IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hydrodynamics and Morphological Changes Numerical Model of the Jeneberang Est...AM Publications
Jeneberang Estuary, located south of Makassar, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most important river in Sulawesi. In this paper, a numerical model has recently been developed hydrodynamic and morphological evolution of the downstream rubber dam of the Jeneberang Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is derived from the hydro static assumption and Boussinesq approximation. A high-resolution computational grid was generated covering the Jeneberang estuary. The model was run with time driven by tidal forcing at the ocean boundary and river hydro graph at the upstream. The observed tidal data and hydrography were accessible for the set-up of the model. Hydrodynamic simulations have been performed and computed water levels were compared to observations of existing water level along the estuary from DISHIDRO data. For the period of a neap-spring-neap cycle, the model settings determined in the calibration process are verified satisfactions with respect to water level measurements. Good agreement was shown between model results and observed temporal and spatial variations in water elevation and currents, in the Jeneberang Estuary. The suspended sediments were generally transported from the Jeneberang River towards the Makassar Strait when overflow discharge through the Jeneberang Rubber Dam. Morphology change at the Jeneberang Estuary delta is affected by many factors, including tide, waves, river flows and sediment
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hydrodynamics and Morphological Changes Numerical Model of the Jeneberang Est...AM Publications
Jeneberang Estuary, located south of Makassar, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most important river in Sulawesi. In this paper, a numerical model has recently been developed hydrodynamic and morphological evolution of the downstream rubber dam of the Jeneberang Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is derived from the hydro static assumption and Boussinesq approximation. A high-resolution computational grid was generated covering the Jeneberang estuary. The model was run with time driven by tidal forcing at the ocean boundary and river hydro graph at the upstream. The observed tidal data and hydrography were accessible for the set-up of the model. Hydrodynamic simulations have been performed and computed water levels were compared to observations of existing water level along the estuary from DISHIDRO data. For the period of a neap-spring-neap cycle, the model settings determined in the calibration process are verified satisfactions with respect to water level measurements. Good agreement was shown between model results and observed temporal and spatial variations in water elevation and currents, in the Jeneberang Estuary. The suspended sediments were generally transported from the Jeneberang River towards the Makassar Strait when overflow discharge through the Jeneberang Rubber Dam. Morphology change at the Jeneberang Estuary delta is affected by many factors, including tide, waves, river flows and sediment
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Hydrogeological Studies At Jalakandapuram Sub – Basin Of Sarabanga Minor Basi...IJERA Editor
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the hydrogeology of the Jalakandapuram sub – basin, groundwater potential and quality of groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. Jalakandapuram ( Latitudes 11° 35‟30‟‟N to 11°46‟25‟‟N and Longitudes 77°48‟30‟‟ E to 78°2‟E) Sub- basin is one among the four sub- basins of the Sarabanga minor basins which comes under the Cauvery basin. It has an areal extent of about 325 Sq.Kms. The study area has been studied with aerial Photographs (Block and white) prepared under UNDP Project (1971) and satellite Imageries (IRS IA – LISS II ). The base map of the Jalakandapuram sub – basin has been prepared from the topo sheets (1: 50,000 scale) 58 E/14, 58 E/13, 58 I/2 Published by the Geological Survey of India in the year 1972. The location of the study area, its accessibility, Physiography, climate, rainfall and vegetation are presented. to classify the groundwater of Jalakandapuram sub-basin. This was done using the 25 water samples that were collected by the author and analysed in the Soil Testing Laboratory, Salem – 1. Plots of water samples in the hydrogeochemical classification diagrams (Piper‟s, Handa‟s and USSL) throw light on the quality of groundwater within the study area.
Determining watershed priorities is one of the critical aspects of developing natural
resources around us. Morphometry is one of the natural parameters that form the
characteristics of a river catchment area and could be used for determining it.
Morphometry has three parameters such as linear aspect, relief aspect, and areal aspect.
The linear aspects consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb),
mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm). Relief
aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal
aspects comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form
factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg),
constant channel maintenance (C The purpose of this research is to analyze morphometry
parameters of Serayu Bogowonto river basin of the sub-watershed priority determining.
This study aims to calculate and analyze characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority. The data utilized in this study is the river network data published by
Bakosurtanal, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 30x30 ASTER GDEM then data
analysis is using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique with ARC GIS 10.1 The
prioritization based on morphometry analysis that is seven sub-watershed with high
priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority, six sub-watershed with low priority
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
ASSESSMENT OF DAMS’ TROPHIC STATUS AS A TOOL FOR WATER RESOURCES’ SUSTAINABLE...IAEME Publication
The Bouhouda’s dam was built on Oued Sra, a tributary on the right bank of Ouergha wadi, about 18 km in the north of Taounate town. The waters of this dam are mainly intended for irrigation and drinking water supply (Ministry of town planning and urban planning, 2014). The aim of this paper is to study the quality and the spatio-temporal evolution of the physicochemical of this dam waters parameters of over a period of eight years (2000/2008) in order to have a better knowledge of the mechanisms and the factors that condition the eutrophication of this lake. A classification has been established based on the Carlson index (1977) (Trophic State Index or TSI) and the Vollenweider index (1968), to identify the trophic state of the reservoir waters. Accordingly, these results can be used for decision support in the context of sustainable development of several nearby dams in the Sbou Basin.
Fresh Water Augmentation and Salinity Management in KuttanadIJERA Editor
The Thanneermukkam bund was constructed to resolve the salinity problems faced by the farmers of Kuttanad; though it could reduce the problems to a large extend it had many ill effects such as water pollution, spread of aquatic weeds and other flora and fauna related problems. The main objective is to reduce the salinity level in Vembanad Lake during summer season that is during the closure period of Thanneermukkam Bund (TMB). The problem is solved efficiently by adapting following methods (1) water is taken from Muvattupuzha River, and conveyed through a regulator to Kuttanad region during summer season to dilute the water and keep the salinity below 2ppt and (2) water is collected in the pazhnilam before the closure of TMB and pumped out into Lake surrounding at times of acute shortage. The design of the regulator, its location and working is also discussed along with the various management techniques to be adopted in Kuttanad for effective implementation of the project. A proposal for management of water quantity and salinity for the natural water system of Kuttanad is developed.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LAND USE CHANGES ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN THE UPP...IAEME Publication
River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hydrogeological Studies At Jalakandapuram Sub – Basin Of Sarabanga Minor Basi...IJERA Editor
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the hydrogeology of the Jalakandapuram sub – basin, groundwater potential and quality of groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. Jalakandapuram ( Latitudes 11° 35‟30‟‟N to 11°46‟25‟‟N and Longitudes 77°48‟30‟‟ E to 78°2‟E) Sub- basin is one among the four sub- basins of the Sarabanga minor basins which comes under the Cauvery basin. It has an areal extent of about 325 Sq.Kms. The study area has been studied with aerial Photographs (Block and white) prepared under UNDP Project (1971) and satellite Imageries (IRS IA – LISS II ). The base map of the Jalakandapuram sub – basin has been prepared from the topo sheets (1: 50,000 scale) 58 E/14, 58 E/13, 58 I/2 Published by the Geological Survey of India in the year 1972. The location of the study area, its accessibility, Physiography, climate, rainfall and vegetation are presented. to classify the groundwater of Jalakandapuram sub-basin. This was done using the 25 water samples that were collected by the author and analysed in the Soil Testing Laboratory, Salem – 1. Plots of water samples in the hydrogeochemical classification diagrams (Piper‟s, Handa‟s and USSL) throw light on the quality of groundwater within the study area.
Determining watershed priorities is one of the critical aspects of developing natural
resources around us. Morphometry is one of the natural parameters that form the
characteristics of a river catchment area and could be used for determining it.
Morphometry has three parameters such as linear aspect, relief aspect, and areal aspect.
The linear aspects consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb),
mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm). Relief
aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal
aspects comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form
factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg),
constant channel maintenance (C The purpose of this research is to analyze morphometry
parameters of Serayu Bogowonto river basin of the sub-watershed priority determining.
This study aims to calculate and analyze characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority. The data utilized in this study is the river network data published by
Bakosurtanal, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 30x30 ASTER GDEM then data
analysis is using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique with ARC GIS 10.1 The
prioritization based on morphometry analysis that is seven sub-watershed with high
priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority, six sub-watershed with low priority
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
ASSESSMENT OF DAMS’ TROPHIC STATUS AS A TOOL FOR WATER RESOURCES’ SUSTAINABLE...IAEME Publication
The Bouhouda’s dam was built on Oued Sra, a tributary on the right bank of Ouergha wadi, about 18 km in the north of Taounate town. The waters of this dam are mainly intended for irrigation and drinking water supply (Ministry of town planning and urban planning, 2014). The aim of this paper is to study the quality and the spatio-temporal evolution of the physicochemical of this dam waters parameters of over a period of eight years (2000/2008) in order to have a better knowledge of the mechanisms and the factors that condition the eutrophication of this lake. A classification has been established based on the Carlson index (1977) (Trophic State Index or TSI) and the Vollenweider index (1968), to identify the trophic state of the reservoir waters. Accordingly, these results can be used for decision support in the context of sustainable development of several nearby dams in the Sbou Basin.
Fresh Water Augmentation and Salinity Management in KuttanadIJERA Editor
The Thanneermukkam bund was constructed to resolve the salinity problems faced by the farmers of Kuttanad; though it could reduce the problems to a large extend it had many ill effects such as water pollution, spread of aquatic weeds and other flora and fauna related problems. The main objective is to reduce the salinity level in Vembanad Lake during summer season that is during the closure period of Thanneermukkam Bund (TMB). The problem is solved efficiently by adapting following methods (1) water is taken from Muvattupuzha River, and conveyed through a regulator to Kuttanad region during summer season to dilute the water and keep the salinity below 2ppt and (2) water is collected in the pazhnilam before the closure of TMB and pumped out into Lake surrounding at times of acute shortage. The design of the regulator, its location and working is also discussed along with the various management techniques to be adopted in Kuttanad for effective implementation of the project. A proposal for management of water quantity and salinity for the natural water system of Kuttanad is developed.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LAND USE CHANGES ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN THE UPP...IAEME Publication
River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fault model analysis by parasitic extraction method for embedded srameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power quality improvement using impedance network based invertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ficus benghal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water and soil quality aspects of nelligudde reservoir catchment and command ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The study examined the characteristics of the Sumanpa stream’s Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve statistics for a period of 25years (1985-2009) and compared the 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 Flow-Duration-Curves. The high, low and mean Flow-Duration-Curves were also analysed. The discharge records were analysed to develop a general quantitative characterization of the stream’s flow variability. Streamflow data was generated from daily stage data using the rating curve model developed at the stream’s gauge station. Flow-Duration-Frequency-Curves were developed using the Weibull plotting position and used to analyse the catchment’s surface and groundwater storage and stream’s flow characteristics. The approach placed the midpoints of the moist, mid-range, and dry zones of the curves at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. The high zone was centered at the 5th percentile, while the low zone was centered at the 95th percentile. For 95% of the time, the streamflowequalled or exceeded 0.14 m3s-1, at 5% it equalled or exceeded 45 m3s-1 and at 50% flow equalled or exceeded 5.53 m3s-1.
Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Assessment of a Coastal Aquifer: North Coast...IJERA Editor
Groundwater pollution in the north coast of Mombasa is not only from surface sources but also from the
intrusion of seawater via the Indian Ocean and creeks. This study assessed the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer
to seawater intrusion using GALDIT index overlay method with the aid of GIS. Thematic maps of six major
factors affecting seawater intrusion were prepared, and given appropriate weightages and ratings. These maps
were overlaid, spatially analyzed to produce vulnerability maps and described based on low, moderate or high
vulnerabilities. The results revealed a significant increase in percentage land cover for low vulnerability areas
and a slight increase for high vulnerability regions between the pre-rains and the peak of raining season. The
outcomes of this study provide useful insights on effective groundwater management for the study area.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF BRINE DISPERSION IN SHALLOW COASTAL WATERSIAEME Publication
Fresh water is a limited finite resource, vital for the existence of every life on earth. It is becoming a scarce commodity. This is due to population growth, climatic changes with more frequent extreme events such as droughts and floods, increased water contamination of existing supplies, inefficient use of water etc. To overcome this scarcity, creation of fresh water from sea water by the process of desalination is a effective and reliable way. Hence desalination plants are being widely used in coastal areas.
Adequacy Check of Existing Crest Level of Sea Facing Coastal Polders by the E...IOSR Journals
The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments
were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect
against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in
bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under
tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level
and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and
therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and
the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water
stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have
been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5
l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and
wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.
Evaluating efficacy of conceptual sediment barrier matrix towards ecosystem r...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rationale behind the study was to estimate effectiveness of Eichhornia leaf filter sleeves as a sediment barrier matrix towards
soil erosion and sediment control practice to curtail adverse impacts associated with sedimentation at the lake waters. The study
had an objective to implement the development to fit the site under study to stabilize exposed soils as soon as practicable. The
prime objective was to estimate the sediment captured by the sleeve to control and manage on-site by protecting the areas and
retain sediment on-site. Primarily Eichhornia leaf filter sleeves (Sun dried premature Eichhornia leaf fills ) crammed in an IS
16008 (2012)- tubular mesh sleeve as a linear land based treatment filter to primarily study the efficacy of filtration ability of
sediments and soluble pollutants a further contemplation. It is found that besides sediments some of the pollutants can be trapped
in sediments downstream. The efficacy of the model was analyzed to be successful in preventing sediment inflows at the lake
waters. Effectively percent reduction of sand 89%, TSS 68%, silt 56%, turbidity 51%, and clay by 18% was recorded. This
describes the effectual exploitation of the notorious weed Eichhornia biomass sleeve towards reducing sediments and turbidity of
runoff waters entering the lake waters enhancing the ecological status of the lakes. The studies portray the application of the
Eichhornia sleeve in high reduction in total suspended solids and sand.
Keywords: Conceptual Model, Sediment Barrier, Aquatic Ecosystem, Restoration.
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System_ Crimson Publ...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System by Mohammed J Mamman*, Otache Y Matins and Jibril Ibrahim in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 275
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIDAL CIRCULATION IN THE
PICHAVARAM MANGROVE ESTUARY
Sathyanathan Rangarajan1
, Deeptha Thattai2
1,2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India,
sathyanathan_r@yahoo.com, vtdeeptha@gmail.com
Abstract
A vertically averaged numerical model is developed using the Surface water Modeling System (SMS) for the Pichavaram Mangrove
Estuary to study the tidal characteristics which enables the simulation of the whole water circulation within the water body. The
Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of creeks, mangroves and mud flats housed between the Vellar and Coleroon
rivers, 15 km north of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A portion of the Coleroon river drains into the mangroves, and tidal flow is
through the Coleroon mouth and a small inflow from an inlet in the north. The reduction of freshwater flow over the years has led to a
degradation of the mangroves and changes in sedimentation patterns. The results are calibrated against data collected previously.
From the simulated results it is noticed that the tidal flow from the Coleroon mouth dominates the entire system. The maximum flood
and ebb tide speed reached 0.777 ms-1
and 0.468 ms-1
during monsoon and post monsoon periods, respectively. The tide showed a
pronounced asymmetry in mangroves and a 12% increase in total depth of water with a maximum increase in water level of about 5
cm is noticed between monsoon and post monsoon conditions. The dominance of ebb tide is noticed due to friction in the mangrove
forest, which has resulted in slower flood current and greater tidal asymmetry in the waterway.
Index Terms: Pichavaram, Mangroves, Circulation, and Numerical model
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests have iconic status as natural ecosystems that
provide services to humans. They function as breeding,
spawning, hatching and nursing grounds for marine and
pelagic species, and are important in the daily livelihood of
local human subsistence communities [1]. Mangrove forests,
however, are declining at an alarming rate worldwide. Since
1980, approximately 25% of mangrove forests have been lost
globally and the present mangrove coverage is just over
180,000 sq. km [2]. The major causes of mangrove
degradation and destruction are population pressure,
unsustainable production of fish and prawns, mixing of
wastewater effluents from urban-industrial areas and oil-spills
[3].(Gupta et al 2013). The Indian mangroves contribute
significantly toward the shrinking global mangrove reserve
with approximately 2.7% of the world’s mangroves existing
along the 7516.6 km long coastline of India [4]. Out of the 39
species of mangroves that are widely encountered over the
Indian coast, 37 species are considered under varied degree of
extinction risk while 11 mangrove species are considered to be
critically endangered [5].. Mangroves grow in the intertidal
zone between land and sea. They are frequently inundated by
tide leading to water logging and fluctuation in salinity [6, 7,
8, 9]. Under high temperature conditions in tropics water
logging and salinity problems become worse. Firstly, at low
tide, overheating and desiccation is greater, and secondly,
through evapotranspiration, any water that remains may
become even more highly saline than that of the open sea. At
high tide, the warmth of water lowers the oxygen in water
[10]. High salinity makes it more difficult for mangroves to
extract water from the soil, even though the soils on which
mangroves grow are usually waterlogged [11]. In this context
the knowledge on hydrodynamics of mangrove creek is
essential to know the flow characteristics within a system. A
notable characteristic of the hydrodynamics of mangrove
creeks is the asymmetry between the flood and ebb water
velocity [12]. The hydrodynamics of these estuaries is also
crucial to the sediment transport, which modifies the
geomorphology of the system and the hydrodynamics itself
[13]. In this work, we employ a numerical model to simulate
the hydrodynamics in the creeks of Pichavaram, an estuarine
type of mangrove wetland situated in between the Vellar and
Coleroon estuaries. The results of the hydrodynamic model
can be used to investigate the existing flow pattern and tidal
regime within the study area and also used as a tool to predict
and address the impact of future man-made and natural
changes on the health of the tidal waterways.
1.1 Study Area
The Pichavaram mangrove wetland is located in the northern
extreme of the Cauvery delta, near the mouth of river
Coleroon, Tamil Nadu, India, between latitudes 11º 20’ and
11º 30’ north and longitudes 79º 45’ and 79º 55’ east. Its total
area is about 1,350 ha, its many small islands are colonized by
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 276
13 true mangrove species. The Pichavaram mangrove wetland
is also rich in fishery resources. Annually about 245 tons of
fishery produce is harvested from this mangrove wetland, of
which prawns alone constitute 208 tons (85%) of the catch.
The people belonging to 17 hamlets of five revenue villages
utilize the fishery and forestry resources of the Pichavaram
mangrove wetlands [14].
Fig -1: Location map of Pichavaram (Base map from Google
Earth)
The entire mangrove vegetation in this area was declared as a
reserve forest in 1987. It is connected to the Bay of Bengal in
the east and receives fresh water from Coleroon river from the
south. Geomorphologically, it is mostly covered by flood
plains, sedimentary plains and beach sand [15]. The slope is
very mild. Pichavaram receives freshwater mostly during the
northeast monsoon season from October to December. Thus
the dry season is long, extending from February to September,
and correspondingly, the average salinity is also high during
the dry season, ranging from 35 to 45 ppt [16]. Pichavaram
mangrove has been well studied for its ecology, flora, fauna,
water quality, pollution, fishery resources, etc., from early
1970s. But very few circulation studies have been carried out
so far in this system despite its ecological and economic
importance [17, 18]. A fundamental knowledge of tides and
tidal circulation is a prerequisite in understanding the intertidal
dynamics and its impacts on the ecosystem. The
hydrodynamic environment of Pichavaram is mainly
controlled by tidal currents and influenced by runoff from
Coleroon river. Our major objective in this study is to explore
how tides and runoff affect and drive the circulation in the
estuary during monsoon and post monsoon periods.
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION AND
IMPLEMENTATION
The RMA2 model of the Surface water Modeling System
(SMS v11.0) is implemented. The RMA2 model code of the
Army Corps of Engineers was initially developed by Norton,
King and Orlob[19]. It is a 2D, depth-averaged, finite element
hydrodynamic model, with additional pre- and post-processing
capabilities. RMA2 computes water surface elevations and
horizontal velocity components for subcritical free-surface
flow. The Manning’s coefficient was used to define friction
and eddy viscosity coefficient was used to define turbulence
characteristics. Both steady and unsteady (dynamic) problems
can be analyzed. The model has been applied to calculate
water levels and flow distribution around islands; circulation
and transport in water bodies with wetlands; and general water
levels and flow patterns in rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries
[20]. The x and y component momentum acceleration terms
and the continuity equation are:
where h is depth (m), u and v are component velocities along
the x and y Cartesian coordinates (ms-1), respectively; t is
time (s); ρ is water density (kg m-3); E is eddy viscosity (kg
m-1 s-1); g is gravity (9.81 m s-2); a is bottom elevation (m);
n is Manning's roughness (s m-1/3); τ is wind stress (kg m-1 s-
2); Va is wind speed (ms-1); ψ is angle towards which the
wind blows (degrees), counter-clockwise with 0o on the
positive x-axis; ω is the rate of earth's angular rotation
(7.29*10-5 s-1) ; and Φ is latitude (deg).
2.1 Materials and Methods
The only available tidal data within the mangroves is from the
M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai,
from their project on Mangrove Conservation and
Management in the Coastal Wetlands of Tamil Nadu during
1999–2000. They measured the variation of tide levels at 30
minute intervals by installing Aanderaa Self Recording Tide
Recorders at six different stations within the estuary. The
details of the measurement locations and duration are shown
in Fig- 2 and Table-1. These data were also not simultaneously
taken and the datums used for the stations appear to be
different.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 277
Fig -2: Measurement location of tides
Table -1: Measurement duration of tides
Station name Measurement
Depth from
surface (m)
Duration
From To
Chinnavaikal 1.0 m 21.05.2000 28.05.2000
Tourism
Complex
0.5 m 14.05.2000 21.05.2000
Periyaguda 1.0 m 14.05.2000 21.05.2000
Peelumedu 1.0 m 21.05.2000 28.05.2000
Coleroon
Mouth
2.0 m 28.05.2000 29.05.2000
Coleroon
Feeder
1.0 m 28.05.2000 29.05.2000
2.2 Digitization and Mesh Construction
The domain mesh for the estuary was developed by digitizing
the area of study from Google Earth, which gave a realistic
and real time topographical information. Since bathymetry
data for the time period 1999–2000 was not available, an
extensive bathymetric study was undertaken in 2013 with the
help of hand held GPS covering major stations within the
estuary. The open sea bathymetric data was extracted from
General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans
(http://www.gebco.net). The model was constructed using
the mesh module. The mesh consists of 4841 elements and
10224 nodes with a front width of 377. The average element
measures 7938 m2 and the element areas range from 193 m2
to 39365 m2. The digitized contours were interpolated by the
inverse distance weighted method using the nearest five points
in each quadrant.
Fig -3: Mesh for the Pichavaram model
During the calibration phase, after extensive experimentation,
we set the following parameters: (a) Global roughness value:
0.022, (b) Peclet number: 20 (c) Minimum velocity: 0.3 m/s
(d) Marsh porosity, Transition range of distribution: 0.6 and
(e) Minimum wetted surface area factor: 0.02.
2.3 Boundary conditions and Model calibrations
The sinusoidal curve based on the tidal water level obtained
from WXtide32 (www.wxtide32.com) in May 2000 was used
to force the model at Coleroon mouth and Chinnavaikal
mouth. The measured water level data from the three interior
stations viz. Tourism complex, Peelumedu, and Periyaguda
were used to verify simulation results. Since the available
water level data for Coleroon mouth and Coleroon feeder was
for only one day and the Chinnavaikal mouth has shifted
considerably between 2000 and now, these stations were not
considered for calibration. The model was simulated for 30
days with a time step size of 10 min.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Tidal Simulation
Fig- 4 shows the comparisons between the computed surface
elevation and observed values during May 2000. The
simulated levels are consistent with the measured values, and
the RMS errors after 30 days of simulation are only 0.071 m,
0.078 m and 0.105 m at Tourism complex, Periyaguda and
Peelumedu, respectively. The model has not captured the
extreme peaks of the observed data but it is difficult to
calibrate exactly given the scattered nature of the data
available for comparison. To analyze the hydrodynamics in
the estuary under varying monsoon conditions, two
simulations were run, each for a 40 day period and the results
for the last 30 days were used. The simulation runs were: (a)
Monsoon condition, where tidal flux is imposed at Coleroon
and Chinnavaikal mouths and mean river discharge of 300
m3s-1 and 10 m3s-1 were imposed at Coleroon and Uppanar
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 278
rivers, respectively and (b) Post monsoon condition, where
only tidal flux was imposed at the boundary. Time series of
hourly tidal velocities and water elevations were extracted for
seven locations in the estuary for further analysis. Calculated
statistics include maximum and minimum amplitudes, net
current speed and net direction.
Fig -4: Calibration of the model for May 2000
3.2 Case (a) Monsoon Condition
During the monsoon season, river discharge from Coleroon
becomes an important forcing function. The river has an
average discharge of 1453 cumecs during monsoon, and it also
experiences spiked heavy flows intermittently due to flood
releases from the Lower Anaicut dam upstream [21]. Table -2
presents the statistics of the modeled water levels and
velocities at seven stations.
Table -2: Statistics of water levels and velocities during
monsoon period
The time series of water levels and velocities for this period
are plotted in Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively.
Fig -5: Modeled water level for monsoon condition
Fig -6: Modeled velocity for monsoon condition
The residual circulation due to river discharge is shown in
Figure 7.
Fig -7: Residual water surface level between monsoon and
post monsoon condition
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 279
3.2 Case (b) Post Monsoon Condition
During post monsoon season, tide was the only forcing
function in the model. Table 3 presents the statistics of the
modeled water levels and velocities at seven stations.
Table -3: Statistics of water levels and velocities during post
monsoon period
The time series of water levels and velocities for this period
are plotted in Figure 8 and Figure 9, respectively.
Fig -8: Modeled water level for post monsoon condition
Fig -9: Modeled velocity for post monsoon condition
4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Case (a) Tidal Simulation for Monsoon Condition
A river discharge of 300 cumecs given at Coleroon increases
the velocity in the entire channel. The circulation pattern
reveals the dominance of Coleroon river mouth in driving the
flow into the estuary. The influence of tidal flow through
Chinnavaikal is limited to Tourism complex and a minimum
flow is observed to be reaching till Periyaguda.
Fig -10: Tidal circulation during monsoon period
An increase in current velocity is noticed at Tourism complex
due to the influence of freshwater flow from Uppanar. The
flow direction is northwest at the stations located at the eastern
side where the tidal impact is predominant (Coleroon mouth,
Peelumedu, Chinnavaikal and Coleroon feeder). The flow
turns northeast at the other stations (Tourism complex,
Mangroves and Periyaguda). The river discharge induces a
stronger ebb current velocity of 0.067 ms-1 in mangrove
region (Figure 11 and Table 2). The dominance of the ebb
tide is due to friction in the mangrove forest and the friction is
in turn influenced by the density of the mangrove roots [22].
This results in slower flood current and greater tidal
asymmetry in the waterway. The flood currents are much
stronger than the ebb currents in most of the stations except
mangroves, the duration being shorter in the case of flood than
ebb. The magnitudes of currents noticed in Periyaguda is very
small and not proportional to the tidal heights observed in the
region and are inversely proportional to the depth.
4.2 Case (b) Tidal Simulation for Post Monsoon
Condition
When the tide is the only forcing function, the analysis of flow
into Pichavaram creek system reveals that the stations
Coleroon feeder, Peelumedu, Periyaguda and Tourism
complex are influenced by the tidal flow from the Coleroon
river mouth. The influence of tidal flow through Chinnavaikal
mouth is limited to a shorter reach within Periyaguda.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 280
Fig -11: Tidal circulation during post monsoon period
The flow direction, which was northwest during monsoon
period, changes to southwest at the stations Coleroon mouth,
Peelumedu, Chinnavaikal and Coleroon feeder. The flow turns
from northeast to northwest at the other stations (Tourism
complex, Mangroves and Periyaguda) (Table 3). The station
shown as mangroves here is only a reference station shown for
analysis. The magnitude and direction of currents at other
places inside the mangroves will vary depending on the
location. The water level variability in mangroves is consistent
with that of mangroves from other studies; a time lag of 3–4
hours is noticed with reference to the tides given at the
boundary (Figure 12). The tide also shows a pronounced
asymmetry in mangroves as documented by many researchers
[12, 23]. The ebb tide is lower but with a stronger current
velocity of 0.059 ms-1 compared to the flood tide (0.023 ms-
1) (Figure 13). This gives a clear indication that the drag
forces induced by mangrove trees greatly reduce the flow in
the mangrove swamps. The prevalence of shallow depth and
the influence of friction maximize the current speed at
Chinnavaikal. The influence of ebb tide in Tourism complex is
attributed to its shallow depth.
Fig -12: Time lag of simulated tides with the open sea
Fig-13: Water level and velocity during monsoon and post
monsoon period for mangroves
4.3 Residual Circulation
A 12% increase in total depth of water was noticed in
Mangrove station between monsoon and post monsoon
conditions. The residual effect of river discharge in the estuary
was examined by taking the difference in modeled water
surface levels of monsoon and post monsoon periods. An
increase in water level of about 5 cm is noticed between
Coleroon river mouth and Periyaguda (Figure 9).
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, SMS/RMA2 is employed to establish a two-
dimensional finite element numerical model to simulate the
hydrodynamics in the Pichavaram mangrove estuary. The
model fit well with the complicated bathymetry and simulated
the character of water surface level and current in the estuary.
Based on the computed results, the tide is mainly semidiurnal
and the propagation of tide into the creek system reveals that
most of the interior stations are dominated by the tidal flow
from the Coleroon river mouth and the influence of tidal flow
through Chinnavaikal mouth is limited to a shorter reach both
in monsoon and pre monsoon periods. The net transport of
water is found to be manipulated by the tides during non
monsoon season and the influence of river runoff becomes
dominant during monsoon period. The tide shows a
pronounced asymmetry in mangrove region, with a time lag of
3–4 hours with reference to the tides given at the boundary. A
stronger ebb current velocity of 0.059 ms-1 compared to a
weaker flood velocity of 0.023 ms-1 is noticed in mangroves
during post monsoon period. The river discharge during
monsoon period further increases the ebb current velocity in
mangroves to 0.067 ms-1 and in turn reduces the magnitude of
the tide. This clearly shows that mangrove forests are effective
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 281
in surface wave attenuation and they are the most natural and
cheapest way for coastal protection and should be protected
and conserved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank MSSRF for providing the data
and are very grateful to Aquaveo for providing license to
access SMS/RMA2 model to conduct this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Mr. Sathyanathan R has held his current
position as Assistant Professor since
2004. His interest are in numerical
modeling, wetland ecosystem, Remote
sensing and GIS application in Water
resources and Solid waste management.
Dr. V. T. Deeptha has been working as
Assistant professor working in the
Department of Civil Engineering for the
past 8 years. She holds Ph.D. in Physical
Oceanography. Her interest are in
Coastal physical processes, numerical
modeling of coastal ecosystem, wetland
and mangroves