Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document presents a study analyzing the phytochemical constituents of Hybanthus enneaspermus using UV, FTIR and GC-MS techniques. The UV and FTIR analysis identified various functional groups present in the plant's ethanol extract, including phenols, alcohols, alkanes and carboxylic acids. GC-MS analysis identified 10 compounds in the extract, with the major ones being (5E,13E)-5,13-Docosadienoic acid and Cedran-diol, which have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The study characterized several bioactive compounds in H. enneaspermus with potential therapeutic applications.
The document describes a study that used flame photometry to analyze water samples from the Darna and Godavari Rivers in India to determine sodium and potassium ion concentrations, finding sodium levels of 26 ppm and 58 ppm and potassium levels of 8 ppm and 14 ppm in the two samples, with the goal of monitoring element levels and impacts on the local environment and food chain. Standard calibration curves were generated and used to determine ion concentrations in the river water samples based on emission intensities.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)Harshadaa bafna
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis techniques. It discusses qualitative and quantitative analysis, various analytical methods including chemical, physical and biological methods. It describes different techniques for expressing concentration such as molarity, normality, percent solutions. It also discusses primary and secondary standards used for standardization of analytical methods and preparation of common standard solutions like hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium thiosulfate. The document aims to introduce fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical analysis.
This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry and sampling. It begins by defining important terminology used in analytical chemistry like analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and more. It then covers different types of chemical analysis based on the information required like proximate, partial, trace and complete analysis. Additionally, it discusses different types of analysis based on sample size like macro, semi-micro and micro analysis. The document also covers classical and non-classical methods of analysis as well as important concepts in sampling like population, sampling techniques, sampling units, increments, gross sample, sub-sample and analysis sample. It discusses the purposes of sampling like judging acceptability, detecting contamination and identifying materials. Finally
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical AnalysisSapan Shah
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document presents a study analyzing the phytochemical constituents of Hybanthus enneaspermus using UV, FTIR and GC-MS techniques. The UV and FTIR analysis identified various functional groups present in the plant's ethanol extract, including phenols, alcohols, alkanes and carboxylic acids. GC-MS analysis identified 10 compounds in the extract, with the major ones being (5E,13E)-5,13-Docosadienoic acid and Cedran-diol, which have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The study characterized several bioactive compounds in H. enneaspermus with potential therapeutic applications.
The document describes a study that used flame photometry to analyze water samples from the Darna and Godavari Rivers in India to determine sodium and potassium ion concentrations, finding sodium levels of 26 ppm and 58 ppm and potassium levels of 8 ppm and 14 ppm in the two samples, with the goal of monitoring element levels and impacts on the local environment and food chain. Standard calibration curves were generated and used to determine ion concentrations in the river water samples based on emission intensities.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)Harshadaa bafna
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis techniques. It discusses qualitative and quantitative analysis, various analytical methods including chemical, physical and biological methods. It describes different techniques for expressing concentration such as molarity, normality, percent solutions. It also discusses primary and secondary standards used for standardization of analytical methods and preparation of common standard solutions like hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium thiosulfate. The document aims to introduce fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical analysis.
This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry and sampling. It begins by defining important terminology used in analytical chemistry like analyte, matrix, determination, measurement, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and more. It then covers different types of chemical analysis based on the information required like proximate, partial, trace and complete analysis. Additionally, it discusses different types of analysis based on sample size like macro, semi-micro and micro analysis. The document also covers classical and non-classical methods of analysis as well as important concepts in sampling like population, sampling techniques, sampling units, increments, gross sample, sub-sample and analysis sample. It discusses the purposes of sampling like judging acceptability, detecting contamination and identifying materials. Finally
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical AnalysisSapan Shah
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
Different techniques of analysis, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents.Nidhi Sharma
This document discusses different techniques used for analyzing medicinal agents and sources of impurities. It describes several techniques for quantitative analysis including gravimetry, titrimetry, volumetry, electrical methods, optical methods, chromatography, and radioactivity. Organic impurities can arise from starting materials, intermediates, byproducts, degradation, reagents, and enantiomers. Inorganic impurities include reagents, heavy metals, and filter aids. Residual solvents are also a potential source of impurities and certain solvents should be avoided or limited due to toxicity risks. The document provides details on classifying and limiting various residual solvents.
The document discusses the basic concepts of chemical analysis including qualitative and quantitative analysis, classical and modern instrumental analysis methods, sources of error such as random, systematic and gross errors, and ways to evaluate precision and accuracy such as through replicates, standard deviation, and analysis of reference standards.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
Analytical chemistry has been important since the early days of chemistry and provides methods to determine what elements and chemicals are present in a sample. Traditional techniques like qualitative analysis to determine presence/absence of compounds and quantitative analysis methods like gravimetric analysis and titration, along with modern instrumental techniques like spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chromatography, form the foundation of analytical chemistry. New hybrid techniques that combine multiple analytical methods are also increasingly used.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis. It defines pharmaceutical analysis as involving processes to identify, quantify, and purify substances in mixtures. It then describes several common analytical techniques including titration, which involves reacting a sample with a solution of known concentration to determine the sample amount. The document outlines different types of analysis like qualitative to identify substances and quantitative to measure amounts. It also categorizes various instrumental and non-instrumental methods used in pharmaceutical analysis like titrimetry, gravimetry, spectroscopy, chromatography, and more. In closing, it discusses applications of analysis in manufacturing and research.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
This document describes a simple spectrophotometric method developed to determine the drug riociguat in bulk and tablet formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium, which forms an active coupling species. This species then couples with riociguat to form a chromophore with a maximum absorption at 660 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision for the determination of riociguat.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mathematical model study on solvent extraction of carotene from carroteSAT Journals
Abstract Carotenoids are known as provitamin A, while there is an increasing interest in their role as an antioxidants. Anti-cancer activity and other health benefits provided by β-carotene include the protection against cardiovascular disease and cataract prevention, Carrots are one of the best sources of β-carotene. In this paper we have studied the influence of particle size, temperature, solvents, solid is to solvent ratio and extraction time on the extraction yield of β-carotene, and verification of different models and rate kinetics to establish the extraction mechanism. Ethanol, pet ether, ethyl acetate & n-hexane are used as solvent and carrot of cubes of equivalent diameter of 1.077±0.134 cm, 0.801±0.1078 cm & 0.508±.0456cm are used for solvent ratios from 1:5 to 1:60. Temperature was varied from 30 to 500C. Experimental results better fitted in power law model than Peleg model also it obey Pseudo second order kinetic & Intraparticle diffusion model. Extent of color extraction is established by Hunter Lab colorimeter. Index terms- carrot, carotene, solvent extraction, kinetic study, model study
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Method development and validation for the estimation of metronidazole in tabl...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of two spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of metronidazole in tablet dosage forms. The methods utilize UV spectroscopy and first derivative spectroscopy. Metronidazole showed maximum absorbance at 313nm in methanol:water for UV spectroscopy and a minimum at 298nm for derivative spectroscopy. Both methods were linear between 4-12μg/ml and were validated according to ICH guidelines. The methods were found to be accurate, precise and reproducible for the analysis of metronidazole in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.
This document discusses various analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis including titration, spectroscopy, chromatography, and calibrations. Titration methods covered include acid-base, redox, complexometric, and potentiometric titrations. Spectroscopy techniques discussed are UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Chromatography methods covered are paper chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also discusses good manufacturing practices, quality assurance, quality control, and the importance of pharmaceutical analysis.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, a separation method based on specific binding interactions between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner. It describes the three main steps of affinity purification: incubation to allow binding, washing away unbound components, and elution to recover the target molecule. Key aspects covered include the principle of molecular recognition and entrapment on the stationary phase, common chromatographic media like agarose beads, ligand selection and attachment, materials and procedures used, and applications in protein purification and studying drug interactions. Both advantages like high specificity and disadvantages like cost and limited lifetime are noted.
Analytical techniques in soil science pptUsman Khawaja
The document discusses analytical techniques used in soil science. It begins by explaining that soil scientists use various analysis methods to study the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. The document then focuses on chemical analysis techniques, which aim to determine the components present in a soil sample. It describes the key steps in chemical analysis as choosing a method, sample collection and preparation, running the assay, and performing calculations. Finally, it categorizes analytical techniques as qualitative or quantitative, and further divides quantitative techniques into classical methods using properties like weight/volume and instrumental methods using optical/thermal/electrical properties.
Introduction of pharmaceutical analysis and their scoperamtripathi16
Pharmaceutical analysis involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying chemical substances and components in mixtures. There are two main types: qualitative analysis, which identifies whether a substance is present; and quantitative analysis, which determines the amount of a substance present. Common analytical techniques include volumetric analysis like titrations, electrochemical methods, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Pharmaceutical analysis is used in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and for disease diagnosis to ensure quality, purity, safety and accurate diagnosis.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
The document discusses the energy efficiency of MIMO-OFDM communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for high-speed communication networks to meet increasing data demands. It then describes how MIMO and OFDM technologies can be combined to enhance data rates over frequency-selective fading channels. The document presents the system model of a MIMO-OFDM system using adaptive beamforming to mitigate co-channel interference at the satellite. Simulation results using MATLAB show that MIMO-OFDM systems have better performance than other modulation schemes in terms of lower bit error rate and mean square error.
El documento propone varias soluciones personales para un futuro más sostenible como reducir el consumo de agua mediante duchas en lugar de baños y cerrar el grifo al cepillarse los dientes, reducir el consumo de energía usando bombillas de bajo consumo y apagando dispositivos electrónicos, y utilizar mejor los recursos mediante el reciclaje y reduciendo el uso de papel. De aplicarse estas medidas a nivel individual, se podrían ahorrar grandes cantidades de agua y energía que beneficiarían a toda la población y
Convenio de locales de espectáculos y deporteskirolkudeaketa
Este documento resume una resolución que ordena el registro y publicación de un convenio colectivo para locales de espectáculos y deportes en Gipuzkoa para el periodo 2007-2009. La resolución fue emitida por la Delegación Territorial de Gipuzkoa del Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social. El convenio colectivo fue presentado y firmado por representantes de empresas y sindicatos. La resolución ordena el registro del convenio, su publicación en el Boletín Oficial de Gipuzkoa, y establece el derecho a ap
Este documento resume la obra de Hugo Zemelman y su perspectiva sobre la subjetividad y los sujetos sociales. Zemelman cuestiona las perspectivas objetivistas clásicas que eclipsan el sujeto, enfatizando en cambio el papel activo de la subjetividad y los sujetos sociales tanto en la construcción del conocimiento como en la dinámica histórica. Su enfoque se ubica en las "perspectivas de borde" que permiten nuevas lecturas de la realidad desde lo desconocido y lo posible. Zemelman busca art
Different techniques of analysis, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents.Nidhi Sharma
This document discusses different techniques used for analyzing medicinal agents and sources of impurities. It describes several techniques for quantitative analysis including gravimetry, titrimetry, volumetry, electrical methods, optical methods, chromatography, and radioactivity. Organic impurities can arise from starting materials, intermediates, byproducts, degradation, reagents, and enantiomers. Inorganic impurities include reagents, heavy metals, and filter aids. Residual solvents are also a potential source of impurities and certain solvents should be avoided or limited due to toxicity risks. The document provides details on classifying and limiting various residual solvents.
The document discusses the basic concepts of chemical analysis including qualitative and quantitative analysis, classical and modern instrumental analysis methods, sources of error such as random, systematic and gross errors, and ways to evaluate precision and accuracy such as through replicates, standard deviation, and analysis of reference standards.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
Analytical chemistry has been important since the early days of chemistry and provides methods to determine what elements and chemicals are present in a sample. Traditional techniques like qualitative analysis to determine presence/absence of compounds and quantitative analysis methods like gravimetric analysis and titration, along with modern instrumental techniques like spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chromatography, form the foundation of analytical chemistry. New hybrid techniques that combine multiple analytical methods are also increasingly used.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis. It defines pharmaceutical analysis as involving processes to identify, quantify, and purify substances in mixtures. It then describes several common analytical techniques including titration, which involves reacting a sample with a solution of known concentration to determine the sample amount. The document outlines different types of analysis like qualitative to identify substances and quantitative to measure amounts. It also categorizes various instrumental and non-instrumental methods used in pharmaceutical analysis like titrimetry, gravimetry, spectroscopy, chromatography, and more. In closing, it discusses applications of analysis in manufacturing and research.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
This document describes a simple spectrophotometric method developed to determine the drug riociguat in bulk and tablet formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium, which forms an active coupling species. This species then couples with riociguat to form a chromophore with a maximum absorption at 660 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision for the determination of riociguat.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mathematical model study on solvent extraction of carotene from carroteSAT Journals
Abstract Carotenoids are known as provitamin A, while there is an increasing interest in their role as an antioxidants. Anti-cancer activity and other health benefits provided by β-carotene include the protection against cardiovascular disease and cataract prevention, Carrots are one of the best sources of β-carotene. In this paper we have studied the influence of particle size, temperature, solvents, solid is to solvent ratio and extraction time on the extraction yield of β-carotene, and verification of different models and rate kinetics to establish the extraction mechanism. Ethanol, pet ether, ethyl acetate & n-hexane are used as solvent and carrot of cubes of equivalent diameter of 1.077±0.134 cm, 0.801±0.1078 cm & 0.508±.0456cm are used for solvent ratios from 1:5 to 1:60. Temperature was varied from 30 to 500C. Experimental results better fitted in power law model than Peleg model also it obey Pseudo second order kinetic & Intraparticle diffusion model. Extent of color extraction is established by Hunter Lab colorimeter. Index terms- carrot, carotene, solvent extraction, kinetic study, model study
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Method development and validation for the estimation of metronidazole in tabl...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of two spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of metronidazole in tablet dosage forms. The methods utilize UV spectroscopy and first derivative spectroscopy. Metronidazole showed maximum absorbance at 313nm in methanol:water for UV spectroscopy and a minimum at 298nm for derivative spectroscopy. Both methods were linear between 4-12μg/ml and were validated according to ICH guidelines. The methods were found to be accurate, precise and reproducible for the analysis of metronidazole in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.
This document discusses various analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis including titration, spectroscopy, chromatography, and calibrations. Titration methods covered include acid-base, redox, complexometric, and potentiometric titrations. Spectroscopy techniques discussed are UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Chromatography methods covered are paper chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also discusses good manufacturing practices, quality assurance, quality control, and the importance of pharmaceutical analysis.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, a separation method based on specific binding interactions between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner. It describes the three main steps of affinity purification: incubation to allow binding, washing away unbound components, and elution to recover the target molecule. Key aspects covered include the principle of molecular recognition and entrapment on the stationary phase, common chromatographic media like agarose beads, ligand selection and attachment, materials and procedures used, and applications in protein purification and studying drug interactions. Both advantages like high specificity and disadvantages like cost and limited lifetime are noted.
Analytical techniques in soil science pptUsman Khawaja
The document discusses analytical techniques used in soil science. It begins by explaining that soil scientists use various analysis methods to study the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. The document then focuses on chemical analysis techniques, which aim to determine the components present in a soil sample. It describes the key steps in chemical analysis as choosing a method, sample collection and preparation, running the assay, and performing calculations. Finally, it categorizes analytical techniques as qualitative or quantitative, and further divides quantitative techniques into classical methods using properties like weight/volume and instrumental methods using optical/thermal/electrical properties.
Introduction of pharmaceutical analysis and their scoperamtripathi16
Pharmaceutical analysis involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying chemical substances and components in mixtures. There are two main types: qualitative analysis, which identifies whether a substance is present; and quantitative analysis, which determines the amount of a substance present. Common analytical techniques include volumetric analysis like titrations, electrochemical methods, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Pharmaceutical analysis is used in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and for disease diagnosis to ensure quality, purity, safety and accurate diagnosis.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
The document discusses the energy efficiency of MIMO-OFDM communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for high-speed communication networks to meet increasing data demands. It then describes how MIMO and OFDM technologies can be combined to enhance data rates over frequency-selective fading channels. The document presents the system model of a MIMO-OFDM system using adaptive beamforming to mitigate co-channel interference at the satellite. Simulation results using MATLAB show that MIMO-OFDM systems have better performance than other modulation schemes in terms of lower bit error rate and mean square error.
El documento propone varias soluciones personales para un futuro más sostenible como reducir el consumo de agua mediante duchas en lugar de baños y cerrar el grifo al cepillarse los dientes, reducir el consumo de energía usando bombillas de bajo consumo y apagando dispositivos electrónicos, y utilizar mejor los recursos mediante el reciclaje y reduciendo el uso de papel. De aplicarse estas medidas a nivel individual, se podrían ahorrar grandes cantidades de agua y energía que beneficiarían a toda la población y
Convenio de locales de espectáculos y deporteskirolkudeaketa
Este documento resume una resolución que ordena el registro y publicación de un convenio colectivo para locales de espectáculos y deportes en Gipuzkoa para el periodo 2007-2009. La resolución fue emitida por la Delegación Territorial de Gipuzkoa del Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social. El convenio colectivo fue presentado y firmado por representantes de empresas y sindicatos. La resolución ordena el registro del convenio, su publicación en el Boletín Oficial de Gipuzkoa, y establece el derecho a ap
Este documento resume la obra de Hugo Zemelman y su perspectiva sobre la subjetividad y los sujetos sociales. Zemelman cuestiona las perspectivas objetivistas clásicas que eclipsan el sujeto, enfatizando en cambio el papel activo de la subjetividad y los sujetos sociales tanto en la construcción del conocimiento como en la dinámica histórica. Su enfoque se ubica en las "perspectivas de borde" que permiten nuevas lecturas de la realidad desde lo desconocido y lo posible. Zemelman busca art
Este documento resume la historia de la tecnología desde la prehistoria hasta el siglo XXI, destacando los principales hitos y descubrimientos de cada época. Comenzó con la motivación de supervivencia en la prehistoria y continuó con la aparición de la escritura en la Antigüedad y el resurgimiento intelectual en la Edad Media. La Edad Moderna trajo grandes invenciones como la máquina de vapor, mientras que los siglos XX y XXI se caracterizaron por avances técnicos como el ordenador e Internet. En conclus
El documento describe el proceso de construcción de una calculadora binaria utilizando materiales como cables de teléfono, bombillos, baterías, silicota y pintura. Explica los pasos de perforar la tabla, cortar los cables, pintar los componentes, conectar los interruptores, soldar las baterías y probar que todos los bombillos funcionen correctamente. Finalmente, da los detalles de la presentación final de la calculadora binaria y las estudiantes que la realizaron.
As origens do teatro estão na Grécia antiga, onde procissões em homenagem ao deus Dionísio evoluíram para encenações dramáticas, com Téspis sendo o primeiro ator. Os teatros gregos mais antigos foram o Teatro de Argos e o Teatro de Dionísio.
This very short document raises the question of who someone's father is and expresses excitement or surprise at having discovered the identity. In just a few words and symbols, it hints at the revelation of a paternal relationship.
El documento resume los orígenes y elementos básicos del teatro. Explica que el teatro nació de las representaciones rituales en la antigüedad y que los griegos crearon los primeros teatros formales. Los elementos clave del teatro incluyen el texto dramático, la dirección, la actuación, y otros como la escenografía y el vestuario.
El documento presenta ocho pares de opuestos básicos: delante/detrás, arriba/abajo, izquierdo/derecho. Cada par se muestra una palabra encima de la otra para ilustrar su relación opuesta.
Este documento presenta una webquest sobre alimentación y nutrición para estudiantes de sexto grado de primaria. La tarea consiste en que los estudiantes trabajen en parejas para crear un mural con una tabla sobre los nutrientes y sus funciones, y una pirámide alimenticia. Los estudiantes utilizarán recursos en línea sobre alimentación, nutrientes y la pirámide alimenticia para completar la tarea. Después presentarán su mural terminado a la clase.
Zambia es un país sin salida al mar en el centro-sur de África. Limita con varios países y está dividido en nueve provincias administradas por vice-ministros. Tuvo como primer presidente a Kenneth Kaunda desde 1964 a 1991, quien creó políticas educativas para proveer materiales escolares gratuitos. Actualmente tiene una población de más de 11 millones de habitantes y sufre problemas de salud como el SIDA y falta de hospitales.
La empresa se dedicará a proveer durmientes de concreto pretensado para el proyecto del tren eléctrico de Lima. Los durmientes medirán 2.6x0.24x0.12 m y tendrán una resistencia a la compresión de 350 kg/cm2. La empresa completará los trámites legales necesarios para su constitución y operación.
O documento discute os principais tipos de nutrientes encontrados nos alimentos e suas funções no corpo humano. Divide os alimentos em três grupos: construtores, reguladores e energéticos. Explica que as proteínas são necessárias para a formação celular, enquanto os alimentos reguladores contêm vitaminas e minerais essenciais para o funcionamento do organismo. Por fim, destaca a importância da água e dos sais minerais para a manutenção da vida.
O documento discute o batismo no Espírito Santo, afirmando que todo crente em Jesus Cristo já foi batizado com o Espírito Santo. Ele explora como o Espírito Santo age no Velho e Novo Testamento, e como Ele habita em todo crente após a ressurreição de Cristo. O documento conclui que os crentes devem desenvolver sua salvação por meio do Espírito Santo que habita neles.
A Comparative Study on Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete Containi...IJERA Editor
Concrete is the most widely used material in the world today. This paper is about the comparative study of the flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete when different admixtures are used as partial replacement of cement in the concrete mix. The mineral admixtures that are used here are Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash and Iron slag as partial replacement of cement. All these materials are industrial waste products and are abundantly available nowadays. These materials have high silica content and pozzolanic properties and can be effectively used as a replacement of cement during the formation of High Performance Concrete. Compressive and Flexural strength are the two most important characteristic of concrete and are calculated for the hardened concrete to analyze the load bearing capacity for design purposes. Thus for the effective judgment of type of mineral admixtures to be used a comparative study is very useful.
El documento describe el proceso de revestimiento interno de tuberías y accesorios con mortero de cemento, el cual consiste en aplicar de manera continua el mortero para obtener una capa uniforme que se adhiera perfectamente a la superficie limpia. Este tipo de servicio se usa comúnmente en la industria petrolera para prolongar la vida útil de las tuberías hasta 25 años o más, reduciendo costos. El proceso permite encementar manualmente codos, bridas, tees y otras piezas de 3" a 72" de diámetro.
1) O documento apresenta o Modelo Multidimensional de Ajustamento de jovens ao contexto Universitário (MMAU), que integra fatores pessoais e contextuais para compreender como os estudantes se adaptam à universidade.
2) O MMAU foi testado em 560 estudantes universitários de cursos de Ciências e Tecnologias versus Ciências Sociais e Humanas no primeiro ano.
3) Os resultados sugerem que características sócio-demográficas, expectativas de envolvimento, e autonomia afetam o desempenho acadê
Treatment of textile wastewater using electrofenton processIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using the electrofenton process to treat textile wastewater. The electrofenton process uses iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that can break down organic pollutants in wastewater. The researchers used a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, iron dosage, current, and electrolysis time on treating synthetic textile wastewater. Their results showed that under optimal conditions, the process could achieve up to 86% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 70% removal of dye from the wastewater.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
1. A Box-Behnken design was developed to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from Chelidonium majus L. using four extraction parameters: percentage of methanol, extraction time, extraction temperature, and solid-solvent ratio.
2. The model showed that percentage of methanol and solid-solvent ratio significantly influenced extraction yield, while percentage of methanol and extraction time had the greatest influence on phenolic content.
3. HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the center point extract identified 15 alkaloids and 15 phenolic compounds, including 9 flavonoids and 3 hydroxycinnamic acids not previously reported in C. majus.
The document discusses using low-cost walnut shells to remove two common pesticides, carbofuran and chloropyriphos, from aqueous solutions. Walnut shells were treated chemically and thermally to increase their surface area and porosity for effective adsorption. Batch and column adsorption methods were used to study the adsorption of pesticides under different conditions. Adsorption parameters like pH, contact time, concentration, and kinetics were analyzed. The treated walnut shells showed high adsorption capacity of 97-99% within 30 minutes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH. The document also characterized the adsorbent material using SEM, FT-IR, and surface area analysis
Dynamic and equilibrium studies on the sorption of basic dyetshankar20134
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of Basic Brown 4 dye onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) prepared from renewable carbon precursors and commercial activated carbon. MWNTs were synthesized from pine oil, methyl ester of Jatropha curcas oil, and methyl ester of Pongamiya pinnata oil. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to understand the effects of parameters like solution pH, contact time, temperature, and to evaluate adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second order model. Adsorption was found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) ...madlovescience
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) onto Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Prepared from Renewable Carbon Precursors
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
This study examined the kinetics of extracting β-carotene from dried carrots using ethanol solvent extraction over 5 hours. Various mathematical models were used to model the extraction kinetics, and the pseudo second-order model provided the best fit with an R2 value of 0.99. Extraction time had a significant effect on the extraction process. The maximum amount of β-carotene extracted was 10.442 mg/100ml after 5 hours of extraction.
Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueoustshankar20134
The document summarizes a study on the adsorption of the dye methylene blue from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Murraya koenigii stems. Some key findings:
1) The activated carbon was characterized and found to have a specific surface area of 508 m2/g and pore structure consisting of micro and mesopores suitable for adsorption.
2) Batch adsorption experiments showed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing adsorbent dosage, reaching 98.99% dye removal at 0.12g dosage.
3) Equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models, indicating monolayer adsorption occurred with a maximum adsorption capacity of 123
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Statistical Optimization of Keratinase Production from Marine FungusIJERA Editor
To improve the yield of keratinase from marine fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, different medium constituents were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The strain produced 24.8U/mL and 36.4U/mL of keratinase activity in conventional method of optimization with glucose and soya bean meal as carbon and nitrogen sources. Response surface methodology which was applied to optimize concentrations of glucose, soya bean meal, feather powder and inoculum level, improved the productivity to 225.0U/mL. This value represents 6.18 fold increases in productivity as compared to conventional methods. Optimal parameters of the cultivation process were determined as glucose 1.52g/L, soya bean meal-1.08g/L, feather powder-1.04g/L and inoculum level-10.6%.
Natural Dye from Phyllanthus Reticulatus Fruit as Light –Harvesting Pigments ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural dye extracted from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit as a light-harvesting pigment for dye-sensitized solar cells. The dye was extracted using different solvents and its absorption spectra were analyzed. The dye was then used to sensitize titanium dioxide nanoparticles in photoanodes. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy showed the dye extracted in acetone had better absorption and interaction with the TiO2 than dyes extracted in other solvents. The energy gaps were calculated from the absorption spectra. Overall, the study demonstrated that natural dye from phyllanthus reticulatus fruit has potential for use as a low-cost sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Fabrication and evaluation of nano carbon reinforced polymer compositeseSAT Journals
1. The study evaluated the mechanical properties of nano carbon composites where nano carbon extracted from corn cob waste was used as reinforcement in an epoxy resin matrix.
2. Composites containing 0.5% and 0.6% nano carbon by weight exhibited the highest mechanical strength properties, including tensile, compressive, flexural, impact and hardness, compared to the epoxy resin alone.
3. The maximum improvement in properties was observed at 0.5% nano carbon content, indicating this was the optimal concentration for reinforcing the epoxy matrix with the nano carbon from corn cob waste.
Physics Of A Magritek Nmr SpectrometerLaura Martin
The document discusses techniques used to identify an unknown compound, including NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. NMR spectroscopy involves dissolving a sample in a deuterated solvent and obtaining a spectrum that shows proton or carbon chemical shifts. IR spectroscopy subjects molecules to infrared light which produces a spectrum indicating functional groups based on frequencies and transmittance. Mass spectrometry breaks molecules into ions and provides molecular mass information. These spectroscopy techniques are useful in pharmaceutical development for determining chemical and physical properties and identifying active ingredients.
The document reports on a study of extracting passion fruit seed oil using supercritical CO2. Experimental data was collected for extraction conducted at varying pressures, temperatures, and CO2 flow rates. An increase in pressure, temperature, and flow rate increased the extraction yield, with a maximum yield of 18.5% obtained. Mass transfer coefficients for passion fruit oil were determined to be 8.496 x 10-5 s-1 at specific conditions. Rheological studies observed dilatant fluid behavior in all tests. Bayesian inference was used to model mass transfer and account for parameter uncertainty.
Similar to Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santalinus by using Response Surface Methodology (20)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santalinus by using Response Surface Methodology
1. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 100 | P a g e
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santalinus by using Response Surface Methodology Hemanthraj.K.P.M1, Sudhanva.M.Desai1, Surendra Singh Bisht2. 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. 2Chemistry of Forest Products Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleshwaram, Bangalore, India. Abstract: - Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Keywords: Pterocarpus species, Natural dye, Response surface methodology.
I. INTRODUCTION:
A natural dye is a substance derived from natural sources used to add a color to or change the color of something and considered as sustainable and eco- friendly [1-4]. Pterocarpus species wood is renowned for its characteristic timber of exquisite color, beauty and superlative technical qualities yielding a natural dye santalin belong to the molecular class of condensed bioflavonoid. Extraction of bioactive compounds is influenced by various process parameters such as solvent composition, pH, temperature, extraction time and solid to liquid ratio [5, 6].
Solvent extraction is a common form of chemical extraction using organic solvents e.g. hexane, ethyl acetate, ether, chloroform, benzene, ethanol, methanol etc. It is commonly used in combination with other technologies such as solidification/stabilization, precipitation and electro winning. Another typical method called Ultrasonic- assisted extraction (UAE) is a process of high extraction yields of good quality in shorter periods of time using lower amounts of solvent than traditional processes. Among the new extraction techniques, UAE is the most economical and the one with less instrumental requirements. Different plant extracts and bioactive metabolites have been obtained with this technique. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a relatively latest extraction techniques which utilizes microwave energy to heat the solvent and the sample to increase the mass transfer rate of the solutes from the sample matrix into the solvent. Microwave extraction offers better selectivity less extractant use and lower energy input efficiently. MAE offers a rapid delivery of energy to a total volume of solvent and solid target matrix with subsequent heating of the solvent and solid matrix, efficiently and homogeneously. Response surface methodology (RSM) used to provide superb statistical tools for design and analysis of experiments aimed at process optimization [7]. Design of Experiments (DOE) deals many RSM designs with options depend on the number of design variables or factors, which can range from one to ten offering Box-Behnken designs (BBD) for three to seven factors require only three levels, coded as −1, 0, and +1 creating designs with desirable statistical properties. The objective of the present study is to provide an overview of existing research studies on extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus spp. with aid of Response surface methodology.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials: Sawdust sample were produced from Pterocarpus santalinus wood collected from Chemistry of Forest Products and Wood Properties and Engineered Wood at Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore. The HPLC grade solvents (Ethyl acetate and Methanol) used for extracting metabolites were purchased from Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd. and HiMediaLaboratories Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. The instrument Buchi Rota Vapor used for evaporation.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 101 | P a g e
2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Batch Solvent Extraction method (BSEM): 1g of the wood powder was mixed with various volumes of ethyl acetate solvent and methanol respectively to give a solid to liquid ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:300(g/mL).The flask containing sample powder along with solvent was incubated in thermostatic water bath at various temperatures (30–60∘C) and various time intervals (15–300min). Observe the change in color within solvent and filtering it into filtrate and residue. Extract containing colored filtrate is subjected to evaporation in rotavapor at 60°C of water bath temperature. Metabolite extract is remained in the RB is weighed and transferred to ependoffs for the analysis. 2.2.2 Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE): 1g of the wood powder was mixed with various volumes of ethyl acetate and methanol solvent respectively to give a solid to liquid ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:250(g/mL) and allowed for gentle mixing. The beaker was then placed into the ultrasonic bath aided with grill containing distilled water for extraction process. Parameter optimized was ultrasonic temperature for the range of 30-80oC and extraction time for 5-30 minutes. All extracts were filtered and evaporated in rotavapour at 60°C of water bath temperature and is dried to get solid sample, the weight was measured and transferred to ependoffs for the analysis and interpretation procedures. 2.2.3 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE): 1g of sawdust samples were sieved and was mixed with various volumes of ethyl acetate and methanol solvent respectively to give a solid to liquid ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:250 (g/mL) and allowed for gentle mixing in container and placed in micro treatment chamber (oven) with variable extraction time for range 5-30 mins at ranging temperature of 30-60°C respectively and microwave power of 800W was used for the extraction work. Further it is filtered, filtrate was evaporated in rotary evaporator at 60°C of water bath temperature and is dried to get solid sample, and the weight was measured and transferred to ependoffs for the analysis and interpretation procedures. 2.2.4. Statistical screening and optimization design of experiments:
A Box-Behnken model for three factors or variables was adopted in this study as the experimental design model using Design Expert software (version 6.0.8.Stat Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). This method is preferred as design model since relatively few combinations of the variables are adequate to estimate potentially complex response function. In total 17 experiments are needed in each sample of individual solvent to calculate its 10 coefficients of the second order polynomial equation which was, fitted on the experimental data. Percentage recovery of dye was taken as response of the system while the three process parameter i.e., temperature, extraction time and solid to liquid ratio were taken as input independent variables with respect to Solvent, Microwave and Ultrasonic extraction methods. The system was stated by the following equation:
푌 = 푏0+ 푏1A+ 푏2B+ 푏3C+ 푏11A2+ 푏22B2+ 푏33C2+ 푏12AB+ 푏13AC+ 푏23BC Where 푏0 is the intercept; 푏1, 푏2, and 푏3 are linear coefficients; 푏11, 푏22, and 푏33 are squared coefficients; 푏12, 푏13, and 푏23 are interaction coefficients and the experimental variables are temperature (A), Extraction time (B) and Solid to liquid ratio (C).The model adequacies were checked in terms of the values of 푅2 and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was engaged to determine the significance of the models [9].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Box-Behnken Analysis: In this study, BBD was used for three process variables (extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio) at three levels. The design points fall within a safe operational limit, within the nominal high and low levels, as BBD does not contain any points at the vertices of the cubic region. Design arrangements and responses of Experimental and Predicted values of Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and Methanol (MeOH) solvents for Solvent Extraction method, Ultrasonic assisted extraction and Microwave assisted extraction method were generated are given in Table No.1. 3.2. Statistical Analysis: Multiple regression analysis of the data yielded, the following equation for the recovery of natural dye using Ethyl acetate and Methanol recovery of Batch Solvent Extraction Method in terms of coded factors:
Y1 = +25.72- 0.46* A+ 0.17* B+ 2.01* C+ 0.65* A2+ 0.23* B2+ 0.15* C2- 0.35* A * B- 0.22* A * C- 0.70* B * C Y2 = +34.46- 0.76* A+ 0.55* B+ 2.41* C+ 0.82* A2+ 0.70* B2+ 0.57*C2- 0.17* A * B- 0.95* A * C- 0.13* B * C
3. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 102 | P a g e
The following equation for the recovery of natural dye using Ethyl acetate and Methanol recovery of Ultrasonic extraction method in terms of coded factors:
Y1= +29.50+0.038*A+2.81*B+2.15*C-0.14*A2- 3.34*B2+ 0.44*C2- 0.28*A*B- 0.55*A*C- 1.00*B* C Y2= +39.52+0.038* A+2.08 * B+1.51* C-0.22* A2- 2.40* B2+0.78* C2+0.15* A * B+0.33* A * C-1.50* B * C The following equation for the recovery of natural dye using Ethyl acetate and Methanol recovery of Microwave extraction method in terms of coded factors:
Y1=+44.70+0.36*A+1.38*B+1.29*C+1.64*A2- 0.59*B2+1.44*C2+0.050*A*B-0.68*A*C- 0.100*B*C Y2=+49.70+0.73*A+1.35*B+1.07*C+0.012*A2- 1.69*B2-0.29*C2+0.075*A*B-0.63*A*C- 0.025*B*C Where Y1 is Ethyl acetate response variable and Y2 is Methanol response variable. The student t- distribution and the corresponding p-values along with the f-values of EtOAc and MeOH responses are listed in Table No.2 respectively. In ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Ethyl Acetate recovery of Batch Solvent Extraction method, the Model F-value of 4.36 implies the model is significant and there is only a 3.26% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case Solid to Liquid feed ratio (C) are significant model terms. Values greater than 0.1000 indicate the model terms are not significant. The "Lack of Fit F-value" of 1.58 implies the Lack of Fit is not significant relative to the pure error. The values for the coefficient of determination 푅2=0.8486 and Adjusted 푅2 =0.6539 represents the proportion of variation in the yield or response in the model. A negative Pred R-Squared= -0.4215 implies that the overall mean is a better predictor of obtained response than the current model.
Whereas ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Ethyl Acetate recovery of Ultrasonic extraction method, the Model F-value of 3.34 implies there is a 6.28% chance that a "Model F- Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case Extraction time, Solid to Liquid (Feed) ratio and Squared Extraction time coefficients are significant model terms. The values for the coefficient of determination 푅2=0.5687 and Adjusted 푅2 =0.8113 represents the proportion of variation in the yield or response in the model. A negative Pred R-Squared=-2.0188 implies that the overall mean is a better predictor of obtained response than the current model. In case of Microwave extraction method the Model F-value of 2.87 implies there is an 8.94% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case Extraction time and Solid to liquid (feed) ratio are significant model terms. The values for the coefficient of determination 푅2= 0.7866 and Adjusted 푅2 = 0.5122 represents the proportion of variation in the yield or response in the model. A negative Pred R-Squared= -2.4147 implies that the overall mean is a better predictor of obtained response than the current model. In ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Methanol recovery of Batch Solvent Extraction method, the Model F-value of 18.21 implies the model is significant. There is only a 0.05% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob>F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case Extraction temperature, Extraction time, Solid to liquid (Feed) ratio, squared temperature coefficient and Temperature-Solid to liquid interaction coefficients are significant model terms. The "Lack of Fit F-value" of 0.56 implies the Lack of Fit is not significant relative to the pure error. The values for the coefficient of determination 푅2= 0.9590 and adjusted 푅2 = 0.9064 represents the proportion of variation in the yield or response in the model. The "Pred R-Squared" of 0.7602 is in reasonable agreement with the "Adj R-Squared" of 0.9064. Whereas ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Methanol recovery, the Model F- value of 2.98 implies there is an 8.22% chance that a " A negative Pred R-Squared= -1.3706 implies that the overall mean is a better predictor of obtained response than the current model and ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Methanol recovery, the Model F-value of 4.94 implies the model is significant. There is only a 2.34% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case Extraction time, Solid to liquid ration and squared Extraction time coefficients are significant model terms.
4. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 103 | P a g e
3.3. Plot Response Surface Design
To visualize the relationship between
response and experimental levels of the independent
variables for the natural dye extraction, three
dimensional (3D) surface plots were constructed
according to the quadratic polynomial model
equation.
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Extraction time and
Temperature are graphically presented in above Fig
No.1. As the Extraction time of both solvents
increases and Temperature were decreased, the
Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
25.6346
26.1228
26.611
27.0993
27.5875
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
15.00
86.25
157.50
228.75
300.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
34.2027
35.0177
35.8326
36.6476
37.4625
Methanol recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
15.00
86.25
157.50
228.75
300.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
Fig No.1: Extraction time Vs Temperature of
Batch Solvent Extraction Method for Sample
.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
22.9
24.701
26.5021
28.3031
30.1042
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
34.7125
36.0296
37.3466
38.6637
39.9808
Methanol recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
Fig No.2: Extraction time Vs Temperature of
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method for Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Extraction time and
temperature are graphically presented in above Fig
No.2. As the Extraction time of both solvents
increases and temperature were decreased, the
Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
42.7226
43.9263
45.1301
46.3338
47.5375
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
46.025
47.2033
48.3816
49.5598
50.7381
Methanol recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
Fig No.3: Extraction time Vs Temperature of
Microwave Assisted Extraction Method for
Sample
5. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 104 | P a g e
Table No.1: Box-Behnken Design arrangement and Responses for Batch Solvent, Ultrasonic Assisted and Microwave extraction method Exp EtOAc: Experimental Ethyl acetate, Pred EtOAc: Predicted Ethyl acetate, Exp MeOH: Experimental Methanol, Pred MeOH: Predicted Methanol. Table No. 2: ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model of Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Recovery
6. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 105 | P a g e
.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
22.9
24.701
26.5021
28.3031
30.1042
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
34.7125
36.0296
37.3466
38.6637
39.9808
Methanol recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
Fig No.2: Extraction time Vs Temperature of
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method for Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Extraction time and
temperature are graphically presented in above Fig
No.2. As the Extraction time of both solvents
increases and temperature were decreased, the
Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
42.7226
43.9263
45.1301
46.3338
47.5375
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Actual Factor
C: FEED RATIO = 150.00
46.025
47.2033
48.3816
49.5598
50.7381
Methanol recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
A: TEMPERATURE
B: EXTRACTION TIME
Fig No.3: Extraction time Vs Temperature of
Microwave Assisted Extraction Method for
Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Extraction time and
temperature are graphically presented in above Fig
No.3. As the Extraction time of both solvents
increases and temperature were decreased, the
Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 157.50
23.8385
25.1852
26.5318
27.8784
29.225
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 157.50
32.607
34.449
36.291
38.133
39.975
Methanol recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.4: Feed ratio Vs Temperature of Batch
Solvent Extraction Method for Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio
7. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 106 | P a g e
and Temperature are graphically presented in above
Fig No.4. As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of both
solvents increases and Temperature were decreased,
the Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines.
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio
and temperature are graphically presented in above
Fig No.5. As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of both
solvents increases and temperature were decreased,
the Natural dye recovery increased non-significantly
with linear contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 17.50
27.0625
28.4125
29.7625
31.1125
32.4625
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 17.50
38.275
39.1956
40.1163
41.0369
41.9576
Methanol recovery
30.00
42.50
55.00
67.50
80.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.5: Feed ratio Vs Temperature of
Ultrasonic assisted Extraction Method for Sample
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 17.50
44.3411
45.5996
46.8581
48.1165
49.375
Ethyl acetate recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = A: TEMPERATURE
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
B: EXTRACTION TIME = 17.50
47
47.9034
48.8068
49.7101
50.6135
Methanol recovery
30.00
37.50
45.00
52.50
60.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
A: TEMPERATURE
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.6: Feed ratio Vs Temperature of
Microwave assisted Extraction Method for
Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio
and temperature are graphically presented in above
Fig No.6. As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of both
solvents increases and temperature were increased,
the Natural dye recovery increased significantly with
curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 45.00
23.2125
24.5688
25.925
27.2813
28.6375
Ethyl acetate recovery
15.00
86.25
157.50
228.75
300.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 45.00
32.4538
33.9809
35.5081
37.0353
38.5625
Methanol recovery
15.00
86.25
157.50
228.75
300.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.7: Feed ratio Vs Extraction time of Batch
Solvent Extraction Method for Sample
8. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 107 | P a g e
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio
and Extraction Time are graphically presented in
above Fig No.7. As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of
both solvents increases and Extraction Time were
decreased, the Natural dye recovery increased
significantly with curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 55.00
20.6375
23.5615
26.4855
29.4095
32.3335
Ethyl acetate recovery
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 55.00
32.8125
35.0704
37.3283
39.5862
41.844
Methanol recovery
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.8: Feed ratio Vs Extraction time of
ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method for Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and
Methanol recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio
and Extraction Time are graphically presented in
above Fig No.8. As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of
both solvents increases and Extraction Time were
decreased, the Natural dye recovery increased
significantly with curvature contour lines.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Ethyl acetate recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 45.00
42.4031
43.8304
45.2578
46.6851
48.1125
Ethyl acetate recovery
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Methanol recovery
X = B: EXTRACTION TIME
Y = C: FEED RATIO
Actual Factor
A: TEMPERATURE = 45.00
45.275
46.6431
48.0113
49.3794
50.7475
Methanol recovery
5.00
11.25
17.50
23.75
30.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
B: EXTRACTION TIME
C: FEED RATIO
Fig No.9: Feed ratio Vs Extraction time of
Microwave assisted Extraction Method for
Sample
The variation of Ethyl acetate recovery and Methanol
recovery with Solid to Liquid Feed ratio and
Extraction Time are graphically presented in above
Fig No.4.9.As the Solid to Liquid Feed ratio of both
solvents increases and Extraction Time were
increased, the Natural dye recovery increased
significantly with curvature contour lines.
3.4. Verification of Optimized Condition and
Predictive Model
Optimization requires goals to be set for the
variables and response where all goals then get
combined into one desirability function. To find a
good set of conditions that will meet all the goals, the
three variables extraction temperature extraction
time, solid to liquid, were set within range while
ethyl acetate and methanol recovery was set at
maximum. For response, the “importance” was set at
5 in order to meet the objective of getting maximum
recovery. By applying the desirability function
approach, the optimum level of various parameters
was obtained as showed in Table No.3 provided with
experimental values for obtained optimal conditions.
9. Hemanthraj.K.P.M et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 3), September 2014, pp.100-108
www.ijera.com 108 | P a g e
Table No. 3: Optimum conditions and the predicted and experimental value of responses at the optimum conditions.
Extraction methods
Responses
Temperature (°C)
Extraction Time (min)
Feed Ratio (1gm/ml)
EtOAc recovery (%)
MeOH recovery (%)
Batch solvent
Predicted
31.01
57.57
249.67
29.3351
39.6676
Experimental
31
57
250
29.10
39.50
Ultrasonic Assisted
Predicted
58.69
21.01
249.41
32.2277
41.8215
Experimental
59
21
249
32.0
42.0
Microwave Assisted
Predicted
30.00
23.84
250.00
49.845
50.6
Experimental
30.0
24.0
250.00
50.0
50.2
IV. CONCLUSION
In the present study, response surface methodology was used to optimize the Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave assisted extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus santalinus wood. Box- Behnken design was used to determine the optimum process parameters and the multiple regression analysis for predicting responses were obtained. Under optimum condition Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent. Microwave assisted extraction method dictates the quality, economics and environmental impact of any processing plant. It shows a highly promising future with drastic reduction in extraction time resulting in higher sample throughput without significant losses in analyte recovery. In this study among three parameters Solid to liquid ratio for Solvent extraction method, Extraction time for Ultrasonic extraction method and extraction time and solid to liquid for microwave assisted extraction method is found to be most prominent factor affecting the efficiency of dye extraction.
V. REFERENCES
[1.] Kodithuwakku Kankanange Indika Upali Arunakumara, Buddhi Charana Walpola, Siripala Subasinghe and Min-Ho Yoon, Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. f. (Rath handun): A Review of Its Botany, Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 54(4), 2011, 495-500.
[2.] Ali, S., Hussain, T., & Nawaz, R., Optimization of alkaline extraction of natural dye from henna leaves and its dyeing on cotton by exhaust method, Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 2009, 61-66.
[3.] Samanta, A.K., Konar, A., & Chakraborti, S., Dyeing jute with test extract: Part 1 Effects of different mordents and dyeing process variables., Indian Journal of Fibres & Textile Research, 36, 2010, 63-73
[4.] Montazer, M. & Parvinzadeh, M. Dyeing of wool with Marigold and its properties. Fibers & Polymer, 8(2), 2007, 181-185.
[5.] G. D. S. C. Borges, F. G. K. Vieira, C. Copetti, L. V. Gonzaga,and R. Fett,“Optimization of the extraction of flavanols and anthocyanins from the fruit pulp of Euterpe edulis using the response surface methodology,” Food Research International, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 708–715, 2011.
[6.] H. H. Wijngaard and N. Brunton, “The optimisation of solid-liquid extraction of antioxidants from apple pomace by response surface methodology,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 134–140, 2010.
[7.] Sudhanva.M.Desai, N.C.L.N Charyulu, Satyanarayana V Suggala, “Statistical Optimization of Adsorption Variables for Biosorption of Chromium (Vi) Using Crude Tamarind Pod Shell and Activated Carbon”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol: 03, 441, 2014.
[8.] Pritam G. Bafna, Optimization of Process Parameters for Extraction of Kokum (Garcinia Indica) Fruit Pulp using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Vol: 3,2012.