The document discusses different types of network topologies including bus, ring, and star topologies. It defines each topology and describes their advantages and disadvantages. The bus topology defines all computers connected to a central cable or bus. It has advantages of being easy to connect devices and requiring less cable length but has disadvantages if the main cable breaks or in troubleshooting failures. The ring topology defines devices arranged in a closed loop with data traveling in one direction. It has advantages of quick data transfer and simple transmission but disadvantages in speed if all devices must be passed through and in troubleshooting broken rings. The star topology defines all devices connecting to a central hub. It has advantages of easy installation and fault detection but disadvantages of more cable required and a
My 4 Semester Networking Presentation,
Guided Media along with its types
Twisted pair
-Shield Twisted Pair
-Unshield Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fibre Optics
-SIngle Mode
-Multi Mode
-Graded Mode
Unguided Media along with its types
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared.
These slides cover a topic on Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
My 4 Semester Networking Presentation,
Guided Media along with its types
Twisted pair
-Shield Twisted Pair
-Unshield Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fibre Optics
-SIngle Mode
-Multi Mode
-Graded Mode
Unguided Media along with its types
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared.
These slides cover a topic on Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
This slide shows information on Guided and Unguided media in data communication and networking. things like types of cables for guided media and wireless routers for unguided media transfers
Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
It also refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other.
Logical Layouts of Topology
Logical Layouts of Topology :
MESH TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
TREE AND HYBRID
1. Mesh Topology
Here every device has a point to point link to every other device.
Node 1 node must be connected with n-1 nodes.
A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
It must have n-1 I/O ports.
2.STAR TOPOLOGY
Less expensive than mesh since each device is connected only to the hub.
Installation and configuration are easy.
Less cabling needs than mesh.
Easy to identification & remove parts.
3.BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus topology is multipoint.
Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices are connected to the backbone by drop lines and taps.
Drop line- is the connection b/w the devices and the cable.
Tap:- is the splitter that cut the main link.
This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
4.RING TOPOLOGY
Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on either side.
The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it reaches the destination and each device have repeater
When one device received signal instead of intended another devices, its repeater then regenerates the data and passes them along.
To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.
5.TREE TOPOLOGY
Alternative referred to as a star bus topology.
Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology.
A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
6.HYBRID TOPOLOGY
A network which contains all types of physical structure and connected under a single backbone channel.
As Industrial Ethernet networks become the backbone of communications on the plant floor, getting these networks up and running and keeping them running has a direct impact on overall plant uptime and productivity. Industrial Ethernet technologies have matured over the years and now offer many tools and technologies that aid in the commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting of these networks. Join us as we share some of the most useful tools and technologies that help get your network up and running quickly and maximize availability to keep production at its peak.
After attending this webinar, you will:
• Understand ways to speed up configuring & commissioning your industrial network
• Understand best practices for maintaining your network once itis up & running
• Understand tools for troubleshooting and minimizing downtime
This slide shows information on Guided and Unguided media in data communication and networking. things like types of cables for guided media and wireless routers for unguided media transfers
Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
It also refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other.
Logical Layouts of Topology
Logical Layouts of Topology :
MESH TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
TREE AND HYBRID
1. Mesh Topology
Here every device has a point to point link to every other device.
Node 1 node must be connected with n-1 nodes.
A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
It must have n-1 I/O ports.
2.STAR TOPOLOGY
Less expensive than mesh since each device is connected only to the hub.
Installation and configuration are easy.
Less cabling needs than mesh.
Easy to identification & remove parts.
3.BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus topology is multipoint.
Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices are connected to the backbone by drop lines and taps.
Drop line- is the connection b/w the devices and the cable.
Tap:- is the splitter that cut the main link.
This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
4.RING TOPOLOGY
Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on either side.
The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it reaches the destination and each device have repeater
When one device received signal instead of intended another devices, its repeater then regenerates the data and passes them along.
To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.
5.TREE TOPOLOGY
Alternative referred to as a star bus topology.
Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology.
A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
6.HYBRID TOPOLOGY
A network which contains all types of physical structure and connected under a single backbone channel.
As Industrial Ethernet networks become the backbone of communications on the plant floor, getting these networks up and running and keeping them running has a direct impact on overall plant uptime and productivity. Industrial Ethernet technologies have matured over the years and now offer many tools and technologies that aid in the commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting of these networks. Join us as we share some of the most useful tools and technologies that help get your network up and running quickly and maximize availability to keep production at its peak.
After attending this webinar, you will:
• Understand ways to speed up configuring & commissioning your industrial network
• Understand best practices for maintaining your network once itis up & running
• Understand tools for troubleshooting and minimizing downtime
THE NETWORK Communication Group credentials jan 2014 Saad El Zein
THE NETWORK Communication Group is a holding company created to host the group’s different specialized communication disciplines that professionally serve local, regional and international clients.
Answering the clients needs and challenges of the growing and evolving communication landscape, THE NETWORK Communication Group provides partners holistic and integrated creative solutions.
As we step into the Industrial IoT (Internet of Things) era, network reliability remains the first objective for factory control and automation systems. However, many people are not familiar with the unique requirements of Industrial Networks or their integration with traditional enterprise networks. In this webinar you will learn about the trends for SMART factories, best practices for network integration and some leading technologies available to help you design and build an industrial network that meets your needs today and in the future.
Key Takeaways:
1. Understand the unique needs of industrial networks
2. Understand how they interface with traditional IT/Enterprise networks
3. Learn about some available technologies that address these needs
Module 9: Increasing Security for Network Communication
Internet Protocol security (IPsec) is a framework of open standards for protecting communications over IP networks through cryptographic security services. IPsec supports network-level peer authentication, data-origin authentication, data integrity, data confidentiality (encryption), and replay protection. The Microsoft IPsec implementation is based on standards that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) IPsec working group developed. In this module, you will learn how to implement, configure, and troubleshoot IPsec.
Lessons
Overview of IPsec
Configuring Connection Security Rules
Configuring NAP with IPsec Enforcement
Monitoring and Troubleshooting IPsec
Lab : Increasing Security for Network Communication
Selecting a Network Security Configuration
Configuring IPsec to Authenticate Computers
Testing IPsec Authentication
After completing this module, students will be able to:
Describe when and how to use IPsec.
Configure Connection Security rules.
Configure IPsec with NAP Enforcement.
Describe how to monitor and troubleshoot IPsec.
transmission media full theory
you get a basic idea about transmission media wires and communication system.STP UTP COAXIAL CABLE FIBRE OPTIC CABLE ETC DETAIL
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. What is data Communication?
• Exchange of digital information between two digital
devices is data communication.
• Data Communications is the transfer of data or
information between a source and a receiver. The
source transmits the data and the receiver receives it.
• The actual generation of the information is not part of
Data Communications nor is the resulting action of the
information at the receiver. Data Communication is
interested in the transfer of data, the method of transfer
and the preservation of the data during the transfer
process.
3. Types Of Data Communication
• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
• Serial
4. Simplex
• A simplex communication system sends a message in only
one direction. The message source works as the transmitter.
• It sends the message over the data channel to the receiver.
The receiver is the destination of the message.
• Examples of simplex data communication include radio
stations and TV broadcasts. With the simplex channel, there
is no ability by the receiver to respond to the message.
• For example, a radio station plays a song on your car radio.
The data transferred is the song. You do not have the
opportunity to send a message back via your car radio to the
station.
5. half-duplex
• A data communication system provides messages in both
directions but only allows transfer in one direction at a time.
• Once a party begins sending a transmission, the receiver
must wait until the signal stops before responding.
• If the two data transfers attempt to send at the same time,
they both fail.
• For instance, if you talk on a CB radio, you press a button
and speak. If the receiver attempts to press the button and
speak at the same time, neither one of you hear either
message. The system is not capable of sending both ways
simultaneously.
6. full duplex
• A full duplex is a communication that works both ways
at the same time.
• Essentially, full duplex data communication is a set of
two simplex channels, one works as a forward channel
and the other as a reserve channel. The two channels
link together at some point.
• An example of a full duplex communication system is a
landline telephone. When talking on a telephone, both
parties have the ability to speak at the same time. The
data, carried both ways through the telephone line, runs
simultaneously.
7. Serial communication
• Serial communication takes a data communication,
breaks it up into small pieces, and sends the message
one bit at a time through a channel.
• The receiver collects the small bits and reassembles
them to compose the original message.
• Serial communication is the most common type of
communication between electronic devices.
• One example of serial communication in action is the
data sent from a modem to the service provider.
9. Magnetic Media
• One of the most convenient way to transfer data from one
computer to another,
• For an example, say a Bank has Gigs of bytes of their
customers’ data which stores a backup copy of it at some
geographically far place for security and uncertain reasons
like war or tsunami. If the Bank needs to store its copy of
data which is Hundreds of GBs, transfer through Internet is
not feasible way. Even WAN links may not support such
high speed or if they do cost will be too high to afford.
• In these kinds of cases, data backup is stored onto magnetic
tapes or magnetic discs and then shifted physically at
remote places.
10. Twisted pair cable
• A twisted pair cable is made of two plastic insulated copper wires twisted together to form a single
media. Out of these two wires only one carries actual signal and another is used for ground reference.
The twists between wires is helpful in reducing noise (electro-magnetic interference) and crosstalk.
• It has two type
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• STP cables comes with twisted wire pair covered in metal foil. This makes it more indifferent to noise
and crosstalk.
• UTP has seven categories, each suitable for specific use. In computer networks, Cat-5, Cat-5e and Cat-
6 cables are mostly used. UTP cables are connected by RJ45 connectors.
11. Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cables has two wires of copper. The core wire lies in center and is made of
solid conductor. Core is enclosed in an insulating sheath. Over the sheath the
second wire is wrapped around and that too in turn encased by insulator sheath.
This all is covered by plastic cover.
• Because of its structure coaxial cables are capable of carrying high frequency
signals than that of twisted pair cables. The wrapped structure provides it a good
shield against noise and cross talk. Coaxial cables provide high bandwidth rates of
up to 450 mbps.
• There are three categories of Coax cables namely, RG-59 (Cable TV), RG-58 (Thin
Ethernet) and RG-11 (Thick Ethernet. RG stands for Radio Government.
12. Fiber Optics
• Fiber Optic works on the properties of
light. When light ray hits at critical
angle it tends to refracts at 90 degree.
This property has been used in fiber
optic.
• The core of fiber optic cable is made of
high quality glass or plastic. From one
end of it light is emitted, it travels
through it and at the other end light
detector detects light stream and
converts it to electric data form.
• Fiber Optic provides the highest mode
of speed.
• It comes in two modes,
– single mode fiber and
– second is multimode fiber..
17. All computers and devices
connected to central cable or bus.
Consists of a main run of cable
with a terminator at each end.
Popular on LANs because they
are inexpensive and easy to
install.
BUS TOPOLOGY
19. Cable forms closed ring or loop,
with all computers and devices
arranged along ring.
Data travels from device to
device around entire ring, in
one direction.
Primarily is used for LANs,
but also is used in WANs.
RING TOPOLOGY
23. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
1) Easy to connect computer or
peripheral to a linear bus.
1) Entire network shuts down if
there is a break in the main
cable.
2) Requires less cable length
than a star topology.
2) Terminators are required at
both ends of the backbone
cable.
3) Difficult to identify the
problem if the entire network
shuts down.
BUS
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE THREE
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
24. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
1) Data is quickly transferred. 1) Data packets must pass
through every computer
between the sender and
recipient therefore, this makes
it slower.
2) The transmission of data is
relatively simple as packets
travel in one direction only.
2) If any of the nodes fail then the
ring is broken and data cannot be
transmitted successfully.
3) It is difficult to troubleshoot
the ring.
RING
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE THREE
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
25. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
1) Easy to install and wire. 1) Requires more cable length
than a linear topology.
2) Security can be implemented
in the hub/switch.
2) If the hub or concentrator
fails, nodes attached are
disabled.
3) Easy to detect faults and to
remove parts.
3) More expensive than linear
bus topologies because of the
cost of the concentrators.
STAR
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE THREE
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
26. DEFINITION
•All computers
and devices
connected to
central cable
BUS TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGE
•Easy to connect a
computer or
peripheral to a linear
bus.
•Requires less cable
length than
a star topology.
DISADVANTAGE
•Entire network shuts
down if
there is a break in the
main cable.
•Terminators are
required at both
ends of the backbone
cable.
•Difficult to identify the
problem
if the entire network
shuts down.
SUMMARY
27. RING TOPOLOGY
DEFINITION
•Cable forms closed
ring or loop, with
all computers and
devices arranged
along ring.
ADVANTAGE
•Data is quickly
transferred without a
‘bottle neck’.
•The transmission of
data is relatively
simple as packets travel
in one direction only.
DISADVANTAGE
•Data packets must pass
through every computer
between the sender and
recipient therefore, this
makes it slower.
•If any of the nodes fail then
the ring is broken and data
cannot be transmitted
successfully.
•It is difficult to
troubleshoot
the ring.
SUMMARY
28. DEFINITION
•All devices
connect to a
central device,
called hub.
ADVANTAGE
•Easy to install and wire.
•Security can be
implemented
in the hub/switch.
DISADVANTAGE
•Requires more cable
length
than a linear topology.
If the hub or
concentrator fails,
nodes attached are
disabled.
More expensive than
linear bus topologies
because of the cost of the
concentrators.
STAR TOPOLOGY
•Easy to detect faults and
to
remove parts
SUMMARY
30. What is Internet ?
• It is a Global network of computers, (servers or clients)
to exchange information.
• It is a "network of networks" that includes millions of
private and public, academic, business, and government
networks (local or Global),
linked by copper wires, wireless connections, and other
technologies.
31. Hardware and Software of Internet
Variety of hardware and software are used to make
Internet functional.
• Modem
Device that enables computers to communicate through
phone lines.
When we start internet the our modem communicates
to modem of ISP.
32. Continued…
• Computer
In addition to a modem, you need a client capable of
handling multiple data types.
• Software
Two types of software’s required to enable your PC as an
Internet PC.
• Communication software to establish connection
• Client software for browsing, e-mail, news.
these software’s are provided with windows itself.
33. Applications Of Internet
• Download programs and files
• E-Mail
• Voice and Video Conferencing
• E-Commerce
• File Sharing
• Information browsing
• Search the web addresses for access through search engine
• Chatting and many more…
34. Disadvantages of Internet
• Theft of personal information such as name, address, credit card
number etc.
• Virus threats nothing but a program which disrupts the normal
functioning of your system.
• Spamming refers to receiving unwanted e-mails in bulk, which
provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system.
• Pornography This is perhaps the biggest threat related to children’s
healthy mental life. A very serious issue concerning the Internet.
Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its
misuse can be very fatal,
the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages.
35. What is Intranet ?
• Internal company network that uses Internet standards
(HTML, HTTP & TCP/IP protocols) & software.
• Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or
employees of the organization
36. Intranet Security
Two levels of Security required:
• Internal
It can be imposed by Public Key Security & Encryption Key.
• External
Through Firewall.
37. What is Firewall ?
• Security device located between firm’s internal network
(intranet) & external network (internet).
• Regulates access into & out of a company’s network based on
a set of rules.
Note : needs to be upgraded from time to time to check latest potential
security problems.
38. Applications of Intranet
• Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations
• Access employee database
• Distribution of circulars/Office Orders
• Access product & customer data
• Sharing of information of common interest
• Launching of personal/departmental home pages
• Submission of reports
• Corporate telephone directories
39. Disadvantages
Information overload lowers productivity
True purpose of the Intranet is unknown to many
employees/departments
Hidden or unknown complexity and costs
Productivity
problem
Unauthorized access
Abuse of access
Denial of service
Security
problem
A company may not have person to update their
Fear of sharing information and the loss of control
Limited bandwidth for the business
Management
problem Intranet on a routine basis
40. What is Extranet ?
• Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using
same internet technology.
• Inter-organizational information system.
• enable outsiders to work together with company’s
employees.
• open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners
41. Examples..
• Dealers/distributors have access to
product files such as :-
1. product specification,
2. pictures,
3. images, etc.
to answer the queries of the customer.
42. Components of extranets ..
Some basic infrastructure components such as
the internet Including :-
• TCP/IP protocols,
• E-mail,
• Web-browsers,
• External business partners &
• Tele-commuting employees place order, check
status & send E-mail.
43. Benefits of Extranet
• Improved quality.
• lower travel costs.
• lower administrative & other overhead costs.
• reduction in paperwork.
• delivery of accurate information on time.
• improved customer service.
• better communication.
• overall improvement in business
effectiveness.
44. Disadvantages
• The suppliers & customer who don’t
have technical knowledge feel problem.
• Faceless contact.
• Information can be misused by other competitors.
• Fraud may be possible.
• Technical Employees are required.
47. HTML
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML documents describe web pages (Static Web Page)
HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like
<html>
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag (opening tags), the
second tag is the end tag(closing tags)
48. IMPLEMENTATION
WHERE WE WRITE CODE :
1.Text Editor
1.Wordpad (In Windows OS)
2.Gedit Text Editor (Ubundu in LINUX)
3.NotePad
2.FrontPage or Dreamweaver
WHERE WE EXECUTE :
1.Double Click that HTML File. (or)
2.Right click – Open With Internet Explorer
49. Simple Code - 1
First Planet
First Planet
<html> .... </html> describes the web page
<body> ..... </body> is the visible page content
<html>
<body>
<h1>First Planet</h1>
<h6>First Planet</h6>
</body>
</html>
O/P :
50. Link Tag
Html Links :
Html links are defined with the <a> tag
Syntax : <a href="http://www.gmil.com">Gmail</a>
Example :<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.gmail.com">Gmail</a>
</body>
</html>
GmailO/P :
If we click this link it goes to gmail
account
51. Image Tag
HTML Images :
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
Syntax : <img src "123.jpg" width="104" height="142" />
Example :
<html>
<body>
<img src="word.jpg" width="104" height="142" />
</body>
</html>
O/P:
52. HTML RULES
HTML Rules (Lines) :
The <hr /> tag is used to create an horizontal rule (line).
Example:
<html><body>
<h3>Exnora</h3>
<hr />
<h3>Safety Exnora</h3>
</body></html>
O/P :
Exnora
Safety Exnora
53. HTML COMMENTS
HTML Comments :
Comments can be inserted in the HTML code to
make it more readable and understandable. Comments are ignored by
the browser and are not displayed.
Syntax : <!-- some text →
Example :<html><body>
<!--It will not be displayed-->
<h3>Plant Trees </h3>
</body></html>
Plant Trees
O/P :
54. HTML TEXT FORMATTING
<html><body>
<b>Confidence</b><br />
<big>Hardwork</big><br />
<i>Preseverance</i><br />
<code>Samsung CRT</code><br />
This is<sub> subscript</sub><br />
This is<sup> superscript</sup>
</body></html>
Some Formatting Tags are 1,b-Bold, 2.i-Italic, 3.code-Computer
code,4.sub-Subscript & 5.sup-Superscript
Implement it as a Exercise
(Practical)
55. HTML STYLE ATTRIBUTES
Tags Description
<center> Defines centered content
<font> Defines HTML fonts
<s> and <strike> Defines strikeout text
<u> Defines underlined text
Attributes Description
Align Defines the alignment of text
Bgcolor Defines the background color
Color Defines the text color
56. STYLE EXAMPLE
<html>
<h1 style="text-align:center">NATURE</h1>
<body style="background-color:yellow">
<p style="font-family:Purisa;color:red">Plant Tree</p>
<p style="font-family:times;color:red">Save Our Generation</p>
<p style="font-size:40">Value Our Environment</p>
</body> </html>
NATURE
Plant Tree
Save Our Generation
Value Our Environment
O/P :
57. HTML TABLES
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag),
Each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td
stands for "table data," which is the content of a data cell.
Headings in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
<table border="1">
<tr> <td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td></tr>
</table>
row1,cell1 row1,cell2
row2,cell1 row2,cell2
58. TABLE FEATURES
1.Table with a caption :
<caption>My Caption</caption>
2.Table cells that span more than one row/column :
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
3.Cell padding :
<table border="1" cellpadding="10">
4.Cell spacing :
<table border="1" cellspacing="10">
5.Add a background color or a background image to a table :
<table border="1" bgcolor="red">
59. HTML LISTS
HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists.
Ordered Lists :
An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with
numbers.
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li>
tag.
Unordered Lists :
An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets
(typically small black circles).
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the
<li> tag.
60. Definition Lists :
A definition list is not a list of single items. It is a list of items (terms),
with a description of each item (term).
A definition list starts with a <dl> tag (definition list).
Each term starts with a <dt> tag (definition term).
Each description starts with a <dd> tag (definition description).
Unordered List :
ThinkPositve
Never Depressed
Keep Smiling
Ordered List :
1.Fail
2.Work Hard
3.Win
4.Teach
Definition List :
Success
Fail First,
Happy
Smile
Always
61. HTML FORMS
HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.
A form is an area that can contain form elements.
Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information like,
1. text fields,
2. textarea fields,
3. drop-down menus,
4.radio buttons,
5. checkboxes,
6. Action Attribute and the Submit Button,etc.
62. Text Fields:
Text fields are used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc.
in a form.
Example :
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /> <br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>
First name :
Last name :
OUTPUT :
63. RADIO & CHECK BOX
Radio Buttons :
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male <br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>
Checkboxes :
<form>
Bike: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike"/> <br />
Car: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle1" value="Car"/><br />
</form>
Male
Female
Bike
Car
64. HTML LAYOUT
A part of this page is formatted with two columns, like a newspaper page.
The trick is to use a table without borders, and maybe a little extra cell- padding.
No matter how much text you add to this page, it will stay inside its column
borders.
65. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
This is the Time to save Our Earth to Our Future Generation.So
everybody shoud be a Volunteer.
</td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
For smooth relationship between to us & nature We should do some
activities to Preserve our Earth.
</td>
</tr> </table>
This is the Time to save
Our Earth to Our Future
Generation.So everybody
shoud be a Volunteer.
For smooth relationship
between to us & nature We
should do some
activities to Preserve our Earth.
66. HTML FRAMES
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same
browser window.
Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the
others.
The Frameset Tag
* The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
* Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
* The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each
row/column will occupy
68. Reference
Book Reference
1. Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, David Wetherall
2. Data Communications And Computer Networks By Prakash C. Gupta
3. Head First HTML with CSS & XHTML By Elisabeth Freeman, Eric
Freeman
4. HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites By Jon Duckett
Image Reference
1. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=computer+network&hl=en
-
IN&biw=1517&bih=714&noj=1&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa
=X&ei=6cajVKPUGMLhoATClYKgCw&ved=0CAgQ_AUo
AQ&dpr=0.9