IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
formulation and evaluation of microbeadsgurleen kaur
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Microsponge Gel For...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Novel Polymeric Prodrugs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Solid-State Copolym...inventionjournals
:We developed the novel polymeric prodrugs synthesized by mechanochemical solid-state copolymerization of glucose-based polysaccharides (dextran orglycogen) and the methacryloyloxy derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The copolymerization proceededreadily and each polymeric prodrug was quantitatively obtained within8 h reaction. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (H) of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextran was 24,000 g/mol and 5.10, respectively. The number average particle diameter of the polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen was 14.9 nm. The hydrolysis profiles of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextranapparently followed the first-order kinetics, and 100% drug release was observed under the experimental condition used. The polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen also continued to release 5-FU at the first-order rate up to 5 h, followed by its rate constant decreased gradually. These results suggest that lower accessibility of water molecules for the synthetic polymer chains inside the glycogen particle might cause the gradual decrease of drug release rate.
Microsponge containing acyclovir sodium as active
constituent with four different formulation by changing the properties of drug(acyclovir sodium), polymer(ethyl cellulose), emulsifier(PVA) were obtained using emulsion solvent
diffusion method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
formulation and evaluation of microbeadsgurleen kaur
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Formulation and evaluation ofmetformin HCl micro beads by ionotropic gelation...Sagar Savale
The Metformin HCL Micro Beads is formulated by the Ionotropic Gelation Method. The CMC is a Swellable
polymer is responsible for the Sustained release action or activity. A combination of CMC (Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose) and Sodium Alginate shows better sustained release activity. The PreparedSustained released Micro
Beadsis Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index, Swelling Index, Drug
Content, % Encapsulation Efficiency and vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to
Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The Drug Content and % Encapsulation Efficiency values are
within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug
(71.15) with in end of 4 Hours.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Microsponge Gel For...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Novel Polymeric Prodrugs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Solid-State Copolym...inventionjournals
:We developed the novel polymeric prodrugs synthesized by mechanochemical solid-state copolymerization of glucose-based polysaccharides (dextran orglycogen) and the methacryloyloxy derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The copolymerization proceededreadily and each polymeric prodrug was quantitatively obtained within8 h reaction. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (H) of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextran was 24,000 g/mol and 5.10, respectively. The number average particle diameter of the polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen was 14.9 nm. The hydrolysis profiles of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextranapparently followed the first-order kinetics, and 100% drug release was observed under the experimental condition used. The polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen also continued to release 5-FU at the first-order rate up to 5 h, followed by its rate constant decreased gradually. These results suggest that lower accessibility of water molecules for the synthetic polymer chains inside the glycogen particle might cause the gradual decrease of drug release rate.
Microsponge containing acyclovir sodium as active
constituent with four different formulation by changing the properties of drug(acyclovir sodium), polymer(ethyl cellulose), emulsifier(PVA) were obtained using emulsion solvent
diffusion method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) from the Residual Biogas Power P...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) from the residue of
biogas power plants generated by the Palm Oil Mill as the
waste is still a problem in the processing environment and the
environmental impact. However, POME waste still contains
nutrients which are essential to the growth of microalgae as a
growing medium. Utilization of POME can improve the
growth of microalgae Botryococcus braunii compared to
conventional media. By doing this project, the cost used by the
palm oil mill waste management can be reduced and even be
able to provide profits for palm oil mill and also can reduce
the negative impact on the environment. The study was
conducted at the Microalgae Laboratory of SBRC - IPB in
September-Oktober 2018. Botryococcus braunii was cultivated
in 1,000 ml erlenmeyer compared to standard medium as the
control solution of 0.1% POME from the residue biogas power
plants. Observation of Botryococcus braunii growth curve has
carried out in accordance. Studies were arranged in CRD,
with three replication. The results showed that the rate of
Botryococcus braunii growth in POME is higher than the
control for 2.7x106
sel/ml. And lipid extraction using osmotic
shock method with HCl and CH3COONa as osmotic agents in
concentrations of 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 M, the highest yield of 0.108 g
was obtained on the osmotic agent CH3COONa 0.3 M.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS USING RADIAL AND VERTICAL FLOW REGIME REACTORSIAEME Publication
Batch and continuous processes were conducted to study the adsorption of methylene blue dye on to three adsorbent materials, commercial activated carbon, chemically activated corncob carbon with phosphoric acid and ion exchange resin (akualite). Batch processes were established to show the effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed and initial dye concentration. Two isotherm models, Freundlich and Langmuir fitted with the experimental data found from batch processes, the Langmuir model fitted well than the Freundlich, with maximum adsorption capacities of 16.21, 30.95 and 77.52 mg/g and R2 of 0.952, 0.992 and 0.995 predicted by commercial activated carbon, corncob activated carbon akualite respectively.
Study on the Most Efficient Method, for Chemistry Laboratories, on the Recove...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Waste management and treatment programs are increasingly relevant, taking into account the global scenario. However, the use of the concept of 3R (Reduction, Reuse and Recycling) still needs to be implemented in university labs. The use of this concept can avoid environmental contamination and thus promote operator and community safety. In this perspective, the present work intends to define an adequate methodology for the reuse of N-heptane used in petroleum analyzes. Methodologies will be compared using rotary evaporator and fractional distillation. The treated residues contained crude oil and n-Heptane, being recovered by fractional distillation under two conditions. In condition 1 a column 80.0 cm long and 6.0 cm in diameter was filled with glass rings and in condition 2 with Raschig rings in stainless steel. The second methodology used a conventional rotary evaporator. The analyzed responses were: the total time of the process, the recovered percentage of n-Heptane and its degree of purity, evaluated by gas chromatography. This study allowed to demonstrate the most appropriate methodology for the treatment of this residue and the economic advantages resulting from the effluent minimization.
coir fibers tech has improved so much it can produce micro fibers from petroleum that can be upgraded into artificialleather that can mimic naturalleather
Biocompatibility of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Synthesized In Polymerization Unit B...IJERA Editor
The absorbable polyacid is one of the most used and studied materials in tissue engineering. This work
synthesized a poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) through ring-opening polymerization and produced nanofibers by the
electrospinning process. The PLLA was analyzed by FTIR and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay
and Live/Dead®. The hemocompatibility was tested by platelet adhesion and hemolytic activity assay. The tests
were performed in contact with human mesenchymal cells at varying times. The high rates of cell viability and
proliferation shown by MTT and Live/Dead® tests demonstrate that this PLLA is a non-toxic material and the
hemocompatibility assay revealed that the biomaterial was also biocompatible. It was achieved as well the
successful production of electrospinning nanofibers, which can be converted for specific biomedical applications
in the future
TITLE PAGETABLE OF CONTENTSContentsTITLE PAGE1TABLE OTakishaPeck109
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TITLE PAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
LIST OF FIGURES 5
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF EQUATIONS 7
Abstract 8
1.0. Introduction 9
2.0. Microalgae harvesting method 10
2.1. Common harvesting technology 10
2.1.1. Centrifugation 10
2.1.2. Sedimentation 11
2.1.3. Flocculation 11
2.1.4. Flotation 13
2.1.5. Filtration 14
2.2. New Emerging Microalgae Biomass Harvesting Techniques 15
2.2.1. Flocculation using magnetic microparticles 16
2.2.2. Flocculation by natural biopolymer 17
2.2.3. Electrical approach 18
3.0. Extraction and Analysis of Lipid from Microalgae Biomass 20
3.1. Lipid extraction 21
3.1.1. Mechanical extraction 21
3.1.2. Chemical/solvent extraction 23
3.1.3. New emerging green solvents systems and process intensification techniques for lipids extraction from microalgae 25
4.0. Heterogeneous transesterification catalysts 29
4.1. Solid Bases Transesterification 33
4.2. Solid Acids Transesterification 35
4.3. Heterogeneous transesterification of algae oil 36
5.0. Reactors 44
5.1. Influence of reactor design and operating conditions 44
6.0. Conclusions 51
References 54
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Flowsheet for biodiesel production from microalgae. Some intensified process techniques highlighted may reduce some downstream steps as it would render the dewatering step unneeded. i.e. MAE – Microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Enzyme assisted extraction (EAE), Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), Surfactant assisted extraction 27
Figure 2:Flow sheet of an oscillatory baffled reactor and it mixing features. Also illustrating the solid acid catalyst PrSO3H-SBA-15 undergoing no oscillation but sedimentation and or with about 4.5Hz oscillation traped in the baffles. Figures exuracted from (Eze et al., 2013) 47
Figure 3: Diagram of membrane reactors for producing biodiesel in transesterification reaction through (a) Solid acid catalyst and (b) base catalysts.49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Performance comparison of flotation techniques14
Table 2: Performance comparison of filtration methods15
Table 3: Performance of flocculation using biopolymer17
Table 4: performance comparisons for microalgae biomass harvesting by various electrical methods operated in just 1 hour19
Table 5: Reported catalyst used for heterogenous transesterification reaction on various feedstocks30
Table 6: The effect of calcination temperature on the performance of WO3/ZrO2 catalyst (Jothiramalingam & Wang, 2009).39
Table 7: Literature review on biodiesel production via heterogenous catalyst41
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation 1: Chemical equation showing production of biodiesel from any bio oil 32
Equation 2: Reaction mechanism of transesterification via base catalyst (denoted Y) in the equation. 33
Abstract
The dwindling rate of our fossil fuel reserves and general believe of major contribution of CO2 emissions which is linked to the climate change due to the burning of such carbon sources in engines eithe ...
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN REMOVERS AGENTS OF SILICON INTO THE SYNTHESIS OF MI...David Macias Ferrer
The present study deals with a comparison between HF and NaOH with different concentration, as removers agents of silicon into the synthesis of micro/nano-structured pyrolytic carbon (MNC) via nanocasting method,
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Ev33889894
1. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
889 | P a g e
Phenylalanine Imprinted Microbeads Prepared by Shaking
Method
Nasrullah Shah*
, Mazhar UlIslam**
, Muhammad Haneef***
, Zahid
Hussain*
, Muhammad Balal*
and Joong Kon Park**
*
(Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan)
**
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea)
***
(Department of Physics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan)
ABSTRACT
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)
technology is an emerging tool for the
separation and isolation of structurally related
compounds. MIP beads are considered useful in
HPLC, CC, SEC, TLC, drug delivery systems as
well as in chemical and biosensors. In this work
a new shaking method using baffle flask as
reactor for suspension polymerization for the
preparation of MIP microbeads has been
developed. This attempt proved to be simple,
cheap and has greatly reduced the chances of
oxygen entrapment during polymerization
process. Characterization of the prepared non-
imprinted beads (NIBs), D-Phe imprinted beads
(DIBs) and L-Phe imprinted beads (LIBs) was
made with SEM and FTIR analysis. Round
shape, porous structure beads with a size
distribution of 1-12 µm have been synthesized.
The prepared DIBs and LIBs were used for the
separation of D, L-Phe racemic mixture and
showed good adsorption capacity (0.109 and
0.128 mg/g respectively) and adsorption
selectivity (1.271 and 1.303 respectively)
compared to NIBs with adsorption capacity
0.063 mg/g and adsorption selectivity 0.969.
Keywords- D-Phe imprinted microbeads, L-Phe
imprinted microbeads, shaking method
I. INTRODUCTION
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)
often have affinity and selectivity comparable to
those exhibited by poly- or mono-clonal antibodies.
MIPs are less expensive and quicker to prepare
than biological receptors. Furthermore, they can
stand at much harsher conditions than antibodies,
such as high temperature, pressure, extreme pH,
and organic solvents [1]. The promising areas of
application of imprinted polymers include
chromatography, biosensors, catalysis, and
immunoassays [2, 3].
MIPs prepared as bulk material require
crushing or grinding and sieving. This process is
economically not feasible. A lot of material is
wasted and particles of irregular shapes are
obtained which are not ideal for many
chromatographic purposes [4, 5].
To get maximum yield of MIPs with efficient
separation ability and useful for variety of
applications the formation of microbeads is of great
importance. The MIP microbeads can be used
directly after synthesis and washing [5-8]. In
current time, much effort has been devoted in
developing novel alternative methods to prepare
imprinted stationary phases, which have high
efficiency and better mass transfer properties.
Spherical imprinted polymers (beads) of very
minute size have been prepared through several
techniques, such as multistep swelling, suspension
polymerization, dispersion, precipitation, emulsion
and miniemulsion techniques etc [9-11].
Suspension polymerization is much better and
relatively simple method used for the preparation
of molecularly imprinted beads. This method does
not require the common tedious mechanical
grinding process. Sufficiently dilute system leads to
the formation of, uniform sized beads. MIP beads
using different template molecules have been
prepared by the suspension polymerization in a
continuous aqueous or non aqueous phase in the
presence of suspension stabilizer [12-15].
Suspension polymerization methods for
producing beads offer a striking alternative to bulk
polymerization [15-21]. The suspension methods
can produce a higher yield of particles with
superior chromatographic characteristics [22].
Moral and Mayes studied the performance of
imprinted polymer particles prepared by different
polymerization methods. They concluded that the
overall performance of suspension polymerization
showed better results for propranolol rebinding in
aqueous solution as well as in organic solution
[23]. Different techniques such as stirring,
sonication, agitation method employ suspension
method for preparing imprinted microbeads.
However, to further simplify the processes and to
achieve good results other simpler techniques need
to be developed.
In the present study an effort is made to
prepare D and L-Phe imprinted microbeads by
suspension polymerization employing a simple and
economically feasible reactor and procedure. D and
L-Phe imprinted microbeads were prepared by
shaking method employing baffle flask as a reactor.
2. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
890 | P a g e
Both D and L-Phe imprinted microbeads used for
the separation of respective enantiomers. The
characterization was conducted by FE-SEM and
FTIR analyses.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Chemicals and reagents
D-Phenylalanine (D-Phe), L-Phe, D,L-
Phe, methacrylic acid (MAA),
ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA), and
trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA); 2,2-
azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was obtained from
Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Japan); toluene was the
product of Duksun Pure Chemical Co., (Korea);
SDS was from Fluka (Switzerland), polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) and copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O)
were obtained from Yakuri Pure Chemicals Co.,
(Osaka, Japan). All reagents used were of
analytical reagent grade.
2. Polymerization process and beads
preparation
The aqueous and organic solutions were prepared
by the same method as reported in our previous
study [8, 24]. The prepared solutions were then
mixed in the baffle flask and shaked at 200 rpm at
25˚C in shaking incubator for 10 mins. The mixed
solution was then sonicated under N2 supply for
five minutes to remove any oxygen present in the
solution. After N2 passing the baffle flasks
containing the solutions were tightly sealed with
aluminum foil and were putted in the shaking
incubator at 200 rpm and 60˚C temperature for 24
hours for complete polymerization. This method
was followed for the preparation of both D-Phe and
L-Phe imprinted microbeads (DIBs and LIBs
respectively). The diagrammatic representation is
given Fig 1.
Fig 1. Illustration of recognition sites formation in the Phe imprinted P(MMA-co-EGDMA) microbeads matrix
after removal of template molecules.
3. Washing and removal of template
After polymerization the prepared DIBs
and LIBs were washed with 5.0% ethanol solution
to remove the unreacted chemicals. Similarly, 5.0%
aqueous solution of acetic acid was used for the
extraction of template (D-Phe/L-Phe) molecules.
This was followed by washing with distilled water
until all the acetic acid was removed from the
beads. The removal of acetic acid was checked by
pH measurement.
4. Adsorption experiment
An amount of 0.6 g of freeze dried beads
was taken and soaked in 5 mL of 100 ppm Phe
recemate solution having pH 6 for 3 hours in a
shaking incubator at 150 rpm and 25˚C.
5. Characterization and analysis
FE-SEM micrographs were taken with
HITACHI (Japan) S-4300 Field Emission Electron
Microscope to study surface morphology. The size
distribution ratios were determined from FE-SEM
micrographs. The analysis of the racemic solution
after adsorption experiment was performed with
HPLC/UV system. FTIR ART spectrometer was
used for structural or functional group analysis of
the prepared microbeads.
6. HPLC Analysis
The amounts of D-Phe and L-Phe in the
obtained samples were determined with HPLC
equipped with an M930 solvent delivery pump and
M720 UV absorbance detector (Young-Lin
Instruments, Anyang, Korea). A TSK gel Enantio
L2 column (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) with dimensions
of 4.6mm×250 mm was used. From HPLC results
the adsorbed amount of enantiomers and adsorption
selectivity of the prepared LIBs, DIBs and NIBs
were calculated by the following equations [20].
III. EQUATIONS
1. Amount of Phe adsorbed
WVCeCiQ / (1)
Where Q is the amount of D- or L-Phe adsorbed on
3. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
891 | P a g e
the beads (mg g-1
), while Ci and Ce are the initial
concentration (mg L-1
) in feed solution and
concentration (mg L-1
) after adsorption
respectively. V is the volume in liter and W is the
dry weight in grams.
2. Adsorption selectivity
enantiomerCounterTemplate
QQ
ads
/
2/1
(2)
Where α ads is the adsorption selectivity, (Q1) and
(Q2) are the amounts (mg) of template and the
counter enantiomer adsorbed per 1 g of dry beads,
respectively and [Template]/[Counter enantiomer]
is the ratio of concentration (mg L-1
) of template
and counter enantiomer.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use of baffle flask as a reactor and the
shaking method maintained uniform mixing of
chemicals for proper polymerization. This method
also reduced the radical scavenging by the
atmospheric oxygen which is a big problem in
other techniques. The creation of the inert medium
at the start of polymerization and then sealing of
the reactor was enough for complete and safe
polymerization. Contrary to the stirring method
here no separate heating system and special reactor
were required. This newly introduced shaking
method may also be helpful for conducting other
polymerization process involving the use of free
radical polymerization. In this method the prior
sonication process caused micro size droplets
which acted a micro reaction chambers and resulted
in micron sized MIP beads.
The SEM micrographs represented as Fig.
2 indicate that the present method resulted in round
shape beads with porous surfaces. Beads size
distribution ratio indicates that most of the beads
are in the range 0.10 to 12 µm. Fig. 3 shows that
the ratio of the beads in the range of 3 to 6 µm is
the highest. Hence these beads are suitable for use
as stationary phases in chromatographic techniques
and other useful applications. Contrary to the
conventional stirring method where breaking down
of beads occur as a result of mechanical stress
applied during stirring the beads remained safe in
the present study. The prepared DIBs and LIBs are
suitable for using in various chromatographic
techniques and can also be applicable in preparing
biochemical sensors.
From Table 1 it is clear that both DIBs and LIBs
showed selective adsorption for template
molecules. The adsorption capacity of imprinted
microbeads (DIBs and LIBs) is ≥1.3 times higher
than NIBs. Similarly, it is also evident that the
adsorption capacity and the adsorption selectivity
of the LIBs is relatively high compared to the DIBS
[25, 26].
FTIR spectra shown in Fig. 4 (a), (b) and (c)
illustrate the functional groups present in the
prepared Phe imprinted beads. The spectra revealed
that compared to non-imprinted beads the Phe
imprinted beads exhibited broad and intense peaks
for -CO- and OH groups which are mainly
responsible for template bonding. Thus the FTIR
spectra act as a clue for active imprinting achieved
in the imprinted polymers compared to non-
imprinted polymers.
The FT-IR spectra of the prepared beads are given
in Fig. 4 (a), (b) and (c) in which the peak at
~3600 cm−1
represents OH stretching of free
carboxylic group derived from MAA (functional
monomer), while the peak at ~1,730 cm−1
stand for
C=O stretching. The peaks at ~1,240 and ~1,145
cm−1
were assigned to the CO bending of ester
group and CO stretching of COOH and ester
groups. The small absorption bands at ~951, ~806,
and ~753 cm−1
were attributed to C-CH3 rocking,
CH bending (vinyl out of plane), and CH2 rocking,
respectively. Similar results were also obtained in
previously reported studies [25, 27] related to the
imprinted Poly(MAA-co-EGDMA) polymers.
From these spectra, it is clear that the hydroxyl
peak at ~3,600 cm−1
for LIBs and DIBs is visible
than that for NIBs. Similarly, the intensities of
other absorption peaks at ~1,730, ~1,240 and
~1,145 cm−1
which correspond to C=O and CO
groups, respectively, were also found to be higher
in case of LIBs and DIBs compared to NIBs. This
indirectly confirms the formation of recognition
sites in the LIBs and DIBs because of the existence
of a large population of free carboxyl groups after
template removal [25, 27].
4. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
892 | P a g e
Fig. 2. (a) to (d). FE-SEM images for the size and morphological study of the beads prepared by shaking baffle
flask method.
Fig. 3. Size distribution of MIP microbeads prepared by shaking method of suspension polymerization where (a)
DIBs (b) LIBs
(a)
Wave number (cm
-1
)
1000200030004000
%T
96
98
100
102
104 (b)
Wave number (cm-1
)
1000200030004000
%T
96
98
100
102
104
D-Phe Beads Size Distribution
Beads Size
0.1~3µm 3~6µm 6~9µm 9~12µm
PercentageinNumber[%]
0
10
20
30
40
L-Phe Beads Size Distribution
Beads Size
0.1~3µm 3~6µm 6~9µm 9~12µm
PercentageinNumber[%]
0
10
20
30
40
50
5. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
893 | P a g e
(c)
Wave number (cm-1
)
1000200030004000
%T
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of (a) NIBs (b) DIBs and (c) LIBs prepared by shaking flask method.
Table 1. Adsorption capacity and selectivity of NIBs, DIBs and LIBs prepared by suspension polymerization
employing shaking method at 200 rpm, 60 o
C for 24 h.
Microbeads Phe enantiomer
Adsorption capacity Q(mg/g
dry wt)
Adsorption selectivity (α)
NIBs
D-Phe 0.031
0.969
L-Phe 0.032
DIBs
D-Phe 0.061
1.271
L-Phe 0.048
LIBs
D-Phe 0.055
1.303
L-Phe 0.073
V. CONCLUSION
An economically feasible and simple
shaking method for suspension polymerization was
successfully employed for the preparation of DIBs
and LIBs. The wastage of product was small and
size distribution ratio was favorable. Both DIBs
and LIBs showed selective adsorption for their
respective template molecules. The adsorption
capacity and the adsorption selectivity of L-Phe
imprinted beads was relatively high compared to
the D-Phe imprinted beads. FTIR analysis
supported the formation of specific functional
groups in the prepared imprinted polymer
microbeads. Besides synthesizing imprinted
polymers this technique will also be feasible for
other polymerization techniques involving risk of
radical scavenging.
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6. Nasrullah Shah, Mazhar UlIslam, Muhammad Haneef, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Balal,
Joong Kon Park / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.889-894
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