Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of low-cost biosorbents for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Coconut fiber, banana fiber, and sawdust were tested individually and in combinations under stirring and stagnant conditions. The results showed that sawdust removed 99% of dye under stirring and 99.5% under stagnation. Continuous addition of biosorbents removed more dye (99%) than batch or fed-batch methods. A mixed biosorbent of sawdust, banana fiber, and coconut fiber removed over 98% of dye from solutions with concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL. Lengthy coconut fibers removed 99.5% of dye within 48 hours under stagnant conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of low-cost biosorbents for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Coconut fiber, banana fiber, and sawdust were tested individually and in combinations under stirring and stagnant conditions. The results showed that sawdust removed 99% of dye under stirring and 99.5% under stagnation. Continuous addition of biosorbents removed more dye (99%) than batch or fed-batch methods. A mixed biosorbent of sawdust, banana fiber, and coconut fiber removed over 98% of dye from solutions with concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL. Lengthy coconut fibers removed 99.5% of dye within 48 hours under stagnant conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
An Experimental Investigation on Treatment of Tannery Effluent Using Azadirac...IJEAB
A preliminary investigation was carried out for the feasibile use of Azadirachta indica leafs powder as a natural coagulant to the treatment of tannery effluent. In this paper, Azadirachta indica leafs powder of 1, 2, 3 and 4mg/L dosages were used. Floc formation in coagulation process had been studied in the laboratory scale to determine the optimum dosage of natural coagulant. The above dosages were used in pre-treated tannery effluent with coagulants were considered to evaluate the percentage removal efficiency on the major pollutants of concern in in tannery effluent such as turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD. From the observed results, dosage of 3 mg/L gives better removal efficiencies with respect to turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD and appears to be suitable for tannery effluent treatment, when compared with other dosages.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from bougainvi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of incinerated rice husk for adsorption of reactive dye from aqueous solu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the use of incinerated rice husk for adsorbing the reactive dye Reactive Yellow 15 from an aqueous solution. Rice husk was incinerated at 300°C for 4 hours to increase its surface area and pore volume. Batch adsorption experiments showed that dye removal was most effective at pH 2 and equilibrium was reached within 4 hours. Adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm model better than the Langmuir model, indicating heterogeneous surface binding sites. Incinerated rice husk is a low-cost adsorbent that can effectively remove reactive dyes from wastewater.
IRJET- Treatment of Textile Waste Water using Moringa Oleifera and Tamarindus...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating textile wastewater using natural coagulants from Moringa oleifera and Tamarindus indica. The textile wastewater had high levels of pollutants including pH, turbidity, total solids, dissolved solids, and suspended solids. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage of each coagulant for removal of pollutants. Moringa oleifera at a dosage of 60ml showed the highest removal efficiency for pH, turbidity, total solids, and other parameters. While both natural coagulants were effective, Moringa oleifera performed better than Tamarindus indica for textile wastewater treatment.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Chemical fingerprint of Centella Asiatica’s bioactive compounds in the ethanol...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract
Centella asiatica is a herbal plant that is widely used as medicine due to the benefit of its bioactive compounds such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin and cate-chin. Typically, the amount of these bioactive compounds are varies depending on the solvent used. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the chemical fingerprint of six Centella asiatica’s bioactive compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, gallic acid, rutin and catechin) in the ethanolic and aqueous ethanol extracts. Water, ethanol, and 50% aqueous ethanol were used as extracting solvents via maceration (solid-liquid) technique to extract bioactive compounds from C.asiatica. Rotary evaporator procedure was performed to concentrate the extracts before these crudes were analysed using HPLC instrument. The percentage yield of crude extract (% w/w) was calculated, and its mathematical model was reported in this study. The exponential equation model was also applied to predict the percentage yield of the C.asiatica extract. From the equation, satisfactory results have been obtained, which gave less than 12.21% error with 0.9967 of R2 value. Besides, the percentage yield of bioactive compounds resulting from HPLC analysis was also explained. HPLC result showed that kaempferol was the highest bioactive compound with 373.2 mg/g dry powder using 100% ethanol as extract solvent. Therefore, the development of this study can be extended to assess this plant potential in the formulation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
A treament of domestic sewage and generation of bio sludge using natural coag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The waste generated from various human activities promotes an environmental degradation. Sewage a waste produced through human is a source of water pollution. An improper handling of sewage and waste generated from societies pollutes fresh water bodies. In Indian conditions, conventional treatments like Activated Sludge Process, Oxidation Ponds, Aerated lagoons, and Trickling filters are the most suitable treatment process to treat sewage generated in urban areas. While the land required to setting conventional treatment plant along with energy and time required is more which increases overall cost of the treatment process. To upgrade conventional treatment process and reduce cost of treatment, uses of natural coagulants are best alternative. The study is carried out to check efficiency of combinations of natural coagulants in different preparations, to treat sewage. Natural coagulants extracted from seeds of Acacia Nilotica [Babul] and Mangifera Indica [Mango] are used with different combinations to treat sewage. After laboratory analysis of treated water through primary treatment process shows around 45% and 56 % of BOD and TSS removal respectively which is more than primary settling tank of conventional treatment process. Which will increases efficiency of primary treatment and reduces organic loading over secondary treatment. Due this the size of secondary unit can be reduced so area of land required to set plant can also be reduced. Use of natural coagulants will minimize time and energy required for aeration. Also sludge generated through primary treatment process will effectively used as soil stabilizer after proper composting. This study aims to reduce overall cost of sewage treatment along with recovery of plant nutrients as compost. Keywords: Sewage, Combination of natural Coagulants, Sludge etc…
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of foliar applications of methanol, ethanol, and mixtures of methanol and ethanol on yield components and essential oil content of the medicinal plant Dragonhead. Key findings include:
1) The highest dry matter yield (10,454 kg/ha) and essential oil content (47.7 kg/ha) were produced by applying a 25% solution of ethanol and methanol.
2) This same treatment also produced the highest levels of geranyl acetate, geraniol, and neral in the essential oil.
3) In general, foliar applications of methanol, ethanol, and mixtures increased plant height, number of stems, biomass yield, essential oil percentage
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of drum rotation speed and steam pressure on properties of drum-dried pitaya (dragon fruit) peel powder. Pitaya peel is typically discarded but contains antioxidants, fiber and betacyanin pigments. The study dried pitaya peel using a laboratory drum dryer at rotation speeds of 1-3 rpm and steam pressures of 1-3 bar. Higher rotation speed increased yield percentage but also moisture content. Higher steam pressure decreased yield, moisture content and water activity. The best conditions for betacyanin retention and product stability were 1 rpm and 2 bar, yielding powder with 80.21 mg/g betacyanin and 10.66% moisture. Overall
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed two samples of Glycine max Linn (soybean) seeds. Phytochemical analysis found various constituents including proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Protein content was highest in the methanolic extract of sample 2. Thin layer chromatography identified several compounds in the extracts. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity in the methanolic extract of sprouted sample 1.
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
An Experimental Investigation on Treatment of Tannery Effluent Using Azadirac...IJEAB
A preliminary investigation was carried out for the feasibile use of Azadirachta indica leafs powder as a natural coagulant to the treatment of tannery effluent. In this paper, Azadirachta indica leafs powder of 1, 2, 3 and 4mg/L dosages were used. Floc formation in coagulation process had been studied in the laboratory scale to determine the optimum dosage of natural coagulant. The above dosages were used in pre-treated tannery effluent with coagulants were considered to evaluate the percentage removal efficiency on the major pollutants of concern in in tannery effluent such as turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD. From the observed results, dosage of 3 mg/L gives better removal efficiencies with respect to turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD and appears to be suitable for tannery effluent treatment, when compared with other dosages.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from bougainvi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of incinerated rice husk for adsorption of reactive dye from aqueous solu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the use of incinerated rice husk for adsorbing the reactive dye Reactive Yellow 15 from an aqueous solution. Rice husk was incinerated at 300°C for 4 hours to increase its surface area and pore volume. Batch adsorption experiments showed that dye removal was most effective at pH 2 and equilibrium was reached within 4 hours. Adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm model better than the Langmuir model, indicating heterogeneous surface binding sites. Incinerated rice husk is a low-cost adsorbent that can effectively remove reactive dyes from wastewater.
IRJET- Treatment of Textile Waste Water using Moringa Oleifera and Tamarindus...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating textile wastewater using natural coagulants from Moringa oleifera and Tamarindus indica. The textile wastewater had high levels of pollutants including pH, turbidity, total solids, dissolved solids, and suspended solids. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage of each coagulant for removal of pollutants. Moringa oleifera at a dosage of 60ml showed the highest removal efficiency for pH, turbidity, total solids, and other parameters. While both natural coagulants were effective, Moringa oleifera performed better than Tamarindus indica for textile wastewater treatment.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Chemical fingerprint of Centella Asiatica’s bioactive compounds in the ethanol...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract
Centella asiatica is a herbal plant that is widely used as medicine due to the benefit of its bioactive compounds such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin and cate-chin. Typically, the amount of these bioactive compounds are varies depending on the solvent used. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the chemical fingerprint of six Centella asiatica’s bioactive compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, gallic acid, rutin and catechin) in the ethanolic and aqueous ethanol extracts. Water, ethanol, and 50% aqueous ethanol were used as extracting solvents via maceration (solid-liquid) technique to extract bioactive compounds from C.asiatica. Rotary evaporator procedure was performed to concentrate the extracts before these crudes were analysed using HPLC instrument. The percentage yield of crude extract (% w/w) was calculated, and its mathematical model was reported in this study. The exponential equation model was also applied to predict the percentage yield of the C.asiatica extract. From the equation, satisfactory results have been obtained, which gave less than 12.21% error with 0.9967 of R2 value. Besides, the percentage yield of bioactive compounds resulting from HPLC analysis was also explained. HPLC result showed that kaempferol was the highest bioactive compound with 373.2 mg/g dry powder using 100% ethanol as extract solvent. Therefore, the development of this study can be extended to assess this plant potential in the formulation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
A treament of domestic sewage and generation of bio sludge using natural coag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The waste generated from various human activities promotes an environmental degradation. Sewage a waste produced through human is a source of water pollution. An improper handling of sewage and waste generated from societies pollutes fresh water bodies. In Indian conditions, conventional treatments like Activated Sludge Process, Oxidation Ponds, Aerated lagoons, and Trickling filters are the most suitable treatment process to treat sewage generated in urban areas. While the land required to setting conventional treatment plant along with energy and time required is more which increases overall cost of the treatment process. To upgrade conventional treatment process and reduce cost of treatment, uses of natural coagulants are best alternative. The study is carried out to check efficiency of combinations of natural coagulants in different preparations, to treat sewage. Natural coagulants extracted from seeds of Acacia Nilotica [Babul] and Mangifera Indica [Mango] are used with different combinations to treat sewage. After laboratory analysis of treated water through primary treatment process shows around 45% and 56 % of BOD and TSS removal respectively which is more than primary settling tank of conventional treatment process. Which will increases efficiency of primary treatment and reduces organic loading over secondary treatment. Due this the size of secondary unit can be reduced so area of land required to set plant can also be reduced. Use of natural coagulants will minimize time and energy required for aeration. Also sludge generated through primary treatment process will effectively used as soil stabilizer after proper composting. This study aims to reduce overall cost of sewage treatment along with recovery of plant nutrients as compost. Keywords: Sewage, Combination of natural Coagulants, Sludge etc…
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of foliar applications of methanol, ethanol, and mixtures of methanol and ethanol on yield components and essential oil content of the medicinal plant Dragonhead. Key findings include:
1) The highest dry matter yield (10,454 kg/ha) and essential oil content (47.7 kg/ha) were produced by applying a 25% solution of ethanol and methanol.
2) This same treatment also produced the highest levels of geranyl acetate, geraniol, and neral in the essential oil.
3) In general, foliar applications of methanol, ethanol, and mixtures increased plant height, number of stems, biomass yield, essential oil percentage
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of drum rotation speed and steam pressure on properties of drum-dried pitaya (dragon fruit) peel powder. Pitaya peel is typically discarded but contains antioxidants, fiber and betacyanin pigments. The study dried pitaya peel using a laboratory drum dryer at rotation speeds of 1-3 rpm and steam pressures of 1-3 bar. Higher rotation speed increased yield percentage but also moisture content. Higher steam pressure decreased yield, moisture content and water activity. The best conditions for betacyanin retention and product stability were 1 rpm and 2 bar, yielding powder with 80.21 mg/g betacyanin and 10.66% moisture. Overall
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed two samples of Glycine max Linn (soybean) seeds. Phytochemical analysis found various constituents including proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Protein content was highest in the methanolic extract of sample 2. Thin layer chromatography identified several compounds in the extracts. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity in the methanolic extract of sprouted sample 1.
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mathematical model study on solvent extraction of carotene from carroteSAT Journals
Abstract Carotenoids are known as provitamin A, while there is an increasing interest in their role as an antioxidants. Anti-cancer activity and other health benefits provided by β-carotene include the protection against cardiovascular disease and cataract prevention, Carrots are one of the best sources of β-carotene. In this paper we have studied the influence of particle size, temperature, solvents, solid is to solvent ratio and extraction time on the extraction yield of β-carotene, and verification of different models and rate kinetics to establish the extraction mechanism. Ethanol, pet ether, ethyl acetate & n-hexane are used as solvent and carrot of cubes of equivalent diameter of 1.077±0.134 cm, 0.801±0.1078 cm & 0.508±.0456cm are used for solvent ratios from 1:5 to 1:60. Temperature was varied from 30 to 500C. Experimental results better fitted in power law model than Peleg model also it obey Pseudo second order kinetic & Intraparticle diffusion model. Extent of color extraction is established by Hunter Lab colorimeter. Index terms- carrot, carotene, solvent extraction, kinetic study, model study
Development of electronic tongue for sorghum quality detectioneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to insufficient and improper facility of storage available in India many grains affects by quality. Quality changes over time due to many things, one of them is moisture content of the cereals. This paper presents the design of a low-cost electronic tongue system with a personal computer based decision making system. Generally, this kind of concept for food quality determination has been used since many years for liquid food samples like coke, water, tea etc. Here the noble approach is applied for solid cereal food like sorghum, wheat etc. The designed system is able to implement Voltammetry measurement with standard three electrode configuration. Gold silver platinum and copper are used as electrode. Lab-View from National Instrumentation's is used to generate and gather the signals to and from electronic tongue setup. The data obtained from the electrochemical measurement of samples made from different variety of sorghum are applied to the artificial neural network analysis. First, the network is trained for different known samples which are categorized into 3 different classes on the basis of the varieties. The network is found to able discriminate them all accordingly.. The next experiment has shown that with the e-tongue graduation of the sample based on quality of the cereal sample can be done, where the quality is affected due to the moisture. Keywords: Neural networks, Electronic tongue, Feature extraction, Cereals, Food quality etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol product...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses using the algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa to remediate polluted water contaminated with the textile dye malachite green.
2. Experiments were conducted with different concentrations of malachite green and Chlorella pyrenoidosa to determine the optimal levels for decolorization. The dye was completely degraded at a concentration of 15 mg/L with Chlorella.
3. Additional experiments adjusting the pH found that pH 7 was optimal for dye degradation, with Chlorella able to degrade the dye at over 95% efficiency across all concentrations tested.
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This webinar covered the industrial approach to organic chemistry and introductions to HPLC and dissolution testing. On the first day, Mr. Sandip Patel discussed automated HPLC methods and dissolution testing techniques. The second day, Dr. Janmejay Dave spoke about research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, including intermediate synthesis and the regulatory process for drug approval. Attendees learned about applying organic chemistry principles at scale in industry and analytical tools like HPLC and dissolution testing that are important for product development and quality control.
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Journals
Abstract Application of biosorbents has gained a great importance in the present scenario of waste water purification. The present work concentrates on the potential of biosorbent, Corn husk leaves, for the co-removal of phenol and cyanide from coke waste water by simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB). The microbe used in the present study is the bacteria of Serratia Sp. The entire SAB process was carried out at 30 0C and for 60 h. Theoptimum process parameters i.e. pH, initial concentration of both phenol and cyanide, adsorbent dose of corn husk leaves were analysed and their impact on the entire process were also studied. At the range of initial concentration of phenol between 100-1000 mg/L and cyanide between 10-100 mg/L, the optimum pH was obtained between 6.5-7 and an optimum adsorbent dose of 6 g/L. Multicomponent adsorption isotherms applied were Non-modified Langmuir, Modified Langmuir, Extended Langmuir and Extended Freundlich. Out of the four isotherms applied non-modified Langmuir isotherm proved to be the best fit for phenol and modified Langmuir isotherm was found to be best fit for cyanide. Phenol showed a removal percentage of 75 % by SAB process and cyanide showed a removal percentage of 83 %. The data was also non-linearly modelled for kinetic studies. Kinetic studies revealed that for both phenol and cyanide simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation took place by physisorption as well as by chemisorption. Surface diffusion is dominating for the simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation of phenol whereas in case of cyanide intraparticle diffusion is the dominating factor. Keywords: biosorbents, corn husk leaves, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation, optimum.
Bioremediation of xenobiotics use of dead fungal biomass as biosorbenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the bioremediation of toxic compounds from textile industry effluent using dead fungal biomass. The study investigated the biosorption of the azo dye Methyl Orange, chromium, and lead using dead biomass of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Various parameters were tested, including pH, contact time, initial concentration, and biomass concentration. The dead A. flavus biomass showed maximum biosorption of 53.62% for Methyl Orange at pH 5.5 and 40 minutes, 72.18% for chromium at pH 6 and 10 minutes, and 76.12% for lead at pH 7 and 40 minutes. Desorption studies demonstrated the
This document summarizes a study on the bioremediation of toxic compounds from textile industry effluent using dead fungal biomass. The study investigated the biosorption of the azo dye Methyl Orange and heavy metals chromium and lead using dead biomass of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The maximum biosorption for each compound was determined under different parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration of solution, temperature, and biomass concentration. Methyl Orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at pH 5.5 and 40 minutes. Chromium biosorption was 72.18% at pH 6 and 10 minutes. Lead biosorption was 76.12% at pH 7
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
Utilization of pre aerated sludge in activated sludge processeSAT Journals
Abstract The research was carried out with Pre aerated Sludge in Activated Sludge Process to observe the effect of Pre-aerated Sludge on BOD, COD , Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS mainly in treatment of dairy wastewater. The experimental process involves the conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) in which microorganisms are kept in suspension by mixing and aerating the wastewater. The study is to be conducted by following two methods: 1) utilizing non pre-aerated sludge and 2) utilizing pre-aerated sludge. In the first method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of non-pre-aerated sludge is filled in the aeration tank and was aerated in the aeration tank where air (or oxygen) was supplied for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively and samples are collected before aeration and at regular intervals. In the second method the dairy wastewater measuring five liters and 400 ml of pre aerated sludge (with 20, 40 and 60 minutes pre-aeration) are filled in aeration tank. This tank is aerated for regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes respectively. The samples are collected before aeration and at regular time intervals. The sludge is to be not recycled to the aeration tank. Testing of different parameters like BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate and Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids was carried out on the samples aerated with different aeration time, with and without pre-aerated sludge and consequent results are to be found. By utilization of pre-aerated sludge, the concentrations of various parameters to be considered for study are to be found decreased when compared with the values of concentration without using pre-aerated sludge. It will be very clear that removal of various parameters from wastewater is effective up to the optimum period for pre-aeration beyond this period removal of various parameters from wastewater will not be effective. Keywords: Activated Sludge Process, BOD, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate, MLVSS.
Antimicrobial activity of trachyspermum ammi leaves mediated silver nanoparti...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 3mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of Trachyspermum ammi leaf using domestic microwave irradiation method. On mixing leaf extract with silver salt solution in ratio 1:4 the color changed from colourless to yellowish brown which partially confirmed the degradation of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The shape of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be cubical. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against two human pathogens were evaluated by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. KEYWORDS: Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, SNPs, MIC, SEM-EDAX, Green Synthesis
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plants and its Application on the ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using silver nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts (neem, mango, lemon, and a combination) to treat textile mill wastewater. Key points:
1. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from different plants and characterized using SEM.
2. These silver nanoparticles were then used to treat textile mill wastewater and effectively removed 97-93% color and 49-43% COD within 15-60 minutes, with neem-synthesized nanoparticles performing best.
3. Various isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics providing best correlation. Dubinin-Radush
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of lemongrass (cymbopogo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot and turmeric (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
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Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
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components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
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compromising the performance of the pavement.
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The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
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pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
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non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
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Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
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The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
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forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
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Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
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To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
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Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
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Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
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thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
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Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
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Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
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Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
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Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
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Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
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Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot and turmeric
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 401
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTING
NATURAL DYES FROM BEETROOT AND TURMERIC
Sindra L Summoogum-Utchanah1
, Hashita Joyram2
1
Lecturer, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
2
Student, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by
many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are
nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing
plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative
study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between
conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating
conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave
power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results
demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS
extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE
extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and
Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Since immemorial time, natural colours are of paramount
importance in dyestuff products but have drastically
disappeared owing to the evolution of synthetic dyes [1].
The exploitation of colours cannot be halted, because
consumers always demand coloured products for eye-
appeal, decoration and for aesthetic purposes [2]. However,
due to the significant environmental and detrimental health
risks linked with the processing of synthetic dyes, the world
is presently shifting towards the use of green dyes [3]. The
latter can be regarded as a viable alternative since they are
biodegradable, non-carcinogenic, and emanate low allergic
and toxic effects [3, 4].
The application of natural dyes in the food and textile arena
can be adopted in small developing island like Mauritius,
which is richly endowed with a vast variety of natural flora.
The non-toxic nature of these dyes and the fact that the
plants are easily accessible implies the need for developing
and marketing them as viable substitutes for the synthetic
dyes found on the local market. Two widely available
plants in Mauritius namely beetroot and turmeric were
chosen for this study.
Red beetroot, Beta vulgaris belong to the Chenopodiaceae
family [5]. The main pigment found in beetroot is
recognised as betalain and is one of the richest sources of
betanin pigment, which is used for imparting a desirable red
color [6]. On the other hand, turmeric, Curcuma Longa is a
member of the Zingiberaceae family and forms part of the
Curcuminoid family which provides a desired yellow colour
[6]. These plants were selected as they exhibit
pharmacological properties like powerful antioxidants, anti-
inflammatory, good antiviral, antimicrobial activities and
anti-carcinogenic activities [7]. Natural dyes extracted from
beetroot and turmeric can be a substitute to red and yellow
textile dyes since they are readily available, eco-friendly,
biodegradable and pose no human and environmental harms.
This knowledge will not only compensate for the health of
Mauritian but also create awareness for the environment as a
sustainable source of dyes for the local food and textile
industries. Besides, abundance of wastes is contributed by
industries such as food and beverages which generate huge
amount of bio-wastes such as vegetables and fruit peels.
Hence, these wasted parts can be fully exploited for
extraction of dyes and their application in industries for
replacing their synthetic counterparts. Consequently,
production of natural dyes needs to be boosted to fulfill the
demand of the market and reduce the waste disposal issues.
The research work emphasises on the extraction and kinetic
modeling of natural dyes by MS and MAE techniques. As
compared to other solid-liquid extraction (SLE) methods,
MAE is an innovative and high speed extraction technology
which has attracted a lot of attention owing to its unique
heating mechanism, safety aspects, simplicity, economic
benefits and good performance [8]. Besides, in MAE, the
analysis time is curtailed and the analysis time is lowered,
thereby generating higher yields [9].
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 402
Moreover, few studies have been done in Mauritius on the
extraction of natural dyes from widely available plants such
beetroot and turmeric. In this study, we analysed the
optimum conditions for highest yield of the two chosen
plants as well as the influence of process parameters such as
solvent ratio, particle size, microwave power for MS and
MAE processes. The Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models
of dyes extraction were also investigated using the
experimental data.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Preparation of Natural Dye Materials
Commercially available natural dye bearing plant materials,
beetroot and turmeric, cultivated in agricultural land in the
Southern part of Mauritius were procured from vegetable
market and own territorial garden. The roots and rhizomes
of the plant materials were isolated from their leaves and
stems, peeled and washed with distilled water to remove any
adhering soil, dust and impurities. The latter were then
dried and stored in the refrigerator at a low temperature of 4
°C to avoid degradation of pigments prior to extraction.
Using four different kitchen grater slot dimensions, the
prepared plants parts were finely and homogeneously grated
with average particle sizes of thickness of 1.69 mm, 1.42
mm, 0.815 mm and 0.45 mm which were measured by a
calibrated vernier caliper. Each particle size was labeled,
closely sealed in four separate containers and stored in the
refrigerator for future experiments.
2.2 Determination of Optimum Wavelength
30 g of smoothly and evenly grated beetroot and turmeric of
average particle size of 0.45 mm were respectively soaked
in 300 mL beaker consisting of 50 % analytical grade
ethanol solution and stored in the refrigerator for 3 days.
The concentrated dye solution mixture was then diluted 4, 6,
8 and 10 times. 10 mL aliquot of each diluted dye solution
was then dispensed into separate, well cleaned- dried
spectrophotometer glass tubes that were positioned singly
into the DR/2500 Hach spectrophotometer to measure
absorbance. A glass tube filled with distilled water was
initially fitted in the spectrometer machine for zeroing the
machine prior to the insertion of each tube. The absorbance
of the diluted solutions for both pigments was read for
wavelengths varying from 400 – 650 nm. From
experimental results, the wavelengths corresponding to the
uppermost absorbance value were recorded. Graph of
absorbance against wavelength was eventually plotted from
which the optimum wavelengths for beetroot and turmeric
dyes were each observed.
2.3 Plotting the Standard Calibration Curve
The standard calibration curve was established by recording
the absorbance of the above diluted solutions from the
spectrophotometer at the pre-observed optimum wavelength.
A graph of absorbance against dye concentration was drawn
to obtain the calibration curve. The concentration of the
diluted solution was evaluated spectrometrically according
to Beer-Lambert law equation:
C = A/eL
Where: C = Concentration of dye in the solution, mol/L
A = Absorption value
L = Path length which equals to the diameter of the glass
spectrophotometer tube, 1.5 cm
e = Molar extinction coefficient of dye, L/mol.cm
2.4 Parametric Range for Experiments
The variation of five principal parameters which were
investigated to optimise the operating conditions for
achieving maximum extraction yields are presented in table
1. These parameters were varied one at a time to identify the
optimum conditions for further experimental runs.
Table 1: Set of Values used for Experimental Runs
Parameter Selected values
Ethanol – water solvent
compositions, EtOH /DW, ml
30/70 – 50/50 –
70/30
Magnetic stirrer agitation speed,
rpm
120, 160, 200
Microwave power, W 136, 296, 320
Solid to solvent ratio 1/15 , 1/20, 1/25,
1/30, 1/35
Average Particle size of the plant,
mm
1.69, 1.42, 0.815,
0.45
2.5 Experimental Procedure for MS and MAE
To maximise the natural dye extraction yield by MS, the
optimum rpm was investigated. Three agitation speed of
120 rpm, 160 rpm and 200 rpm were varied and the runs
were conducted at room temperature for 1 h. The average
particle size of the plants and SSR were maintained at 0.45
mm and 1/35.
The experiments were conducted in a Gallenkamp MS.
Depending on the desired SSR (1/15 – 1/20 –1/25– 1/30 –
1/35) for the extraction process, corresponding amounts of
finely grated plant dimensions were weighted (2.857 g–
3.333 g– 4 g – 5 g – 6.667 g) respectively and delivered into
a 300 ml glass beaker constituting a total volume of 100 ml
liquid mixture; 50 ml distilled water and 50 ml ethanol. The
glass beaker which depicts the extraction vessel was covered
using aluminum foil to avert loss of solvent by evaporation
and was magnetically stirred for a maximum of 1 h. In all
experiments, the agitation speed of 160 rpm was used. After
screening through a nylon sieve, filtered extract samples
were taken at 10 min interval and the absorbance was
analysed spectrometrically. Eventually, the % extraction
yields were computed.
Before the MAE experiments were performed, the optimal
microwave power was investigated at three different powers
(136 W – 296 W – 320 W) which were computed as a
percentage of the total power input of 800 W. The
practicals were carried out at room temperature for 5 min.
During this run, other parameters including the optimal 1/1
ethanol – water solvent mixtures, the average particle size of
0.45 mm and a SSR of 1/35 were kept constant
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 403
MAE was performed in an experimental closed microwave
oven (Trust, Model TMW-200M) with a power of 800 W.
Typically, a 300 ml glass beaker; representing the extraction
vessel constitutes a total of 100 ml solvent volume: 50 ml
distilled water and 50 ml ethanol. Weighted amounts (2.857
g –3.333 g – 4 g – 5 g – 6.667 g) of the four grated classes
plant sizes equivalent to the selected SSR (1/15 – 1/20 –
1/25– 1/30 – 1/35) were then subjected to extraction by
pouring the solid matrices in the beaker. The glass beaker
was situated in the center of the microwave oven, containing
a circular, 360° rotating carousel with several durations of
exposure at a constant microwave power of 320 W which
was initially regarded as the optimal one. The beaker was
covered with a watch glass to prevent loss of solvent by
evaporation. For time duration of only 5 min, dye extracts
were retrieved at 50 s time intervals, just after the mixture in
the glass beaker was permitted to cool down to room
temperature and filtered through a nylon sieve. Ultimately,
using the spectrophotometer, the extract was examined by
measuring the absorbance at the optimum wavelength from
which the % dye extraction yield could be evaluated.
2.6 Computation of Dye Extraction Yield
The extraction yields of the natural dye bearing plants were
formulated regarding the initial weight of dye in the
biomass. The concentration of dye present in the extract
from both methods was calculated based on the calibration
plot after noting the absorbance. The % natural dye
extraction yield was then computed from the following
equation proposed by Zhang and Lui [10].
% Dye Extraction Yield =
Where: Ct = Dye concentration in solvent at time t, mg/L
V = Total volume of solvent mixed with solid, mL
Wo = Weight of total dye present in solid plant matrices, mg
2.7 Kinetic Modeling of Natural Dyes
Due to the ease of computations of empirical equations, the
Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models were employed in this
study to test the suitability of the modeling equations with
the experimental results and to further describe betalains and
curcuminoids dyes extraction.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Effect of Time on Extraction Yields for
Magnetic Stirring and Microwave
In all experiments conducted, the extraction yields were
significantly time dependent and increased with extended
extraction times. The effect of each parameter under study
as a function of time are discussed in the next sections. The
extraction rate is fast at the beginning of the process and
reduces as it approaches the saturation level or equilibrium
point. Magnetic stirring of natural dyes were performed for
1 hr with sufficient agitation of biomass which was
favourable for enhancing the extraction yield as it allowed
sufficient swelling of the plant matrix, enlarged the cellular
pores and facilitated the leaching of the target analyte [11,
12]. It was observed that maximum dye extraction yields
were achieved during the first 20 min thereby only marginal
increment with slight increase in colour intensity was
observed till the end of the extraction process. The initial
sharp increase in the rate of extraction was possibly due to
the large concentration gradient between the extracting
solvent and the cell as stated by Rakotondramasy, et al [13].
On the other hand, the efficient extraction period for
achieving maximum dye yield in MAE was only 5 min. The
increasing trend in increase color intensity was more visible
in MAE than MS. Figures 1 and 2 below displayed an
increase in colour intensity for both extraction methods over
time. Although the extraction time is dissimilar in both
cases, microwave yields are enormously elevated compared
to the classical one. This phenomenon could be explained by
the fact that the absorption of microwave energy assisted in
the thermal accumulation of the extraction solution, leading
to the dissolution of dye into the solution within a short time
[14]. However, elongated time exposure in the microwave
field was discouraged as a consequence of alteration in the
molecular structure and degradation of dye chain molecules
exposed at these high temperatures [15, 16]. Similar effect
of microwave irradiation time were also reported in MAE of
natural dye from pomegranate rind and flavonoids from
traditional Chinese herbs [17, 18].
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Fig.1: Increase in Colour Intensity for Beetroot Dye with (a) MS (b) MAE
Fig.2: Increase in Colour Intensity for Turmeric Dye with (a) MS (b) MAE
3.2 Effect of Extraction Solvent Composition for MS and MAE on Extraction Yields of Betalains and
Curcuminoids
The effect of ethanol - water compositions on extraction yield of betalains and curcuminoids from both extraction methods are
portrayed below in Figs. 3 and 4 A microwave power of 320 W, SSR of 1/35 and average particle size of 0.45 mm were used for
the extraction of the pigments during the processes.
During the MS extraction of betalains, we recorded the lowest and highest yield of 35.19 % and 69.19 % at 70 % (v/v) and 50 %
(v/v) aqueous ethanol respectively. A similar trend was observed for MAE whereby a yield of 88.34 % and 50.81 % was obtained
at 50 % (v/v) and 70 % (v/v) ethanol concentration correspondingly. In line with the above, it was inferred that 50 % ethanol was
optimal for the extraction of betalains. Identical observation was conformed during the ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural
dye from beetroot and its application on leather fabrics [19].
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Fig. 3: Effect of Solvent Compositions on Betalains Extraction Yield during MS and MAE at Microwave Power of 320 W, SSR
of 1/35 and Particle Size of 0.45 mm
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Fig. 4: Effect of Solvent Compositions on Curcuminoids Extraction Yield during MS and MAE at Microwave Power of 320 W,
SSR of 1/35 and Particle Size of 0.45 mm
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Comparable results are obtained for the MS extraction and MAE of curcuminoids. For the former, the yield was greatest at 42.03
% for 50 % aqueous ethanol and dropped to 23.85 % for 70 % solvent. A significant extraction yield of 79.08 % was attained for
50 % aqueous ethanol while at 70 % ethanol concentration, it fell to a yield of 38.5 % yield for MAE. These results can be
attributed to higher solubility of curcuminoids in 50 % ethanol (EtOH) solution which is typically evident in the microwave field.
This observation was also in line with previous studies which demonstrated that 50 % ethanol solution was optimal for
curcuminoids extraction [20].
As depicted in Figs. 3 and 4, the extraction yields of betalains and curcuminoids from MAE are higher than from MS. In the
latter, the extractability of different solvents relied mostly on the solubility of the dyes in the solvent, the mass transfer kinetics,
and the potency of the solute/matrix interactions. However, under the influence of microwave, the thermal treatment and the
capability to absorbed microwave energy as well as the solvent dielectric properties boosted the extraction efficiency.
The microwave energy has been amplified with the dielectric constant of the molecule, resulting in power dissipated inside the
solvent and matrices, generating more effective molecular movement and heating. Being polar solvents, aqueous ethanol/water
mixture could efficiently absorb microwave energy, leading to efficient heating and the subsequent improvement in dye extraction
yield [21]. By pouring a quantity of water to the mixture, the dielectric constants rose. The values of dielectric constants for
various mixture compositions are displayed in table 2. It is notable that although the addition of water into ethanol heightened the
mixture dielectric constant, the dissipation factor was diminished as the solvent mixture was unable to absorb microwave energy
at such an elevated dielectric constant [10, 21]. On the basis of this analysis, the mixture constituting of 70 % water is incapable
of dissipating the heat as effectively, as shown by the decline in the extraction yield.
3.3 Effect of MS Agitation Speed on Extraction Yields for Betalains and Curcuminoids
The influence of agitation speeds on dye extraction yields from both solid matrices is illustrated in Fig. 5(a, b). An extraction
yield of 45.19 % for betalains was obtained at 120 rpm while a maximum efficiency of 71.54 % was recorded at an agitation
speed of 160 rpm. A similar tendency was observed for curcuminoids whereby yields of 19.53 % and 44.36 % were attained at
120 rpm and 160 rpm respectively. Wongkittipong et al. stated that a higher agitation rate of 160 rpm was sufficient to cause a
higher mass transfer coefficient and improved convective mass transfer rate, thus facilitating the extraction process [22].
Nevertheless, an elevated agitation rate of 200 rpm exhibited relatively low yields which could be due to physical constraints of
the process such as effect of vortex or insufficient contact for solute and solvent interactions [23]. On the other hand, empirical
results demonstrated that external mass transfer resistance is negligible at 120 rpm due to poor mixing and excessive load of plant
materials on the rotating magnet.
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Fig. 5: Effect of Agitation Speeds on Betalains and Curcuminoids Extraction Yield during MS at 50 % EtOH, SSR of 1/35 and
Particle Size of 0.45 mm
3.4 Effect of Microwave Power on Extraction Yields during MAE for Betalains and Curcuminoids
Figures 6(a, b) depict the effect of microwave radiation on the extraction yield of betalains and curcuminoids. A low yield of
48.48 % and 40.98 % were recorded for betalains and curcuminoids at 136 W respectively. However, we observed a sharp rise in
extraction yield of betalains and curcuminoids with 91.78 % and 80.88 % at 320 W. At 320 W, the cell rupture process is
hastened due to the spontaneous rise in temperature and internal pressure inside the cells of matrices. However, at 136 W, longer
irradiation exposure time is required beyond 5 min, owing to its low heat dissipation inside the microwave system, subsequently
resulting in fewer rupturing of the plant cells. In most cases of the MAE, elevated temperatures result in greatest extraction
efficiency. Nevertheless, care must be applied to the extraction of thermos labile pigments which might be denatured at high
temperatures. Similar observation was also reported during the effect of microwave power on the MAE of flavonoids from
Chinese herbs [19].
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Fig.6: Effect of Microwave Power on Betalains and Curcuminoids Extraction Yield at 50 % EtOH, SSR of 1/35 and Average
Particle Size of 0.45 mm
3.5 Effect of Solid to Solvent Ratio on Extraction Yields during MS and MAE
The solid to solvent ratio were set at 1/15, 1/20, 1/25, 1/30, 1/35, under the extracting parameters of 50 % EtOH, 160 rpm and 320
W. Figure 7(a, b) below represented the dye extraction yield on varied SSR for betalains using MS and MAE. Similar trends
were observed for all SSR whereby the yields rose rapidly, followed by stabilisation. The amount of dye extracted by mass of
solid beetroot increases in intensity from pale to deep colors as SSR was increased due to the availability of more biomass for
extraction. During the classical method of betalains extraction, the maximum attainable yield was 69.55 % for a SSR of 1/35
whilst at a SSR of 1/15, the lowest yield of 36.10 % was determined. Also depicted from the MAE of betalains, highest yields
was achieved at SSR of 1/35 corresponding to a yield of 89.64 % and lowest yields of 48.96 % at the SSR of 1/15. Under the
latter conditions, the solubility of dye in the solvent might restrict leaching of target solute as an elevated mass of solids can
saturate the surrounding liquid thereby entailing a reduction in concentration gradient for solute and solvent interactions [13].
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Fig.7: Effect of SSR on Betalains Extraction Yield at 50 % EtOH, 160 rpm and 320 W during MS and MAE
On the other hand, Fig. 8(a, b) below represented the dye extraction yield on varied SSR for curcuminoids using MS and MAE.
The curves revealed similar trends as for betalains for the various SSR on curcuminoids extraction yield. For the traditional
extraction process, the highest and lowest curcuminoids extraction yield of 48.0 % and 28.95 % was achieved under the SSR of
1/35 and 1/15 respectively. For the MAE, the highest and lowest yield of 79.73 % and 39.67 % were obtained at a SSR of 1/35
and 1/15 respectively.
At a SSR of 1/35, the concentration between the bulk solution and solutes is higher and overcoming of the dispersion forces
between solvent molecules for curcuminoids interaction is significant [24]. Owing to a lower mass of materials, the contact
surface area between turmeric and solvent were favorably increased, causing the rupture of cell walls and releasing of bioactive
curcuminoids into the surrounding medium [18, 21].
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Fig. 8: Effect of SSR on Curcuminoids Extraction Yield at 50 % EtOH, 160 rpm and 320 W during MS and MAE
3.6 Effect of Particle Size on Extraction Yields during MS and MAE
Figures 9 and 10 reveal the effect of particles sizes of 1.69 mm, 1.42 mm, 0.815 mm, 0.45 mm on the extraction yields of
betalains and curcuminoids during the MS and MAE processes, whereby the highest extraction yield is recorded at the lowest
particle size of 0.45 mm. For the MS extraction process, the highest betalains and curcuminoids yield of 69.55 % and 48.00 %
were respectively spotted at particle size of 0.45 mm whereas the lowest yield of 40.82 % and 34.96 % was observed at particle
size 1.69 mm correspondingly. From the studied novel technique, during betalains and curcuminoids extraction similarly elevated
yield was discerned at particle size 0.45 mm, correlating a yield of 89.64 % and 79.73 % correspondingly whilst a decline yield of
53.29 % and 48.19 % for particle size 1.69 mm. Less extractable dye yields were acquired from the coarse particles due to the
lower surface contact area per unit weight and higher resistance to extraction as the solvent has to travel a longer distance to
penetrate the sample matrices and solubilise the pigments. Thus, larger particles of 1.69 mm with smaller contact surface areas
were more resistant to solvent entrance and dye diffusion thereby curbing the solutes extraction yields.
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Fig. 9: Effect of Particle Size on Betalains Extraction Yield at different SSR during MS and MAE
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Fig. 10. Effect of Particle Size on Curcuminoids Extraction Yield at different SSR during MS and MAE
3.7 Kinetic Models (KM) of Solid-Liquid Extraction
The equations used for the KM in this study are tabulated in
table 2.
Table 2: KM applied for Extraction of Dyes
Linear
form of
equation
Plot Symbols
= K1 + K2
t
Where;
K1 =
K2 =
v/s t
Ct : Concentration of dye at time t
(mg L-1
)
t : Extraction time (min)
K1: Peleg’s extraction rate
constant (L min mg-1
)
Bo: Initial extraction rate ( mg L-1
min-1
)
K2: Peleg’s extraction capacity
constant (L mg-1
)
Cs: Concentration of dye at
saturation (mg L-1
)
Ct = ln (α
β ) + ln t
Ct
v/s
ln t
Ct : Concentration of dye at time t
(mg/L)
t : Extraction time (min)
α : Initial extraction rate ( mg L-1
min-1
)
β : Elovich’s extraction rate
constant (L mg-1
)
3.7.1 Peleg’s Kinetic Model
It was revealed that for all the SSR studied, the plots of t/Ct
versus t resulted in linear functions, in agreement with the
Peleg’kinetic model. The proposed model most aptly fit the
experimental data which was confirmed by the high
correlation coefficient. As discerned in tables 3 and 4
below, it could be pointed out that the model describes the
kinetic behavior most appropriately to MS as an outcome of
the higher R2
values yielded for this system. Irrespective of
the extraction temperature, the highest R2
values of 0.9974
and 0.9938 for betalains and curcuminoids extraction were
respectively achieved in MS compared to MAE where the
R2
values of 0.9815 and 0.9721 were obtained.
Table 3: Peleg’s KM Parameters for Extraction of Betalains
MS
SS
R
K1
(L min
mg-1
)
Bo
( mg L-1
min-1
)
K2
(L mg-
1
)
Cs ,
(mg L-
1
)
R2
1/1
5
0.0608 16.45 0.0416 24.04 0.997
4
1/2
0
0.0866 11.55 0.0425 23.53 0.995
5
1/2
5
0.1452 6.89 0.0438 22.83 0.987
5
1/3
0
0.1189 8.41 0.045 22.22 0.993
4
1/3
5
0.1124 8.89 0.0503 19.88 0.993
8
MAE
1/1
5
4.7785 0.209 0.0142 70.42 0.966
7
1/2
0
4.739 0.211 0.015 66.67 0.887
9
1/2
5
4.744 0.211 0.0183 54.64 0.981
5
1/3
0
5.6562 0.177 0.0155 64.52 0.907
1
1/3
5
6.1061 0.164 0.0178 56.179 0.959
0
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With regards to Peleg’s equations, in both extraction
methods it could be perceived that the initial extraction
rates, Bo being the reciprocal of Peleg’s extraction rate
constant, K1 tend to decline with diminishing SSR. The
decrease in extraction rate might be elucidated by the fact
that at low SSR value the slow diffusion stage was possibly
the dominant one implying that the rapid initial washing
stage occurred spontaneously. Consequently, the initial
extraction rate was related to the fast washing period,
indicating that the washing stage was still triggering at high
SSR.
Table 4: Peleg’s KM Parameters for Extraction of
Curcuminoids
MS
SS
R
K1
(L min
mg-1
)
Bo
( mg L-1
min-1
)
K2
(L mg-
1
)
Cs ,
(mg L-
1
)
R2
1/1
5
0.2202 4.54 0.1041 9.60 0.993
5
1/2
0
0.3119 3.21 0.1281 7.81 0.993
0
1/2
5
0.4341 2.30 0.1371 7.29 0.990
0
1/3
0
0.5801 1.72 0.1418 7.05 0.983
8
1/3
5
0.5165 1.94 0.1402 7.133 0.990
3
MAE
1/1
5
12.492 0.080 0.0401 24.9 0.766
0
1/2
0
13.782 0.072 0.0398 25.1 0.748
8
1/2
5
15.283 0.065 0.0391 25.6 0.972
1
1/3
0
13.814 0.072 0.0459 21.8 0.948
1
1/3
5
15.187 0.066 0.0368 27.2 0.945
7
3.7.2. Elovich’s Kinetic Model
The extraction of dyes can be expressed in a linear form
according to Elovich’s model. It was assumed that the
leaching rates are reduced exponentially with the rise in
extraction yields. MS extraction for both betalains and
curcuminoids effected in lower R2
values compared to
Peleg’s kinetic model. Conversely, the highest value of R2
was obtained particularly during MAE for both hues. As it
can be seen in tables 5 and 6 below, the kinetic modeled
parameters evaluated also impacted the extraction process
significantly. The intercept and slope values could be
derived from the linear plots. The determination of
Elovich’s extraction rate constant; β is related to the time
required to achieve maximum extraction of dyes. It was
observed that the extraction rate constant fluctuated
according to the model. The minor change in the extraction
constant could be discerned owing to the loss of dye during
the initial preparation stage [25].
The model appeared to be valid in describing experimental
data with initial extraction rate, α. The initial extraction rate
is inferior, at reduced SSR. This implied that the extraction
behavior can be defined by the Elovich’s model wherein the
extraction curve can be differentiated in the first as well as
the slow extraction stage. At the washing step, the quick
penetration of the fresh solvent and dissolution of the easily
available molecules at the surface formed a high
concentration gradient into the solid, which enhanced the
mass transfer [26, 27]. Since the washing period occurred
instantly at the lower SSR, the diffusion action was
persistent, thus initiating a drop in the extraction rate.
Table 5: Elovich’s KM Parameters for Extraction of
Betalains
MS
SS
R
1/β β
(L mg-
1
)
1/β ln (α
β)
α
(mg L-1
min-1
)
R2
1/1
5
1.761
9
0.568 16.467 20182 0.940
5
1/2
0
2.357
2
0.424 13.401 694 0.951
4
1/2
5
3.031
5
0.329 9.4592 69 0.889
6
1/3
0
2.792 0.358 10.194 108 0.973
5
1/3
5
1.922
5
0.52 11.429 734 0.891
4
MAE
1/1
5
13.51
2
0.074 -44.933 0.486 0.980
2
1/2
0
13.21
4
0.0757 -43.611 0.487 0.981
8
1/2
5
11.5 0.0869 -36.937 0.463 0.981
5
1/3
0
11.95 0.0837 -40.096 0.417 0.950
3
1/3
5
10.70
8
0.0934 -35.719 0.381 0.971
5
Table 6: Elovich’s KM Parameters for Extraction of
Curcuminoids
MS
SS
R
1/β β
(L mg-
1
)
1/β ln (α
β)
α
(mg L-1
min-1
)
R2
1/1
5
0.881
9
1.134 5.7323 587 0.869
6
1/2
0
0.824
5
1.213 4.1963 134 0.871
3
1/2
5
1.003
8
0.996 2.9303 19 0.939
1
1/3
0
1.218 0.821 1.7733 5 0.960
5
1/3
5
1.277
4
0.782 1.7096 5 0.993
9
MAE
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1/1
5
4.842
3
0.207 -15.796 0.186 0.891
5
1/2
0
4.696
5
0.213 -15.553 0.171 0.918
1/2
5
4.607
3
0.217 -15.573 0.157 0.970
2
1/3
0
4.338
9
0.23 -14.203 0.164 0.960
9
1/3
5
4.763
8
0.209 -16.184 0.159 0.965
8
4. CONCLUSION
The results clearly shows that MAE is an efficient process
for the isolation of dyes from the studied biomass as it
reduces the extraction time drastically compared to the
classical system. The variation of solvent mixture, agitation
speed of magnetic stirrer, microwave power, solid to solvent
ratio and particle size of the plant were studied to determine
the highest extraction yield of betalains and curcuminoids.
The analysis revealed that the optimum conditions were
obtained at 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160
rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle size of 0.45 mm
and a SSR of 1/35. Besides, Peleg’s and Elovich’s
mathematical models were evaluated to understand and
describe the kinetics of natural dyes extraction. Peleg’s
kinetic model was mostly valid in describing the extraction
kinetics particularly to MS while Elovich kinetic model
fitted the experimental data of MAE more accurately. It
could be ultimately deduced that the use of MAE for the
leaching of pigmented solutes, is considered as a viable
technique for enhancing a slow process and most essentially
requiring fewer energy consumption, with high extract
quality.
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