Ocean water is a mixture of gases, salts, and minerals dissolved in water. The average salinity is 35 parts per thousand, ranging from 33-38 ppt depending on evaporation and freshwater input. Salinity increases with depth and influences ocean layering, with warmer, fresher water at the surface and colder, saltier water in the deep zone. Density increases with depth and salinity, and decreases with temperature, influencing global ocean circulation patterns.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
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Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
1. A. Composition of Ocean Water
Ocean water is a
mixture of gases
and solids
dissolved in
water.
2. 1. Gases: CO2 and O2, and Hydrogen
2. Solids: 3.5 % dissolved
minerals like:
Ca, Na, Fe, and Si.
3. Disassociate into ions:
+ Na, Ca, K, Mg
- Cl, SO4, CO3, OH
3. B. Salinity: The amount of dissolved salts in
water. Measured in parts per thousand (ppt or
o/oo) (#g/1,000g = #g/L).
1. NaCl is the major salt in the world ocean.
2. MgCl is the second most abundant salt in the
ocean.
3. The average salinity of the ocean is 35 parts per
thousand (ppt) .
Salinty ranges from 33 to 38 ppt
depending on evaporation and
fresh water input.
4.
5.
6. Source of Salts: Where did the Oceans get their salt?
a/ Volcanism in
the Oceans
release
H2O, HCl (acid)
and CO2
Original oceans
were acidic!
7. b/ Chemical Weathering of rocks release
minerals Ca, Na, K, Mg
Rivers are alkaline (base).
8. c/ Billions of years ago…. Rivers (base) reacted
with oceans (acid) in a neutralization reaction to
form salt and water!
d/ Salinity is currently constant!
10. A/ Lower salinity occurs where more fresh water
enters the oceans.
1/ Precipitation
2/ River runoff
3/ Melting of ice
4/ Groundwater flow to oceans
11. B/ Higher salinity occurs
where fresh water is
removed and less fresh
water enters the
oceans.
1/ Hot oceans where there
is little precipitation or
runoff and a lot of
evaporation.
2/ Freezing of seawater
leaves behind salt.
Seasonal.
12. 6. Salinity Profile (Variations with depth)
a/ Salinity increases
with depth.
13. a) Surface Zone: Less salt
b) Halocline: The vertical
zone in the ocean
column where salinity
increases rapidly with
depth.
c) Deep Zone: Greater
salinity.
15. 7. Sea Surface Salinity
Use diagram to describe variation in surface Salinity
across Earth’s Oceans. Use Latitudes to help.
Equatorial ~0oLat.?
22oN and S Lat.?
Polar 60-90o N/S?
Mediterranean Sea?
16.
17. 7. Sea Surface Salinity
Equatorial ~0oLat.? High 35.5-36
22oN and S Lat.? Highest 36.5-37.5
Polar 60-90o N/S? Lowest 32-34
Mediterranean Sea? Highest 37.5-38.5
18.
19. C. Temperature
1/ Ocean temperature
varies with the
amount of solar
radiation received.
The amount of solar
radiation received
depends on latitude,
and depth.
20. 2/ The temperature of the
surface layer varies
from 36oF … 97oF and
-2oC … 28oC.
3/ Sea water with an
average 35ppt salinity
freezes at -2oC (28.5oF).
4/ Average Temperature of
surface waters is 17oC (63oF).
21. 5/ Surface waters are warmer at the equator and
colder at the poles.
6/ Ocean waters are warmer near the surface and
colder with depth.
22. 7. Temperature Layers
Mixed Layer: (surface) Solar
radiation and mixing makes
uniform temperature. Warmer.
Thermocline: Temperatures
decreases rapidly. Acts as a
barrier. 300-1000m deep.
Deep water: Very cold uniform
temperature.
23. 8. The Thermocline
a/ Changes with latitude:
1/ Deepest at the Equator.
2/ Shallowest or non-existant at higher latitudes.
24.
25. The Deep Layer is very cold!
1/ 90% of all Ocean water lies beneath the
thermocline.
2/ The deep ocean layer is not mixed well and
consists of density layers.
3/ The deep layer is very cold all around the
world 0-3oC (32-37.5oF).
26. Argos
A system of hundreds of buoys at the surface
descend deep and rise over time sending data
to satellite giving us real time data on salinity
and temperature in the layers of the sea.
29. E. DENSITY of Ocean Water
1. Density = mass /volume How heavy for size.
2. Density of pure water is 1.0 g/cm3
3. The average density of ocean water is 1.027
g/cm3 It ranges from 1.02 to 1.03.
4. Denser ocean water sinks!
5. Ocean water density depends on:
salinity, temperature & pressure
30. 6/ Density of water is
mostly determined by
temperature.
7/ Cold water sinks.
Warm water rises.
8/ Density is also effected
by salinity. Salty water
is heavier … Sink!
Less saline water is
lighter ... rises.
31. 9/ Density Profiles
a/ Density increases with
depth.
b/ Warmer, less salty water at
surface and colder, saltier
water in the Deep.
c/ The region of rapid density
change is called the
pycnocline. It acts as a
barrier between Deep and
surface waters. 300-1000m
deep.
32. 10/ Density in Polar Waters (High Latitudes)
a/ Cold, salty waters in the polar regions have
little to no pycnocline. They start out dense
and stay dense all the way down to the
bottom.
33. b/ These waters sink to the deep zone driving
deep sea circulation! They bring oxygen
nutrients down with them.
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