Here are the key steps: 1. Place ice cubes in beaker and record temperature every minute until ice melts. Record melting point. 2. Fill beaker 2/3 with water and heat with alcohol lamp. Record temperature every minute until boiling. Record boiling point. 3. Graph temperature changes over time for both melting and boiling. Observations: Melting point of ice is 0°C. Boiling point of water is 100°C. Temperature remains constant during phase changes. Conclusion: The melting and boiling points were determined experimentally and matched textbook values, demonstrating phase changes occur at consistent temperatures.

1. Chapter 2: Matter and Energy
Prepared by T. Gemma Hilado

2. II. Chapter Outline
I. Matter
II. Classifying Matter
III. States of Matter
IV. Energy
V. Changing States
VI. Properties of Matter

3. What is matter?
 Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space.

4. What do you know about matter?
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma

5. Classifying Matter

6. Classifying Matter

11. Classifying Matter

12. Elements
* there are 109 known
elements
* 90 are found in nature
such as iron, carbon, oxygen,
and nitrogen
* others are man in nuclear
physics laboratory

14. Compound
* is a substance made of
two or more elements whose
atoms are chemically combined
example: water (H2O),salt
(NaCl),sugar (C12H22O11)

15. Mixture
* is a combination of two or more
elements or compounds or combinations that
are physically combined.
* When two substances are put together, they
form a mixture if they do not react to form a
compound.
Examples: 1. brass ( alloy made of zinc and copper)
2. air ( composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor and other gases)
3. rubbing alcohol ( water and ethanol)

23. 23
The 4 States of Matter:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

24. Solids
 Solids have definite
shape and definite
volume.
 Solids have mass.
 Solids take up space.

25. Particles in Solids:
 Are packed tightly
together
 Have very little energy
 Vibrate in place

26. 26
Solids
Examples

27. Liquids
 Liquids take the shape
of their container and
have definite volume.
 Liquids have mass.
 Liquids take up space.

28. Particles in Liquids:
 Are loosely packed
 Have medium
energy levels
 Particles flow
around each other

29. 29
Liquids
Examples

30. Gases
 Gases spread out to
fill the entire space
given and do not
have definite
volume.
 Gases have mass.
 Gases take up
space.

31. Particles in Gases:
 Move freely
 Have LOTS of
energy

32. 32
Gases
Examples

33. Plasma
 Lightning is a plasma.
 Used in fluorescent light
bulbs and Neon lights.
 Plasma is a lot like a
gas, but the particles
are electrically charged.

34. Particles in Plasma:
 Are electrically
charged
 Have EXTREMELY
high energy levels

35. 35
Plasma
Examples

36. STATES of matter?
What would it take for matter to move
from one state to another?

37. Energy determines the state!

38. Heat, sound, electricity and light are
not matter.
* They do not volume to take up space.
* They are forms of energy.
Heat- is a form of thermal energy
- is added to or removed from
matter to cause a change in state.

39. Add or Subtract Energy. . .
When energy is added, particles move faster!
When energy is taken away, particles move slower!

40. What will happen? Why?

41. Solid + Energy = ?
 When energy is
added to solids, they
become liquids!
 Examples?

42. Liquid + Energy = ?
 When energy is
added to liquids,
they become gases!
 What examples can
you think of?

43. Changing States
 There are several names for matter changing
states:
 State change
 Phase change
 Physical change

45.  Changes of state
 Freezing
 Melting
 Evaporation
 Condensation
 Sublimation
 Deposition

46. FreezingFreezing
 FreezingFreezing: The change of state: The change of state
from liquid to solidfrom liquid to solid
As liquids cool theirAs liquids cool their
particles begin to slow,particles begin to slow,
bringing them closerbringing them closer
together forming crystalstogether forming crystals

47. MeltingMelting
 MeltingMelting: The change of state from: The change of state from
solid to liquidsolid to liquid
As a substanceAs a substance
absorbs heat energyabsorbs heat energy
the objects particlesthe objects particles
begin to heat upbegin to heat up
and move faster andand move faster and
farther away from onefarther away from one
anotheranother

48. Melting and Boiling Point

49. BoilingBoiling
 BoilingBoiling: that occurs when: that occurs when
vaporization taprocess kes placevaporization taprocess kes place
inside a liquid as well as on theinside a liquid as well as on the
surfacesurface
Dependant on howDependant on how
strongly thestrongly the
particles in anparticles in an
object are heldobject are held
togethertogether

50. EvaporationEvaporation
 EvaporationEvaporation::
occurs when aoccurs when a
liquid acquiresliquid acquires
enough energyenough energy
to become ato become a
gas only on thegas only on the
surface of thesurface of the
liquidliquid

51. CondensationCondensation
 CondensationCondensation : Occurs when a gas: Occurs when a gas
loses enough thermal energy toloses enough thermal energy to
become a liquidbecome a liquid
Particles in a gas loseParticles in a gas lose
energy and begin toenergy and begin to
move slower, comingmove slower, coming
closer togethercloser together

52. SublimationSublimation
 SublimationSublimation: occurs when the: occurs when the
surface particles of a solid gainsurface particles of a solid gain
enough energy to become a gasenough energy to become a gas

53. Properties of Matter
 Density
 Thermal Conductivity
 Electrical Conductivity

54. 1. Density
 A physical property that describes the
relationship between mass and volume.
 Defined by the mass per unit volume.

55. Example:
1. What is the density of the iron bar of mass 780 grams and whose
volume is 100 cubic centimeters?
d= 780 g
100 cm3
d= 7.8 g/cm3

56. 2. Thermal Conductivity
- It is the rate at which a substance
transfers heat.
- Copper, Aluminum, and iron and other
metals transfer heat well.
- They are good thermal conductors
(heat conductors)
- Plastics, wood, and foams are poor
thermal conductors. (insulators)

57. Thermal Conductors

58. Insulators

59. 3. Electrical Conductivity
- The measure of a substance ability to
conduct an electric current.
- Gold, silver, copper and aluminum are
good conductors.
- Plastics, woods, and foams are poor
conductors or insulators.

60. Metallic Conductors

61. Insulators

62. Discovery Activity 1
Title: How does water change state?
Purpose: To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of
water.
Materials: 250 mL beaker Thermometer graphing paper
ice cubes Stirring rod
water Stop watch
Stand and clamp alcohol lamp
Procedure: ( Given on page 55 of textbook)