IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRF ORganic Farming Technology : Biodiversity Marker can be effectively used to score the influence of any Management Practice towards development of agro-ecology, not only for tea plantation but for any type crop production.
Fruit and Vegetable Waste Hydrolysates as Growth Medium for Higher Biomass an...Premier Publishers
Fruit and vegetable wastes include peels, pulp and seeds that constitute about 40% of the total mass and constitute huge environmental problems. Cultivation of microalgae that utilizes fruit and vegetable wastes as feedstock to produce value added products such as biomass and lipids is a unique approach. Different concentrations of fruit waste hydrolysate (FWH) and vegetable waste hydrolysate (VWH) were used for heterotropic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris thereby optimizing the suitable hydrolysate concentration for higher biomass and lipid production. FWH in the ratio of 8:2 has produced maximum specific growth rate of 1.92 µ d-1. Higher biomass was recorded in growth medium supplemented with FWH (0.16 mg L-1) than VWH medium. Highest chlorophyll content of 7.2 mg L-1 was observed in 8:2 ratio of FWH whereas it was 4.3 mg L-1 in VWH at the same concentration. Carotenoid content was highest in VWH than FWH media with a maximum content of 0.52 and 0.42 mg L-1 respectively. Fruit waste hydrolysates significantly increased the total lipid content than the vegetable waste hydrolysate medium. Highest lipid content of 6.63 mg L-1 was recorded in 8:2 ratio of FWH. This work demonstrates the feasibility of fruit waste hydrolysate as a nutrient source for algal cultivation and a cost reduction of growth medium in algal biomass and lipid production.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of lemongrass (cymbopogo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRF ORganic Farming Technology : Biodiversity Marker can be effectively used to score the influence of any Management Practice towards development of agro-ecology, not only for tea plantation but for any type crop production.
Fruit and Vegetable Waste Hydrolysates as Growth Medium for Higher Biomass an...Premier Publishers
Fruit and vegetable wastes include peels, pulp and seeds that constitute about 40% of the total mass and constitute huge environmental problems. Cultivation of microalgae that utilizes fruit and vegetable wastes as feedstock to produce value added products such as biomass and lipids is a unique approach. Different concentrations of fruit waste hydrolysate (FWH) and vegetable waste hydrolysate (VWH) were used for heterotropic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris thereby optimizing the suitable hydrolysate concentration for higher biomass and lipid production. FWH in the ratio of 8:2 has produced maximum specific growth rate of 1.92 µ d-1. Higher biomass was recorded in growth medium supplemented with FWH (0.16 mg L-1) than VWH medium. Highest chlorophyll content of 7.2 mg L-1 was observed in 8:2 ratio of FWH whereas it was 4.3 mg L-1 in VWH at the same concentration. Carotenoid content was highest in VWH than FWH media with a maximum content of 0.52 and 0.42 mg L-1 respectively. Fruit waste hydrolysates significantly increased the total lipid content than the vegetable waste hydrolysate medium. Highest lipid content of 6.63 mg L-1 was recorded in 8:2 ratio of FWH. This work demonstrates the feasibility of fruit waste hydrolysate as a nutrient source for algal cultivation and a cost reduction of growth medium in algal biomass and lipid production.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of lemongrass (cymbopogo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Phytotoxicity analysis of various plants using industrial sludgeeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of basic pretreatment on saccharification of water hyacintheSAT Journals
Abstract The world has seen a vast expansion in industrialization and this has in turn seen an increase in demand for fossil fuels. To sustain such a pace of development, these fuels are being consumed at a rapid rate. This dependence on the fuels coupled with their rapid rate of depletion has called for research to look for alternative fuels. Biofuels like bio-ethanol and bio-diesel are being considered as replacements. Bio-ethanol is being given special consideration, as it can be used as a substitute to, or as a blend with petrol in existing gasoline engines, without much modifications being made to these engines. The substrates under consideration are that of the biomass genre, and Water Hyacinth being of special importance.. Water Hyacinth is an aquatic weed which grows in most tropical parts of the world. It has considerably lower lignin and higher cellulosic content, which makes it a suitable substrate for bio-ethanol production. The three main steps for bio-ethanol production are pretreatment, which makes the biomass amenable to further treatment, Saccharification, the process by which complex sugars are broken down to simple reducing sugars and fermentation, where the sugars are fermented by the action of relevant fungi. This study focusses on the Saccharification step of the process, specifically focusing on the effect of pretreatment on the Saccharification of Water Hyacinth. Three samples of powdered Water Hyacinth, along with 3 samples of Base pretreated Water Hyacinth powder were subjected to the Saccharification process using TrichodermaViride. It was observed that the Saccharification yields for the pretreated samples were in excess of 200% greater than that of the Saccharification yields of the powdered Water Hyacinth samples without pretreatment. These results were observed on the day 2 of the process. The results of this study will be taken into consideration for the fermentation step of the process. Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Pretreatment, Saccharification, Reducing sugar yield, High yields.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Phytotoxicity analysis of various plants using industrial sludgeeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of basic pretreatment on saccharification of water hyacintheSAT Journals
Abstract The world has seen a vast expansion in industrialization and this has in turn seen an increase in demand for fossil fuels. To sustain such a pace of development, these fuels are being consumed at a rapid rate. This dependence on the fuels coupled with their rapid rate of depletion has called for research to look for alternative fuels. Biofuels like bio-ethanol and bio-diesel are being considered as replacements. Bio-ethanol is being given special consideration, as it can be used as a substitute to, or as a blend with petrol in existing gasoline engines, without much modifications being made to these engines. The substrates under consideration are that of the biomass genre, and Water Hyacinth being of special importance.. Water Hyacinth is an aquatic weed which grows in most tropical parts of the world. It has considerably lower lignin and higher cellulosic content, which makes it a suitable substrate for bio-ethanol production. The three main steps for bio-ethanol production are pretreatment, which makes the biomass amenable to further treatment, Saccharification, the process by which complex sugars are broken down to simple reducing sugars and fermentation, where the sugars are fermented by the action of relevant fungi. This study focusses on the Saccharification step of the process, specifically focusing on the effect of pretreatment on the Saccharification of Water Hyacinth. Three samples of powdered Water Hyacinth, along with 3 samples of Base pretreated Water Hyacinth powder were subjected to the Saccharification process using TrichodermaViride. It was observed that the Saccharification yields for the pretreated samples were in excess of 200% greater than that of the Saccharification yields of the powdered Water Hyacinth samples without pretreatment. These results were observed on the day 2 of the process. The results of this study will be taken into consideration for the fermentation step of the process. Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Pretreatment, Saccharification, Reducing sugar yield, High yields.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power quality improvement using impedance network based invertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Load balancing in public cloud combining the concepts of data mining and netw...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Non standard size image compression with reversible embedded waveletseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fault model analysis by parasitic extraction method for embedded srameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Geospatial information system for tourism management in aurangabad city a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Key frame extraction for video summarization using motion activity descriptorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improved Sugar Yield for Bioethanol Production by Modelling Enzymatic Hydroly...theijes
Alternative lignocellulosic substrates to produce high value-added products such as biofuel have been attractive. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of three parameters namely L/S ratio (50_ 100 mL/g), cellulase concentration (10_ 60 U/g) and incubation time (4_ 44h), on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of physically pretreated Peganum harmala leaves. The fitted mathematical model allowed us to plot response surfaces as well as isoresponse curves and to determine optimal saccharification conditions. Statistical results indicated that the hydrolysis time and the enzyme concentration were the main factors influencing the release of reducing sugars. The selected optimal saccharification conditions were: L/S ratio of 75.0 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 35.0 U/g, and reaction time of 44.0h. These conditions allowed 39.6% of enzymatic hydrolysis yield versus 37.8±2.9%, respectively for the predicted values. The saccharification efficiency using enzyme treated biomass under optimized conditions was about 20-fold higher than before optimization. Fermentation of optimized cellulosic hydrolysate containing 12.6% glucose was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 4.75% ethanol production within 48h. These results showed a promising future of applying Peganum harmala leaves as potential lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production.
Optimization of process parameters for vinegar production using banana fermen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vinegar fermentation was essentially a two-step process comprising the anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol (C2H5OH) and the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (CH3CO2H). It was to be found that vinegar could be successfully produced from the juice extracted from banana using yeast and Acetobacter. Banana fruit pulp was a suitable raw material for ethanol production by fermentation and for vinegar production by this ethanol. The present study indicates that a relatively good yield of ethanol and acetic acid can be obtained after optimization of certain physical conditions for fermentation. For Banana Alcohol, the highest alcohol level was 7.77% at 10% sugar level, 8% yeast cell concentration for 48 hrs. at 280C. For Banana Vinegar, the maximum acidity was obtained 4.67 % at 7.77% of alcohol level, 15% of A. aceti cell concentration for 72 hrs. at 37 oC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize the process parameters like Alcohol content, A.aceti cell concentration and time for the vinegar fermentation using Acetobactor aceti (MTCC 2623) using statistical software , Design Expert (version 8.0.7.1., StatEase, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions highlight the reliability of the regression model. Keywords: Fermentation, Vinegar, Ethanol, Acetobactor aceti, Response Surface Methodology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of process parameters for the production of l glutaminase with m...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-Glutaminase, an amidohydrolase enzyme has been a choice of interest in the treatment of leukaemia since the discovery of its anti-tumour properties. Because it is a potent anti leukemic agent and a flavor-enhancing agent used in the food industry, many researchers have focused their attention on L-glutaminase. L-Glutaminase is majorly produced by micro organisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. In the present study, production of L-Glutaminase from fungi, Aspergillus wentii was reported. Solid state fermentation was followed in the study for the enzyme production using different agro-industrial by products which include coconut oil cake, sesame oil cake, groundnut oil cake and neem oil cake. Out of them potential substrates were screened and used as mixed substrate. Mixed substrate was selected by mixing coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake in different compositions. The best composition, 1.25gm coconut oil cake and 3.75gm sesame oil cake was selected. Effect of process parameters namely temperature, pH, incubation time, moisture content, inoculum volume on enzyme production was investigated. Also effect of supplementary carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions and glutamine concentration was studied and their optimum conditions were determined. The organism produced high levels of enzyme at an optimum temperature of 28C and optimum pH 7.0, after 120h of incubation with 40% inoculum volume and 50% moisture content. Enhanced production was obtained on addition of 1% W/V D-glucose, peptone, magnesium sulphate and 1% W/W glutamine as supplements which showed an increase to four folds. Using this optimized media components and parameters; the L-Glutaminase activity 496U/gds was obtained. Keywords: L-Glutaminase, leukaemia, Aspergillus wentii, solid state fermentation, mixed substrate
Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed Sargassum Sp.ijtsrd
In this study, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was used to produce bioethanol by using enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification method. Bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was more commercial than using any other starch based raw materials because it can be easily collected on Chaung Tha beach in Myanmar without any impact on environment. In this regard, the productivity of bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was determined by separate hydrolysis and fermentation SHF with yeasts. Two types of yeasts were used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for glucose fermentation in brown seaweed and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate N3,N18,N24 were used for mannitol fermentation which consist plenty in brown seaweed. The effects of enzymatic liquefaction, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation on this sample were studied. From the fermentation studies, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. gave the ethanol percent by weight of 2.56 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae only and 4.1 by using mixture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. The maximum yield of crude ethanol was 32.5 by fermentating yeast mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. When it was fermented by just only Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yield of crude ethanol percent was 20.3 . Nway Mon Mon Oo | Tint Tint Kywe "Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum Sp.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28011.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/28011/preparation-of-bioethanol-from-brown-seaweed-sargassum-sp/nway-mon-mon-oo
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Watermelon Waste for Ethano...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
As the world oil reserves are draining day by day, new resources of carbon
and hydrogen must be investigated to supply our energy and industrial needs. An
extensive amount of biomass is accessible in many parts of the world and could be
utilized either directly or as crude material for the production of different fuels. The
motivation behind the present research is to find an appropriate strain for the fermentation
of watermelon waste to get ethanol. Saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
of watermelon waste were carried out simultaneously in the presence of A. niger and
S. cerevisiae (toddy origin and baker’s yeast). Toddy originated S. cerevisiae culture
is found to be more active than that of baker’s yeast. For the ethanol production, the
optimized conditions for different parameters like temperature, time, strain and pH
are finalized.
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Screening, optimization of production and partial characterization of alkalin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bacillus strains isolated from the salteren pond (Kakinada) were screened and identified for high alkaline protease activity. The isolates which were positive on skim milk agar (1%) were selected as protease producing strains. Of the ten bacterial isolates screened, isolate S-8 was observed as a potential haloalkaline protease producer and it was identified as Bacillus cereus strain S8 (MTCC NO: 11901) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic tree analysis and by different biochemical tests. Protease production was enhanced by optimizing the culture conditions. The nutritional factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, NaCl and also physical parameters like temperature, incubation time, pH, inoculum size were optimized for the maximum yield of protease. Studies on the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that maximum protease production was obtained in the medium supplemented with Molasses,1%(w/v); Potassium nitrate, 0.75%(w/v); salt solution- 5%(v/v) {MgSo4.7H2O, 0.5%(w/v); KH2PO4, 0.5%(w/v)}; FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01%(w/v) and CaCO3, 0.5% respectively. Thus, with selected carbon and nitrogen sources along with 1 % NaCl and 2% inoculum the maximum protease production (205.0 U/ml) was obtained in the period of 72 h incubation at pH-12.0 under 160 rpm when compared to the initial enzyme production (165.0 U/ml). The crude enzyme extract of this strain was also characterized with respect to temperature, pH, incubation period and different concentrations of casein which was used as enzyme substrate. This study shows that the enzyme has wide range of pH stability from 8 to 11 with optimum activity at pH-10.0. It is thermostable with optimum activity at 70°C (392U/ml) with 1h incubation of enzyme with 1% casein as its substrate. From the above investigations it was concluded that the protease production by these microorganisms at wide temperatures and pH ranges could be explored for varied industrial applications.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
Similar to Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production from fruit waste (20)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production from fruit waste
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 274
INDUCED MUTATIONAL STUDIES ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM FRUIT WASTE Muralidhar Talkad1, Chethan.C2, Kavya.S3, Qudsiya.S.S4, Aamir Javed5 1P.G. Department of Biotechnology, R&D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, India 2P.G. Department of Biotechnology, R&D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, India 3P.G. Department of Biotechnology, R&D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, India 4P.G. Department of Biotechnology, R&D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, India 5Jr.Embryologist.Base Fertility Medical Science Pvt, Ltd Abstract Rising petroleum costs, trade imbalances and environmental concerns have stimulated efforts to an advance in the microbial production of fuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Ethanol, the most widely used renewable liquid transportation fuel, has only 70 % of the energy content of gasoline and its hygroscopicity makes it incompatible with existing fuel, storage and distribution infrastructure. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the only yeast that can rapidly grow under aerobic as well as in anaerobic conditions. This unique ability plays a major role in various industrial applications of S. cerevisiae, including beer fermentation, wine fermentation and large-scale production of biofuel ethanol. Here we focused on Induced Mutations for Yeast to attain better Bioethanol yield from Fruit waste. We planned for other substrates such as the fruit waste example banana peel, chikko peel, mango peel, pine apple peel and other fruit waste. Ethanol estimated by chromic acid assay, Induction of mutation by EMS &UV. Ethanol estimated by Gas chromatography, Isolation of genomic DNA using mini prep filters. The Results obtained from the Gas Chromatography for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae -EMS & UV Mutated, the Purity level for the Ethanol was found to be 73.5 % & 53.9 % respectively, with acid treatment it showed 53.9 %.The Genomic DNA bands of S. cerevisiae (control) and mutated (UV & EMS) has shown slight variation since, it could be responsible for the higher ethanol production, this method can be utilized for renewable source of energy & domestic wastes with sustainable technology. Key words: Bioethanol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutation by EMS &UV, acid treatment, Gas Chromatography, Genomic DNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Ethanol fuel production is a well-established commercial technology. But it is also a technology that has room to improve. That is why research and development efforts in ethanol fuel production are ongoing. The research areas relating to this technology that continue to be addressed include (1) feedstock; (2) starch hydrolysis and fermentation process design; (3) ethanol and by-product end and (4) site- specific integration of ethanol production with local agricultural economics. Feedstock is the most significant cost element in ethanol production. Questions of possible competition for prime agricultural land, and impacts of ethanol production on food supply and distribution are crucial to the social and economic success of this technology1. Research on integration of ethanol fuel production with agricultural economies could cover a broad range of topics, including feedstock economics and cultivation, plant and equipment design to fit specific local constraints, process fuel sources, impacts on employment and income distribution, and effects on national balance of payments2. Ethanol as a fuel is not optimal; it has low energy content (67% less than gasoline), requires energy to separate from water and is corrosive 3. Therefore, the major goal for biofuel production is to develop an organism or community of organisms that utilizes all of the major components of lignocelluloses and produces a more gasoline-like fuel.
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This project emphasis on the production and use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a liquid fuel, the production of ethanol is a well-established technology; however, the use of ethanol as a liquid fuel is a complex subject4. By treating organic wastes such as the fruit waste and their peels such as the Mango peel, papaya peel, chikoo peel, pine apple peels and banana peels as a resource and applying a different method of waste management5, organic wastes could contribute significantly to global energy needs. The ethanol distillation process has a waste product - spillage; a soup like waste stream that contains substantial organic content6. By digesting this material to optimum efficiency there are three resources recovered biogas (80% methane), biosolids (high in nutrients equivalent to high grade fertilizer) and recyclable water. Therefore if a waste treatment process could convert the waste into recoverable resources; such as methane; then the subsequent methane utilized back in the distillation / production process as a source of energy, this would essentially reduce the cost of producing ethanol in accordance with the true costs being considered 7. Carbon now has a value per ton of emissions established in several markets around the world – these values can be attributed directly to energy use8, by utilizing waste treatment to recover resources, using those resources directly in the operation / process / production, valuing all externalities associated both foregone and utilized;9. In 1908, ford unveiled his model T engine equipped with carburetor that could be adjust to use alcohol, gasoline and the mixture of both fuels10. Hence, the present study was framed to determine the effect of acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification by microbial enzymes and further ethanol fermentation of the obtained hydrolyzates from banana and mango fruit biomass by yeast. The proximate composition of fruit pulp and peels of Banana and Mango have also been studied in order to explore their potential application in bio- ethanol production.11. Some inhibitors present in the hydrolyzate, such as furans and phenolics, can be metabolized by yeast and converted to less inhibitory compounds. This capability is known as in situ detoxification capacity of yeast cells. The in situ detoxification capacity of yeast has been applied to develop a fed-batch process for cultivation of severely inhibiting hydrolyzates12, 13. A continuous mode of operation has been of interest to cultivate the hydrolyzates due to many advantages including higher conversion and faster fermentation rates, reduced product losses and higher volumetric ethanol productivity14. More importantly, the rate of inhibitors addition to the bioreactor can be controlled at the levels beyond the capacity of cells for in situ detoxification when toxic medium such as hydrolyzates are to be fermented. S.cerevisiae displays the Crabtree effect: When it grows on glucose under aerobic conditions, the sugar is largely fermented to ethanol rather than respired. This effect is due in part to the repression at high glucose concentrations of genes encoding respiratory activities. Glucose repression is a complex regulatory system controlling numerous biochemical pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of GAL1 in ethanol production by comparing ethanol production and biomass of the wild-type strain and GAL1 mutants in glucose substrate 15.Thus, nucleic acid based methods that identify species of Saccharomyces independent of morphology are now being developed to augment or replace morphological identification methods. Molecular methods were used for the identification of yeast from products like wine16. However, S. cerevisiae cannot transport and use xylose as a substrate, whereas the isomers of xylose (xylulose and ribulose) can be fermented 17. Raw materials containing sugars or materials which can be transformed into sugars can be used as fermentation substrates. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Microorganism Collection The fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae(NCIM NO.3570) used in this study were procured from National chemical laboratory, Pune. Cultures were maintained on MGYP medium. 2.2 Raw Materials (Substrate) Fruit peels of Banana, Papaya, Chikoo, Mango and Pineapple were collected from a local fruit juice shop were chopped into small pieces and oven dried at 680c for 48hr. The dried peels were powdered in a mixer grinder and stored in bottle at room temperature. Ethanol production estimated by chromic acid assay method in dried fruit peels without treatment followed by Estimation of reducing sugar by DNS method. Ethanol production estimated by chromic acid assay method from dried fruit peels with acid treatment 2.3 Induction of Mutation by EMS Materials required:-Saccharomyces cerevisiae(NCIM NO.3570) Sterile water, MGYP plate, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, Ethyl methanesulfonate, 5% (w/v) sodium thiosulfate (autoclaved),13 × 100–mm culture tube, Vortex, 300c incubator with rotating platform 2.4 Grow and Mutagenize Cells
Grow an overnight culture of the desired yeast strain in 5 ml MGYP medium at 300c.
Determine the density of cell in the culture and record this number Adjust concentration to ~2 × 108 cells/ml if necessary. Transfer 1 ml of the culture to a sterile micro centrifuge tube.
Pellet cells in a micro centrifuge for 5 to 10 sec at maximum speed, room temperature. Discard supernatant and resuspend in 1 ml sterile water. Repeat wash. After the second wash, resuspend cells in 1.5 ml sterile 0.1 M
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sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0.
Add 0.7 ml cell suspension to 1 ml buffer in a 13 × 100– mm culture tube. Save remaining cells on ice for a control.
Add 50 μl EMS to the cells and disperse by vortexing. Place on a rotating platform and incubate 1 hr at 300c. (EMS treatment should cause 40% of the cells to be killed).
Transfer 0.2 ml of the treated cell suspension to a culture tube containing 8ml sterile 5% sodium thiosulfate, which will stop the mutagenesis by inactivation of EMS.
If cells are to be stored before plating, pellet in a tabletop centrifuge 5 min at 3000×g at 40c, resuspend in an equal volume of sterile water and store at 40c.
2.5 Induction of Mutation by UV Materials required:-UV germicidal light bulb (Sylvania G15T8; 254 nm wavelength) or Stratagene UV Cross linker, 230c incubator Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCIM NO.3570), MGYP plate
Grow an overnight culture of the desired yeast strain in 5 ml MGYP medium at 300c.
Determine the density of cell in the culture and record this number Adjust concentration to ~2 × 108 cells/ml if necessary. Transfer 1 ml of the culture to a sterile micro centrifuge tube.
Pellet cells in a micro centrifuge for 5 to 10 sec at maximum speed, room temperature. Discard supernatant and resuspend in 1 ml sterile water. Repeat wash. After the second wash, resuspend cells in 1ml of sterile water.
2.6 Plating
Make serial dilutions of the culture in sterile water so that each plate has 200 to300 viable cells.
Plate 0.1 and 0.2 ml of the diluted cells on separate sets of MGYP plates, using ten plates in each set. Incubate all plates for 3 to 4 days at room temperature.
Irradiate all but two plates from each set with UV light using a dosage of 300 ergs/mm2 (there should be 40% to 70% survival). The nonirradiated plates will serve as controls to determine the degree of killing by the UV light.
Fig: 1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae- mutagenized plates compared with control
2.7 Ethanol Production Estimation by Chromic Acid Assay Method from Dried Fruit Peels without Treatment with Mutated Culture
25 gm of mixed fruit peels powder (containing 5gm of each pineapple, mango, chikoo, papaya and banana) was weighed and dissolved in five 500ml conical flask each containing 250 ml distilled water and left for overnight at room temperature for sugar to release.
The amount of free sugar released was determined by DNS method.
The above content was autoclaved at 1210c at 15lbs for 15 minute.
The content was allowed to cool and 10% inoculums of 24hr old mutated(EMS+UV) culture S.cerevisiae were inoculated in five separate 500ml conical flask containing sterilize medium.
The medium was incubated for 7days at 280c in rotary shaker for fermentation to occur.
After 7 days of incubation the broth was filtered through muslin cloth and centrifuged at 5000rpm for 5 minute to remove cell and suspended particles.
The supernatant was collected and distilled at 780c to get ethanol.
2.8 Ethanol Estimation by Gas Chromatography
Ethanol production was analyzed by Gas chromatography using ECD detector. The mobile was carrier gas. Aliquots of 20μl were injected in to the capillary column. The flow rate was adjusted to 2bar, pressure 5lb/in2 and oven temperature oven temp--80C.
2.9 Genomic DNA Analysis by Agarose gel Electrophoresis Isolation of Genomic DNA using Mini Prep Filters
Rock Amnion Bioscience KIT-DNA Isolation Take 5ml of 24hr old cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCIM NO.3570)
Centrifuge 2 ml each in the same eppendroff tube at 10000rpm for 1 min (twice).
Discard the supernatant and keep the pellet.
To pellet, do dry spin at 2000 rpm for 1 min.
Drain out the remaining media by leaving at room temperature for 5 minute.
To pellet add 800μl of the homogenizing buffer.
Mix with pipette tips gently for uniform mixing.
Keep the tube in water bath temp 55-650c.
Now to the tube add 1ml of the lysis buffer and mix gently and keep it on water bath at 55-650c.
Now centrifuge the tube at 10000rpm for the 1 min.
Keep the Supernatant and discard the pellet (1800μl).
Now add 600μl of the supernatant to the mini prep filters and centrifuge at 10000rpm for 1 min and through the
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filtrate
To the same mini prep filters and do the spin at 10000rpm for 1 min (thrice).
Now to the column add 100μl of the wash buffer (twice).
Now finally add 50μl of the 5mM of 50Ul of the Milli Q water to elude the final DNA.
Observed DNA bands under trans- illuminator
3. RESULTS The Gas Chromatography for the sample Saccharomyces cerevisiae -EMS Mutated, it was found that the Purity level for the Ethanol was found to be 73.5 % and the Retention Time [min] was found to be 0.783, Area [mV.s] 1184.2, Height [mV] 429 and Area [%] 40.00, the Gas Chromatography for the sample Saccharomyces cerevisiae – with acid treatment it was found that the Purity level for the Ethanol was found to be 53.9 % and the Retention Time [min] was found to be 0.857, Area [mV.s] 2000.19, Height [mV] 700.9 and Area [%] 76.90, the Gas Chromatography for the sample Saccharomyces cerevisiae –Without Acid treatment it was found that the Purity level for the Ethanol was found to be 29.4 % and the Retention Time [min] was found to be 0.883, Area [mV.s] 3133.8, Height [mV] 1093.3 and Area [%] 92.6, the Gas Chromatography for the sample Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Mutated UV it was found that the Purity level for the Ethanol was found to be 53.9 % and the Retention Time [min] was found to be1.593, Area [mV.s] 2009.3, Height [mV] 732.3 and Area [%] 98.9. Fig: 2 the analytical reagent absolute ethanol was used as a standard .
Fig: 3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae -EMS Mutated Fig: 4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Mutated UV Note the Fig: 1. for Saccharomyces cerevisiae- was subjected for EMS & UV mutagenized plates compared with control. GC analysis figures: The analytical reagent absolute ethanol was purchased from Changshu YangYuan China and was used as a standard (fig 2). Fig: 3 are Saccharomyces cerevisiae -EMS Mutated and Fig: 4 were Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Mutated UV 4. DISCUSSION The amount of Reducing Sugar was found to be 500 mg /ml and 125g/250ml of sample without acid treatment. The amount of reducing sugar was found to be 750mg/ml and 187.5g/250ml of sample with acid treatment.Hence from the above result it can be concluded that the amount of reducing sugar is more in acid treated sample compared to without acid treated sample ,which means that the effect of the acid treatment on fruit peel i.e,lignocellousic materials breaks down the complex polysaccharides (Cellulose, Hemicellulose & Lignin ) to simple sugar(Glucose & Fructose) , due to which the amount of sugar present in the acid treated sample is found to be more compared to the none acid treated sample ,which can be finally estimated by the DNS Method .
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Observation from Chromic Acid Assay revealed the percentage of ethanol produced by S.cerevisiae for non acid treated 12 % and,the percentage of ethanol produced by S.cerevisiae for acid treated sapmple was found to be 12 % respectively. Hence from the above result it shows that the percentage of ethanol produced from acid treated sample is more compared to non acid treated sample, because of more amount of simple sugar present in the acid treated sample . 5. CONCLUSIONS In this present study, efforts were made to identify the fruit wastes as potential raw material for bio ethanol production and the results showed that mixed ripened fruit biomass of banana and mango can yield a good percentage of ethanol. The main objective of our research was to induce mutation on the organism. The mutation processes in carried out by EMS and UV. Finally the amount of ethanol produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae on EMS treatment is 73.50 %, the amount of sugar present in non acid treated sample is 125gm/250ml and amount of sugar present in acid treated sample is 187.5gm/250ml. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to Dr. Premchandra Sagar, Vice Chairman, Dayananda Sagar Institutions and Dr. Krishna Gowda, Director, Dayananda Sagar College of Biological Sciences, Bangalore-560078, India, for their immense guidance and support for this project REFERENCES
[1] Joshi, S.S., Dhopeshwarkar, R., Jadhav, U., Jadhav, R.,D'souza, L.,& Dixit, J. Continuous ethanol production by fermentation of waste banana peels using flocculating yeast. I J CHEM T. 2001. 8(3): 153 156.
[2] Akin-Osanaiye, B.C., Nzelibe, H.C., &Agbaji, A.S. Production of ethanol from (pawpaw) agro waste: effect of saccharification and different treatments on ethanol yield. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005.. 4: 57 59. [3] Somerville C. Biofuels. Curr Biol. 2007. l 17(4):9. .
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Muralidhar. T.S. Professor & Head. Post Graduate, Dept of Biotechnology. Dayananda Sagar Institutions, A doctoral degree holder in Reproductive behavior and Pathophysiology. Nearly 24 years of Research and Teaching experience in Toxicology, Phyto-Pharmacology, Biotechnology, Histopathology and Herbal Products. Has contributed 27 Research Articles and merited publication in International and National journals
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 279
Mr.Chethan Chowdary. P.G. Student of Biotechnology, Actively involved in academic and Research activities, he attended many seminars and presented papers, for his dissertation in MSc – he is working on microbial degradation of plastic and domestic waste with relative microbial gene expression and mutation induction studies.
Ms. Kavya Sudarshan.P.G. Student of Biotechnology, Actively involved in academic and Research activities, she attended many seminars and presented papers, for her dissertation in MSc –She is working on microbial degradation of plastic and domestic waste with relative microbes, followed by mutation induction studies.
Ms. Qudsiya Sayed Siraj. P.G. Student of Biotechnology, Actively involved in academic and Research activities, she attended many seminars and presented papers, for her dissertation in MSc –she is working on microbial Degradation of plastic and domestic waste with relative microbes, i.e., Pseudomonas followed by UV & EMS induced mutation studies.
Mr. Aamir Javed, Working as a Jr. Embryologist, Base Fertility Medical Science Pvt, Ltd. He has completed his Masters in Biotechnology, and a specialization in Synthetic Biology. He is presently using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to help with infertility. An active researcher, who has 12 International Publications, 8 Copyrighted to his credit, one of his paper got published in project Phoenix Portugal.