Marine chemistrysnotes1011
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Chemical oceanography is the study of interactions between elements and the world's oceans. Seawater contains nearly every element on Earth and has a consistent salt concentration of around 35 parts per thousand. Ocean water properties like temperature, salinity, and density vary with depth. Chemical oceanographers sample the ocean using devices like CTD rosettes and Niskin bottles to study problems like hypoxia and dead zones caused by low dissolved oxygen levels.
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This study measured nitrate levels in a lake and river before and after an extreme precipitation event. Nitrate levels were higher after the event in both water bodies. The lake levels increased from 0.079-0.469 mg/L before the event to 0.469 mg/L after, while the river increased from 0.211-0.791 mg/L. The results suggest precipitation can increase nitrate levels in surface waters. Further study over longer periods is needed to better understand the impacts.
Properties of water ppt
Water is a polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds between other water molecules. This gives water unusual properties like being a universal solvent, having high surface tension and heat of vaporization. The hydrogen bonds allow water molecules to bond together through cohesion and adhesion, enabling plants to transport water against gravity. Water's density also prevents freezing from the bottom up, making environments more stable for aquatic organisms.
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water characteristics and sampling water
The document discusses water quality characteristics including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Some key points:
- Physical characteristics include turbidity, color, taste, odor, and temperature. Turbidity is caused by suspended solids and affects water clarity.
- Common chemical characteristics are total solids, alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, hardness, chloride, and fluoride. Alkalinity measures ability to neutralize acids.
- Biological characteristics include bacteria, viruses, algae, and protozoa. Some bacteria and protozoa can cause diseases if water is consumed.
- Water quality is important as pollution can make water unsuitable for uses like drinking. Standards exist to regulate
Importance of Water in Animal Body.pdf
The document discusses water concentration in various organisms and stages of life. It notes that water concentration is highest in embryos at 95% and decreases to around 50% in adults. It also outlines several essential functions of water in the body, including maintaining temperature, absorbing nutrients, and removing waste. Water intake comes from drinking water, water in feed, and metabolic water. Within the body, 70% of water is intracellular and 30% is extracellular, with 3/4 of extracellular water located in interstitial spaces and 1/4 in blood plasma. Thirst and ADH regulate water balance.
Oceanography2 1
The document discusses the composition and properties of seawater. It notes that seawater consists of approximately 3.5% dissolved mineral salts. The average salinity of seawater is 35 parts per thousand. The primary sources of these dissolved substances are the chemical weathering of rocks and volcanic outgassing from Earth's interior. Salinity, temperature, and density vary spatially and temporally in the ocean and influence water layering and circulation patterns.
Hydrology
- 97% of Earth's water is salt water found in oceans and seas, while only 3% is freshwater. Most freshwater is frozen in glaciers and ice sheets near the poles.
- Water cycles between the hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and land) through the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. This is known as the water or hydrologic cycle.
- The water cycle involves water evaporating from surfaces, transpiring from plants, condensing in clouds, and falling as precipitation to then collect and flow across the land and into oceans, only to repeat the cycle.
Hydrology
- 97% of Earth's water is salt water found in oceans and seas, while only 3% is freshwater. Most freshwater is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.
- Water cycles between the hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and land) through the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. This is known as the water or hydrologic cycle.
- The document discusses the water cycle in detail and provides examples of how it can be observed, such as through the formation and evaporation of puddles. It also defines the four processes involved and how they work.
Gen Chem 1 COT 1 Water Properties Lesson plan
Unique properties of water
Water is polar. ...
Water is an excellent solvent. ...
Water has high heat capacity. ...
Water has high heat of vaporization. ...
Water has cohesive and adhesive properties. ...
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
Properties_of_Ocean_Water_2017_A-F.pptx
Ocean water is a mixture of gases, salts, and minerals dissolved in water. The average salinity is 35 parts per thousand, ranging from 33-38 ppt depending on evaporation and freshwater input. Salinity increases with depth and influences ocean layering, with warmer, fresher water at the surface and colder, saltier water in the deep zone. Density increases with depth and salinity, and decreases with temperature, influencing global ocean circulation patterns.
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Hurricanes
Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters between 15 and 200 latitude from the equator when low pressure systems allow warm, humid air to rise and condense. They have a circular structure with counterclockwise spinning winds in the Northern Hemisphere that can be hundreds of miles wide. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but weaken when making landfall or interacting with strong upper level winds or cooler waters. They can cause extensive wind damage, flooding from heavy rains, and storm surges that become especially destructive during high tides.
History of Ocean Adventures
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
Plankton PowerPoint
Plankton are tiny organisms that drift or float in the waters of seas, lakes, and rivers. They can be either autotrophs, which produce their own food through photosynthesis (phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates), or heterotrophs, which consume other organisms for food (zooplankton like tiny crustaceans). Phytoplankton are the base of the oceanic food web and are found in the photic zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Some phytoplankton can bloom rapidly and be dangerous. Plankton play an important role in marine ecosystems.
Introduction to biological oceanography notes
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in biological oceanography, including evolution, causes of evolution, and evidence of evolution. It defines evolution as change over time that occurs between species through processes like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and non-random mating. The document also discusses concepts like overproduction, competition, genetic variation, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, classification, and the criteria used to place organisms into kingdoms.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Marine algae
This document provides information about marine algae. It describes the different parts of an algae's thallus including the holdfast, blade, and stipe. It notes that algae can have air bladders to assist with buoyancy. It states that algae are autotrophs that belong to the kingdom Protista or Plantae. There are three main types of algae - green algae, red algae, and brown algae - which differ in their pigments, habitats, and examples. It compares key differences between algae and land plants such as their access to water, support structures, anchoring mechanisms, and reproductive organs.
Waves notes
This document discusses different types of waves, including their causes, characteristics, and behaviors. It defines key wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, and period. Wave size is determined by wind strength, duration, and fetch. Deep water waves travel in orbits while shallow water waves feel the bottom and change shape as they reach shore. Breakers come in spilling, plunging, and surging types. Longshore currents move sand along beaches, while rip currents pull water back out to sea. Tsunamis and rogue waves present unique wave hazards.
Fisheries notes
This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
Light in the ocean
Most life in the oceans depends on sunlight that autotrophs are able to capture through pigments to photosynthesize and produce food. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing autotrophs to live at varying depths where certain wavelengths penetrate deepest. The rate of photosynthesis must exceed the rate of respiration for phytoplankton to survive, setting a compensation depth above which they can thrive. Coastal waters often have higher turbidity than the open ocean due to sediment and inputs that cloud the water and limit sunlight penetration.
Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.
Composition of seawater
The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.
Salinity notes
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
Properties of seawater
Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4°C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.
12 plate tectonics notes
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.
9 zonation in the ocean
The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.
Sea turtles
There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.
Whales
Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.
Fish morphology
This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.
Meet the arthropoda
This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.
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Marine chemistrysnotes1011
- 2. Lets take a quiz to see how much you know! http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sc3.html (1) Water contracts (gets smaller) when it freezes. (2) Water has a high surface tension. (3) Condensation is water coming out of the air. (4) More things can be dissolved in sulfuric acid than in water. (5) Rainwater is the purest form of water. (6) It takes more energy to heat water at room temperature to 212o F than it does to change 212o F water to steam. (7) If you evaporate an 8-inch glass full of water from the Great Salt Lake (with a salinity of about 20% by weight), you will end up with about 1 inch of salt. (8) Sea water is slightly more basic (the pH value is higher) than most natural fresh water. (9) Raindrops are tear-shaped. (10) Water boils quicker at Denver, Co. than at the beach.
- 3. What is Chemical Oceanography and why are we learning it now? IT IS: “The study of the interactions between the elements and the world’s oceans”
- 5. Other Cool Stuff You Should Know About Ocean Water: 3) Water Temperature, Salinity, and Density change with Depth **LOOK OUT!!! Very Important Vocab Below!**
- 7. How do we know? We sample! Primary Sampling Gear for Chemical Oceanography: CTD Rosette (a collection of water sampling bottles)
- 8. Niskin Bottles (can be used on a Rosette or alone) The “messenger”
- 9. What problems do chemical oceanographers study? Hypoxia – low DO (dissolved oxygen) **why is this a problem? Hint: take a deep breath and think about it! Dead Zones! What does the picture above have to do with the picture to the left?
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