 yd 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 day = 24 hr
5. 1 Hk = 7 leas 1 bag = 100 lb 1 day = 3 shifts
11. Yarn Count in Direct system
System
Unit weight Unit length Uses
Tex Grams 1,000m Polyester
Denier Grams 9,000m Lycra
D-Tex Grams 10,000m Lycra
Pounds/Spyndle Pounds 14400yds Jute
Yarn Count in Indirect system
System Unit weight Unit length Uses
English (Ne) 1 lb 840 yds Cotton yarn
Metric (Nm) 1 kg 1 km Cotton yarn
Worsted 1 lb 560 yds Worsted yarn
Woolen 1 lb 256 yds Woolen yarn
21. Production calculation:
1. Production = no. of needle x no of feeder x RPM x stitch length/ yarn count
Production per shift in KG at 100% efficiency
Where,
Ks = knitting constant
Count = linear density of yarn
GSM = gm per square meter
Another formulae is :
Stitch length = (Tex × Ks) / GSM
Ks is a constant. Its value is different for different fabric structure and fabric type. Ks is
calculated and estimated as below:
Ks = (GSM x Stitch length) / Tex
22. Production calculation:
Fabric type Color Value of Ks
Single jersey Average 19.55
Single lacoste Average 22.4
Double lacoste Average 22.75
Polo pique Average 25
Plain interlock Average 39.3
1 X 1 rib Light 24.5
1 X 1 rib Average 26.5
Ks = (GSM x Stitch length) / Tex
27. DIFFERENT FABRIC GSM AND THEIR REQUIRED YARN COUNT
S/J without lycra -
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
110 - 120 40 S – 36 S
120 - 130 36 S - 32 S
130 - 140 32 S – 28 S
140 - 150 28 S
150 - 160 26 S
170 - 210 24 S
Rib without lycra -
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
180 - 190 36 S - 32 S
190 - 200 30 S
200 - 215 28 S
215 - 230 26 S
230 - 250 24 S
250 - 300 24 S
28. Interlock without lycra -
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
200 - 220 34 S
220 - 230 32 S
230 - 250 30 S
250 - 300 26 S
Lacoste without lycra -
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
180 - 190 30 S
190 - 210 28 S
210 - 230 26 S
230 – 250 26 S
40D Lycra Rib -
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
230 - 240 32 S
240 - 250 30 S
250 - 280 26 S
280 - 300 24 S
40D Lycra S/J –
Fabric G.S.M Yarn Count
180 - 190 34 S
190 - 210 32 S
210 - 220 30 S
220 – 240 28 S
240 - 250 26 S
DIFFERENT FABRIC GSM AND THEIR REQUIRED YARN COUNT
35. No. of Needle = π × Machine Diameter (D) × Machine Gauge (N)
= 3.1416 × 30 × 24
= 2262
Yarn Count = 30/1 Ne No. of Feeder = 96
Machine RPM = 28
Stitch length = 3 mm
Efficiency = 85% = 0.85
Shift = 8 hr. = 8 × 60 = 480 min
Production Calculation Of Yarn Dyeing Machine :
Production of the machine is 146.407 Kg/Shift.
Note: If any parameter in this calculation is changed then production capacity per shift
will be changed.
37. Density Calculation for Several Counts (Yarn dyeing):
1**Before Pressing
• Yarn Quality: 30/1 cc
• Package Height (H) = 162mm = 16.2cm
• Total Package Dia (D1) = 162mm = 16.2cm
• Total Package Weight (W1) = 1.38kg = 1380gm
• Spring Weight (W2) = 0.185kg = 185gm
• Spring Dia (D2) = 65 mm = 6.5cm
38. 2 **After Pressing
Yarn Quality: 30/1 cc
Package Height (H) = 145mm = 14.5cm
Total Package Dia (D1) = 165mm = 16.5cm
Total Package Weight (W1) = 1.38kg = 1380gm
Spring Weight (W2) = 0.185kg = 185gm
Spring Dia (D2) = 65 mm = 6.5cm
**So we can sure that after pressing for every count, yarn package density will be
increase.
Density Calculation for Several Counts (Yarn dyeing):
39. Length Calculation in Package:
To maintain the constant package density same length of yarn should be wound to
all the packages of a batch or lot. The dyeing machine capacity is calculated on
weight, so it is necessary to maintain the uniform weight throughout the packages.
To do this for a definite count of yarn following calculation is followed,
In this machine length is pre selected. For different count of yarn different length
of yarn is pre selected. This is due to maintain the constant package weight and
package density.
40. Package density Calculation
We know package density ρ =mass (m)/volume (v) gm/cc
Volume= π (R2-r 2) h
R= outer radius of package
R= inner radius of package
h= height of package
Now we consider a sample of 40/1 cotton yarn whose
R=4.138
r= 1.59
h=15.24
Mass m=1000gm
So package density ρ=1000/π (4.1382-1.592)15.24 gm/cc
=1.433 gm/cc
Production calculation:
We know production= speed (m/min) ×60×24 ×1.09/(840×40×2.2045)
Kg/day/head
When speed is 800m/min at 80% efficiency
Production=800×60×24×1.09/ (840×40×2.2045)kg/day/head
=10.5976kg/day/head
Total production=10.5976×54×12kg/day
=6867.2448kg/day
41. Production calculation of RF Dryer :
Length of RF Dryer = 13m
At 28rpm it takes 21 min 9 sec to pass this length
Along this length it can accommodate 416 package 416kgs
So at 21 min9sec or 1269sec it can dry 416kgs
So in 1hr or 3600sec it can dry = 416×3600/1269 kg/hr
= 1180.14 kg/hr
So Production per day = 1180.14×24kg
= 22658.688 kg
= 22.66 tons
Production calculation of RF Dryer
43. Calculations related to batch section:
Now, when a gram per linear meter is low then meters per chamber will be
more. Thus, fabric loading should be reduced to avoid jamming in the winch.
In this case 80-85% fabric
loading is given. But when gram per linear meter is more then rope length will
reduce and in this case up to 90% fabric loading can be given.
44. Calculating the chamber loading
In the following table are listed general recommendations covering rope cycle times and
speeds for a wide range of fabrics:
Fabric Rope cycle times in
minutes
(Cycle Time)
Rope circulation speed
m/min
(Reel speed)
Knit fabric
PES unfixed 1 250
PES heat set 1-1.5 200
PC 1-2 250
Co - reactive 2-3 225-275
45.
46.
47. Preparation and storage of stock dyes and chemicals
Available stock solution:
1. Red-0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%
2. Yellow-0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%,
3. Blue- 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%.
Preparation:
To prepare 0.1% stock solution, it necessary to mix 0.1 gm dye with 100cc water.
To prepare 0.5% stock solution, it necessary to mix 0.5 gm dye with 100cc water.
To prepare 1.0% & 2.0% stock solution similar procedure is followed.
To prepare 10% stock solution of soda ash, it necessary to mix 10 gm soda with
100cc water.
SHADE % STOCK SOLUTION %
0.0001-0.009 0.1
0.10-0.99 0.5
1-1.99 1
2-3.99 2
4 ( or above) 4
Stock solution preparation:
48. Stock Solution Making Procedure (Dyeing lab)
For solid,
X gm chemicals/dyes/auxiliaries in the 100 ml water is called x%
stock solution.
For liquid,
X ml/cc chemicals/dyes/auxiliaries in the (100 - x ml/cc) water
is called x% stock solution.
Conversion formula from percentage to g/l is as
g/l = Required amount (%)× 10
51. Dyes and chemicals measuring formula for laboratory:
The amount of dye solution (ml) is calculated as follow –
The amount of chemical soln (ml) is measured as follow –
52.
53. Fabric Type GSM Pump Speed % Reel Speed(MPM)
Single Jersey Up to 140 80 250
140 – 180 85 230
180 – above 90 210
Polo Pique, Back Pique
& Bubble Knit
Up to 160 85 280
160 – 200 90 260
220 – above 90 240
Interlock Up to 180 85 260
180 – 220 90 240
220 – above 90 220
Machine Setup On The Basis Of Fabric Type & GSM
54. MONTHLY EFFICIENCY OF KNITTING FLOOR:
Daily production – 6500 kgs. Approx.
Daily production capacity – 10000 kgs approx.
So, monthly production – 6500 x 30 kgs.
Monthly production capacity – 10000 x 30 kgs.
So, Monthly production efficiency = (6500x30x100)/ (10000x30) %
= 65%
56. COSTING OF THE PRODUCT:
Let
price of yarn is $ 3.00/ kg.
Process loss of yarn for knitting (10%) = $0.30
Knitting fabric cost = $3.30
Cost of dyes & chemicals = $2.50
Process loss for dyeing (12%) = $0.30
Dyed fabric cost = $ 6.10
Packing cost = $0.05
Production cost of fabric=$6.15
Fabric price (with 25% margin) =$7.79
Fabric consumption/ doz.
= (Body length + Sleeve length +10) x Chest length x 2 x GSM x12 /10000000
57. Garments specification:
Body length=78 cm
Sleeve length=33 cm
Chest length=62 cm
GSM=210
Fabric consumption/ doz. = {(78+33) x62x2x210x12}/ 10000000
= 3.469 kg
Fabric consumption/doze (with 10% wastage) = 3.816 kg
Body fabric cost / doz. =$(7.79x 3.816)
= $29.73
Cost of collar& cuff/doz = $ 4.00
Cost of Trims=$ 2.25
Cost of Trims (with 5% Process loss) = $2.36
Production Cost of Garments/ doz=$36.09
Garments Price/doz (with 25% Profit) =$45.12
COSTING OF THE PRODUCT:
58. Costing of Men’s shirt
Fabric consumption for a dozen of shirt π × L ═ size of basic shirt.
Width of body of shirt ═ 1/2 chest
═ 24"+1"(sewing allowance)
═ 25"
Body length ═ 32"+1"(sewing allowance)
═ 33"
Sleeve length ═ 23"+2.5(cost) +1.5"(sewing allowance)
═ 27"
Consumption of a body shirt:
═{1/2 chest× (body length) ×2} / 36× fabric width. (Sq. inch)
═25"×33"×2 (Sq. inch ).
{Let assume fabric width 25"effective width ═25"−1" ═ 24"}
Fabric length ═25×33×2 / 44 inch
59. Fabric consumption ═25×33×2 / 44×36 yds
Consumption of sleeve ═ (length of sleeve × width sleeve) ×2 sq. inch
═27"×24"×2" (Sq. inch)
Fabric consumption in length width
═ 27×24×2 / 44×36 sq. inch
Total fabric consumption of one dozen shirt
═ [(25×33×2 / 44×36 + / 27×24×2 / 44×36) ×2+ wastage of 8%]
═ 22.75 yds + 8% wastage
═24.6 yds
Sewing threads consumption:
It is calculated by measuring the total of different kind of seam. Normally sewing
threads consumption per shirt , 120m.
So, sewing threads consumption per dozen,
═ 120 × 12
═ 1440m
Costing of Men’s shirt
66. Consumption of Collar:
Equation:
{(Neck width + Front neck drop) collar depth} 2 GSM 10000 1000 5000
Solution:
Neck width =22 2 = 44 cm
Front neck drop =5 cm
Collar depth =2.5 cm 2 = 5 cm
GSM = 240
= {(44 + 5) 5} 2 140 10000 1000 5000
= 58.8 kg.
Total = 532.8 + 58.8 kg
= 591 kg
67. Collar & Cuff measurements
Size Collar measurement (cm) Cuff measurement (cm)
S 40 x 9 40 x 3.5
M 42 x 9 40 x 3.5
L 44 x 9 40 x 3.5
XL 46 x 9 40 x 3.5
XXL 48 x 9 44 x 3.5
XXXL 50 x 9 44 x 3.5
70. Costing process:
Finish fabric cost: (Yarn price + Knitting cost + dyeing cost)
Body fabric cost: (Total fabric consumption + Total yarn consumption)
Cost of making (CM):……………………………$
Accessories cost:…………………………………..$
Overhead cost………………………………………$
Others cost:………………………………………….$
Buyer commission:……………………………….$
Total cost..................................................$
Costing process:
PRICE OF THE PRODUCT:
Generally price of product is determined by the required profit adding to the
total expenses. So,
Price of products
= (Direct expenses + Indirect expenses + Factory Overhead) + Required profit
71.
72. MARKER EFFICIENCY: The marker planner measures his success by the efficiency
of the marker plan. The following formula is used to measure the efficiency:
Marker efficiency=Area of the pattern in the marker plan/ Total area of the
marker plan X 100%.
MARKER EFFICIENCY:
73. STANDARD TIME = Normal time + Allowances
= Normal time + (Normal time ×Allowances)
= NT (1+ Allowances).
In garments production world, the terms SMV or SAM used frequently.
SMV stands for Standard Minute Value.
SAM for Standard allocated minute or Standard Allowed Minute.
SMV CALCULATION:
SMV calculation of a basic T-shirt from a time study sheet of a garments industry.
Following formulas are use-
Normal time = (Average observed time) × (Performance rating factor).
SMV (Standard Minute Value) = Basic Time + (Allowances × Basic time).
= Basic Time× (1+ Allowance).
Allowances are assumed for this calculation is 20%.
SMV
74. SMV
Target Production /Hour = (No Of worker -1) x 60 / SMV
SMV= standard Mean Value (the Time Required to Complete garments by
sewing )
SMV=( Basic time +Allowance )
75. To select sewing thread, thread size or number is very important. The number
which is used to express the fineness of a sewing thread is called sewing thread
number or ticket number. It has 2 system as follows-
Cotton system : It is derived from English cotton system.
Cotton ticket number in Ne = ( Yarn count in Ne / Number of ply ) x 3
Metric system : It is derived from Metric count system.
Ticket number in Nm = ( Yarn count in Nm / Number of ply ) x 3
sewing thread number or ticket number
77. Find out Required Yarn Count (If GSM is Known)
Equation :
S/j Ne = (0.141x GSM) + 50.22
Pique Ne = (0.146x GSM) + 57.16
Double Lacost Ne = (0.167 X GSM) + 64.36
1X1 Rib Ne = (0.123X GSM) + 54.57
Interlock = (0.206X GSM) + 80.56
Lycra 1X1 Rib = (0.119 X GSM) + 59.12
Lycra 2X2 Rib = (0.108X GSM) + 56.62
78. Conversion of (GSM Equation )
Kg To Yards
Equation :
= GSM / 39.37 X 36 X fabric Width
=Result .Kg
=1000/ Result .yds
[It is converted Kg To yards ]
Per Yards Fabric price
Equation :
= GSM / 43” X Width / 1000 X Per kg Prize
=Result .
[This the Equation define per yards Fabric price ]
79. Conversion of (GSM Equation )
Yards To meter
Equation :
= Length X 36 X 2.54 /1000
=Result
[It is converted yards to Meter ]
Meter To Yards
Equation :
= Length /36 / 2.54 X 1000
=Result
[ It is converted Meter To yards ]
80. Conversion of (GSM Equation )
Find Out How many Yds / Kg
Equation :
= 714//GSM
=Result (yds in Kg)
[Only For 58’’/60’’ Width]
Price/Yards
Equation :
= GSM /43 / 2.54 X Width
=Result / 1000 X Price
= price/yds
82. Four point grading system
Size of defects Penalty
3 inches or less 1 point
Over 3 inch but not over 6 inch 2 point
Over 6 inch but not over 9 inch 3 point
Over 9 inch 4 point
Four point grading system